Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards最新文献

{"title":"Heteroscedastic Calibration Using Analyzed Reference Materials as Calibration Standards","authors":"R. Watters, R. Carroll, C. Spiegelman","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.038","url":null,"abstract":"[1] Forgy, C. L., OPS5 User's Manual, Technical Report CMU-CS-81-135, Dept. of Computer Science. carnegie Mellon University (July 1981). [21 Janssens, K., Dorinn6, W., Van Espen. P., Chemo. Lab, The development process of all expert system for the automated interpretation of large EPMA data sets, submitted. [3] Van Borm, W., Adams, F., Maenhaut, W., Environ. Sci. Technol., Source apportionment of air particulate matter in Antwerp, Belgium, submitted. [4] Racymaekers, B., Van Espen, P., Adams. F., Anal. Chem., A fast standardless ZAF correction for Electron Probe Micro Analysis, submitted. Heteroscedastic Calibration Using Analyzed Reference Materials as Calibration Standards","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"264 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71361988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Robotics in Radiation Environments","authors":"T. Beugelsdijk, D. Knobeloch","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.040","url":null,"abstract":"systems, modify analytical procedures within established limits in order to restore analytical capability and, therefore, maintain productivity [2]. This paper, while reviewing progress in the introduction of robotics in the laboratory, will also illustrate the inclusion of various elements that are beyond the routine sample preparation operation in nature and which includes optimization of analytical conditions and referral to residing experts systems for decisions related to the next best test to perform [3]. It is true that 99% of current robot installations perform routine tasks which could be easily described by decision trees or flow programming. It is also true that robotic installations of the future, or broadly defined as simply the mass-moving component of current robotic systems, will make decisions based on intelligence bases which will involve an almost cybernetic or \"clever\" decision basis. Attempts to extrapolate current capability into future capability will be made.","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"268 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Sunlight-Induced Transient Species in Surface Waters","authors":"W. Haag","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.047","url":null,"abstract":"Sunlight irradiation of natural waters results in absorption of light by dissolved organic and inorganic compounds which then generate a variety of transient species including excited state dissolved organic materials ( 3DOM), singlet oxygen ('02), peroxy radicals (ROO-), hydroxyl radicals (HO-), solvated electrons (caq), and superoxide ion (2-) 11-125. The transient nature of these species causes both the practical aspects of and philosophy behind their determination to be different from those of conventional, more stable aquatic pollutants. Firstly, transients cannot be concentrated, separated from the water matrix, or the water removed from the light source, and therefore their analysis must be performed by indirect kinetic or integrative techniques. Secondly, they do not pose a human health concern because no significant exposure route exists. Ecological effects on lower organisms are possible [13] but none has been documented to date. The primary reason for their interest is that they can affect transformation of natural and manmade compounds. Such transformation can be beneficial, such as in the detoxification of pesticides [141, harmful, such as in the production of toxic peroxidic compounds in the photo-oxidation of crude oils [15], or simply of interest for the understanding of biogeochemical cycles, such as in the cycling of sulfur, nitrogen, and humic materials on geological time scales. Their quantitation allows prediction of environmental fate dynamics, and is of interest in water treatment processes where external sources of transients are added [16,17]. In order to understand how to measure transients, it is necessary to have some understanding of the factors which control their formation and consumption. Figure I and table I give an overview of some of the main processes involved. The bulk (-99%) of sunlight absorbed by DOM is converted directly to heat. About 1% of the initially formed excited state 'DOM undergoes intersystem crossing to the longer-lived 3DOM, which transfers the energy to oxygen to form 1O2, the majority of which, in turn, decays by heating the water. A small fraction of 3DOM transfers an electron to oxygen to produce 02-, which decays by disproportionation and some unknown reactions [12]. A minute fraction of excited state DOM ejects an electron, which is consumed rapidly by dissolved oxygen or possibly by nitrate. The radical cation formed by electron ejection may react with oxygen to form peroxy radicals, or these may be formed by addition of ground state oxygen to excited carbonyls yielding a biradical","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"285 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Gaseous and Particle-Associated PAH and Nitroarenes in Ambient Air","authors":"J. Arey, B. Zielińska, R. Atkinson, A. Winer","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.044","url":null,"abstract":"[5] Rice, C. D., Espourteille, F. A., and Huggett, R. J., Appl. Organometallic Chem. 6, in press. [6] Espourteille, F. A., Tributyltin in Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and Sediments from the Chesapeake Bay, Masters Thesis, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA (in preparation). [7] Huggett, R. J., Unger, M. A., and Westbrook, D. J., Organotin Concentrations in the Southern Chesapeake Bay, In: Proceedings of Ocean '86 Organotin Symposium, Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC, 1262-1265 (1986).","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"31 1","pages":"279 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern Recognition Classification and Identification of Trace Organic Pollutants in Ambient Air from Mass Spectra","authors":"D. Scott, W. Dunn, S. L. Emery","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.045","url":null,"abstract":"[I] Grosjean, D., and Fung, K., J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 34, 537 (1984). [2] Sonnefeld, W. J., Zoller, W. H., May, W. E., Anal. Chem. 55, 275 (1983). [3] Yamasaki, H., Kuwata, K., and Kuge, Y., Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 8, 1324 (1984) [4] Arey, J., Zielinska, B., Atkinson, R., and Winer, A. M., Atmos. Environ. 21, 1437 (1987) [5) Arey, J., Zielinska, B., Atkinson, R., Winer, A. M., Ramdahl, T., and Pits, J. N., Jr., Atmos. Environ. 20, 2339 (1986). [6] Atkinson, R., Arey, J., Zielinska, B., Winer, A. M., and Pitts, J. N., Jr., The Formation of Nitropolycyclic Hydrocarbons and their Contribution to the Mutagenicity of Ambient Air, In: Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures V, Sandhu, S. S., DeMarini, D. M., Mass, M. J., Moore, M. M., and Mumford, J. S., Eds., Plenum Press, in press (1987). [7] Zielinska, B., Arey, J., Atkinson, R., and McElroy, P. A., Nitration of Acephenanthrylene Under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions in Solution, and the Presence of Nitroacephenanthrylene(s) in Ambient Particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., submitted for publication (1987). [8] Zielinska, B., Arey, J., Atkinson, R., and Winer, A. M., The Nitroarenes of Molecular Weight 247 in Ambient Particulate Samples, J. Chromatogr., to be submitted (1987).","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"281 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depth Profiling of Trace Constituents Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry","authors":"C. Magee","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.088","url":null,"abstract":"[l] Powell, C. J., Aust. J. Phys. 35. 769 (1982). [2] Powell, C. J., Appl. Surf Sci. 4, 492 (1980). [3] Powell, C. J., J. Vac. Sci. Tech. A 4, 1532 (1986). f4J Bishop, H. E., Chornik, B., Le Gressus, C_. and Le Moe]. A., Surf. Interface Anal. 6, 116 (1984). (5] Doern, F. E., Kover, L., and McIntyre, N. S., Surf Interface Anal. 6, 282 (1984). (61 Powell, C. J., Erickson, N. E., and Madey. T. E., J. Electron. Spectrosc. 17, 361 (1979). [7] Seah, M. P., Jones, M. E., and Anthony, M. T., Surf. lIterface Anal. 6, 242 (1984). [8] Erickson, N. E., and Powell, C. J., Surf Interface Anal. 9. III (1986). [9] Seah, M. P., Surf Interface Anal. 9, 85 (1986). [to] Tanuma, S., Powell, C. J., and Penn, D. R.. Surf Sci. (in press). [11] Powell, C. J., Electronic Materials and Processes. edited by N. H. Kordsmeier, C. A. Harper, and S. M. Lee, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, Covina, CA (1987), p. 252. [12] Powell, C. J., Surf. Interface Anal. (in press). Depth Profiling of Trace Constituents Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"390 - 392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in the Analysis of PCBs and Pesticides in Human Adipose Tissue","authors":"J. C. Peterson, P. Robinson","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.070","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their bioaccumulative and persistent nature, determination of PCB and organochlorine pesticide levels in human adipose tissue can be a useful biological indicator of exposure. The analytical methods previously used are relatively tedious, labor intensive and not readily amenable to automation. We have combined the use of sweep codistillation cleanup [1] and high resolution gas chromatography with automated on-column injection to efficiently process and quantitate levels of these compounds in fat samples.","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"343 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace/Ultratrace Analyses of Unstable Compounds: Investigations on Hydrazobenzene and Azobenzene","authors":"S. Ahuja, G. Thompson, J. Smith","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"344 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Applications to Clinical-Biomedical Trace Metal Analyses","authors":"E. Berman","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.066","url":null,"abstract":"Following the introduction of atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) instrumentation about 30 years ago, many specific and sensitive methods for determining trace metal concentrations in biological materials were developed. Yesterday's rare and esoteric investigations are today's routine clinical analyses. Levels of essential and toxic metals can be determined with relative ease for diagnostic purposes and following response to treatment. There is greater understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of trace metals in health and disease as a consequence.","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"334 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescence Spectrometric Determination of Nonfluorescent Compounds via Molecular Fragmentation","authors":"E. Wehry","doi":"10.6028/jres.093.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.093.108","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular fluorescence spectrometry offers several important analytical advantages, including (a) achievement of very low limits of detection for intensely fluorescent analytes, (b) applicability to determine individual constituents of multicomponent samples without prior separation, (c) applicability to remote detection of analytes via fiber optic and/or laser probes, and (d) the high information content of luminescence measurements (excitation and emission spectra, decay times, polarization). A principal shortcoming of fluorescence spectrometry is the fact that most organic and inorganic molecules exhibit low luminescence quantum yields and thus cannot be detected by fluorometry without first being converted to fluorescent derivatives. Accordingly, many procedures for derivatizing nonfluorescent analytes to form luminescent products have been devised. Our work takes a somewhat different approach to fluorometric detection of nonfluorescent molecules. We exploit the fact that many small molecular fragments are intensely luminescent, including such common species as NH, OH, CN, CH, PO, and SH, as well as many atoms. Fluorescent fragments can be produced from virtually any nonfluorescent molecule. For analytical purposes, the key is to perform the fragmentation in a sufficiently reproducible manner that the fluorescence intensity of a fragment species can be related to the concentration of parent molecule present in the initial sample. We presently perform molecular fragmentations in the gas phase, to avoid \"cage effects\" which often decrease the efficiencies of fragmentation processes in liquid or solid media to unacceptably low levels. From among the large number of possible techniques for molecular fragmentation, we have chosen laser photolysis (LP) and electron impact (El) as the most promising methods. In LP experiments, gaseous samples are fragmented by either the beam from an excimer laser (193 nm) or tunable radiation from an excimerpumped dye laser. In El methods, molecules are fragmented by 100-eV electrons from a conventional heated-filament electron gun. A certain fraction of fragment species are produced in electronically excited states and emit directly. If needed, a \"probe\" laser can be used to excite luminescence from fragments formed in their ground electronic states by LP or El. Vacuum systems comparable in design and performance to those found in conventional mass spectrometers are usually used, though LP fragmentations can also in principle be applied directly to remote atmospheric sensing. Conventional fluorescence measurement and signal-processing techniques are used. We will describe studies of the analytical characteristics (limits of detection, linear dynamic range, precision) for LP and El fragmentation-fluorometric detection of a variety of nonfluorescent organic and organometallic compounds. The possibility of using low-temperature techniques (matrix isolation or supersonic expansion) to increase the selectivity of such ","PeriodicalId":17082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards","volume":"93 1","pages":"437 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71362893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}