Stamford Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Different Types of Fruit & Soft Drinks Samples of Dhaka City","authors":"N. Jahan, K. Das, F. Hasan, F. Akter, R. Sultana, F. Feroz","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63345","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit juice is widely consumed everywhere in the world because of its authentic taste and is popular among both adults and children. Several studies have been conducted on common juice available in Dhaka to detect the level of microbial contamination. Consequently, the current study was done to evaluate the microbiology of a total of 25 samples and compare drinks from three different categories (street vending, packaged drinks, and soft drinks) that were collected from various locations throughout the city of Dhaka. Among all the samples fresh juice samples were found to be highly contaminated with different microbes where the total viable bacterial count was within a range of 103 to 106 CFU/ml. However, other pathogenic microbes like E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Vibrio spp., and Salmonella spp. also present in fresh juice but were totally absent in other samples. The result indicates that street juice samples may be prepared under unhygienic environments and which may serve as a reservoir of various pathogenic bacteria. The study reveals that government should take necessary action to ensure public health safety.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 54-58","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127429816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Trends of Dengue Virus Infection in Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"I. Iqbal, MF Momo, R. Sultana, T. Islam, A. Farabi, M. Khan, S. Alam, K. Uddin, M. Hossain, S. Chakraborty, M. Uddin","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63343","url":null,"abstract":"The disease caused by the Dengue virus (DENV), belongs to the Flaviviridae family, which is the most common vector for transmission of the virus between humans and arthropods Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In recent years, the number of dengue cases has increased drastically throughout the world, according to a survey around 390 million dengue infection cases are recorded annually, among which one-fourth of cases show clinical manifestations. In Bangladesh, dengue outbreaks are on the increasing trend despite the efforts to control this disease A Hospital-based study of dengue patients in Dhaka city was conducted to check the recent trends of dengue infection among the inhabitants of Dhaka, Bangladesh. 89 blood samples from different patients with appropriate symptoms were tested using the Dengue NS1 Quanticard kit. Among samples, 60 (68%) samples were tested as positive whereas 22 (25%) showed negative results and 6 (7%) showed invalid results in tests. Despite the testing of a low number of samples, it can be clearly stated that a large number of positive results was observed with specific symptoms commonly found in Dengue infection. Among all the positive results some (7%) of the patients did not show any signs and symptoms, but after testing the results were positive against the viral antigen. Attempt to increase awareness about dengue fever through effective management measures from the government and NGOs are very much needed.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 43-46","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"412 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117038877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Genetically Modified Organisms in Waste Management – A Review","authors":"EE Ebah, I. Yange, IR Ohie, OJ Inya","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63338","url":null,"abstract":"Mankind has suffered many deleterious consequences from improper waste management following the advent of industrialization and xenobiotic wastes. Although there are several methods for treating waste such as physical methods which includes; reuse, recycling and landfills of waste, but the use of biological agents is preferred. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are microbes employed for enhanced degradation strategy which has greater prospects over the wild microbes. These bacteria can persist and transfer the genes to other microbes resulting in unintended effects in microbial community. The development of bioluminescent suicidal GMOs could be a way out. This review advocates for more research into this important area in order to tackle the perennial problems of waste management.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 15-20","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114546165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Poultry and Livestock in Dhaka City","authors":"M. Rahman, Md. Mizanur Rahman, R. Sultana, M. Kabir","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63342","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is a concern for humans and animals all over the world. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry has become one of the major causes of antimicrobial resistance development in microorganisms. The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from raw meat, intestine, feces and feed of farm chicken, cow and local chicken. Samples were collected from different retail shops at Malibagh area in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Bacterial load was enumerated, potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified and antibiogram was determined following standard methods. A total of 43 bacterial isolates were identified from different samples which were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Providencia and Acinetobacter spp. Eight types of antibiotics such as, Ampicillin-10μg, Gentamicin-10μg, Amikacin-10μg, Amoxicillin-10μg, Ceftriaxone-30μg, Imipenem-10μg, Chloramphenicol-30μg and Tetracycline-30μg were used to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated bacteria. The antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from feed and feces samples of cow and chicken were found to be similar. Isolated bacteria from chicken meats showed higher antimicrobial resistance (80-100%) against Ampicillin-10μg, Imipenem-10μg and Amoxicillin-10μg compared to cow meat isolates. The incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a threat to animals, food handlers and consumers if they are being infected by these antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 37-42","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129961354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and Efficacy Study of Spices in Meat Preservation","authors":"A. Banik, M. Abony, Z. Ahamed, M. Shishir","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63341","url":null,"abstract":"The systematic application of spices as natural food preservatives could be the key to withstanding different food-borne diseases and the frequent use of antibiotics could be reduced thereby. Eight indigenous spices were tested against six food-borne pathogens. The spice extracts were prepared by drying, grinding, and soaking into 95% ethanol and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by the well-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth dilution method. The feasibility of spices as natural meat preservatives was then assessed through the application. The ethanol extracts of the spices potentially inhibited the test organisms. Maximum activity (zone of inhibition- ZOI) was recorded for garlic (17.83±2.48 mm) followed by black pepper (17±8.9 mm), black cumin (15.83±10.87 mm), and ginger (15.16±7.68 mm). For pathogens, the most susceptible was B. cereus (19.57±8.05 mm) followed by Acinetobacter sp. (18.14±1.34 mm), E. coli (16.28±1.88 mm), S. aureus (14.28±9.91 mm), V. cholerae (10.85±7.94 mm) and Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi (6.85±8.55 mm). Garlic exhibited the most effective and consistent inhibitory activity whereas black cumin exhibited the highest activity against B. cereus (34 mm). These results were highly comparable to the commercial antibiotics, e.g. Meropenem (28 mm). Against the Salmonella spp., ginger, cumin, and garlic demonstrated moderate inhibition (16 mm) whereas complete resistance was observed against other spices. The lowest MIC and MBC were recorded for black cumin against B. cereus (32 mg/ml and 64 mg/ml, respectively). But garlic was found to be the best candidate due to its lowest mean MIC (85.33±33 mg/ml), and MBC (170.66±66 mg/ml). Black cumin, garlic, and black pepper were efficient in reducing the total viable count of meat at 72 hours and hence could be developed as natural food preservatives.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 31-36","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129313275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Ready-To-Eat Hawked Suya in Dutse Urban, Northwest Nigeria","authors":"A. Adeleye, KM Sim, M. Yerima","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63340","url":null,"abstract":"Suya is a street-hawked food that offers a source of the nourishing menu for its consumers. In this study, the quality and safety of street hawked ready-to-eat suya in Dutse urban was assessed. Twenty skewers of suya were sampled from four sampling points (Hakimi Street, Yelwawa, Takuradua and Mobile base) where it is mostly sold. At each sampling point, five skewers of suya were obtained randomly from the suya vendors in sterile containers that were labeled A to T. Samples were immediately taken to the laboratory where standard methods were employed for the bacteriological assay. The total viable count (TVC) showed that the sample G (1.96 × 107 CFU/g) collected from Yelwawa had the highest load while sample P (8.60 × 106 CFU/g) collected from Takuradua recorded the lowest. Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Streptococcus spp. were detected in the samples. Across the sampling points, percentage of occurrence of bacteria isolated was highest for Escherichia coli (40%) and least for Bacillus spp. (10%). It can be concluded that all the sampled suya assayed in this study recorded bacteriological contaminants. Some of the bacteria isolated in the suya samples can potentially constitute a public health issue as their presence can cause food poisoning and food-borne diseases. Therefore, it is recommended that the producers of street vended suya should follow proper food safety measures during preparation to improve the food quality as well as to reduce imminent public health crisis upon its consumption.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 25-30","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124385256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study on Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Isolates From High-Touched Surfaces in Hospitals in Madonna Catholic Hospital, Abia State","authors":"I. Nwankwo, KC Edward, C. Udensi","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63336","url":null,"abstract":"When healthcare professionals handle infected materials with their hands and gloves or when patients come into contact with contaminated surfaces directly, environmental contamination enhances the transmission of bacteria. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from high-touched surfaces in Madonna Catholic hospital, Abia State. Samples of the most commonly contacted surfaces were gathered by rubbing and spinning sterile swabs sticks with normal saline on the surfaces. Direct inoculation of the swab samples using the streak plate method was done on Blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. The serial dilution method enumerated the bacterial species associated with the contact surfaces. The bacterial isolates were subjected to an antibiotic susceptibility test using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. This study showed that thirty-six (36) bacteria isolates were obtained from fifty (50) swab samples collected from high-touched surfaces. It was also observed that Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently occurring isolate with 12 (33.3%), followed by coagulase- negative Staphylococci 10 (27.8%). The least occurring isolate was recorded for Pseudomonas spp. 5 (13.9%). It was recorded in this study that door handles showed the highest distribution of bacterial isolates 14 (38.8%), whereas swab samples obtained from the benches showed a minor distribution 2 (5.5%). However, the antibiotics susceptibility profile of bacterial isolate from the sampled surfaces showed that Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic tested at a rate of 100%. It was revealed in this study that most of the bacterial isolates showed a highest level of resistance to Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Ampiclox (100%). An appreciable number of pathogenic bacteria isolates were detected in the frequently touched surfaces in the hospital. The presence of these organisms could be the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Suitable hygienic measures must be adopted at the hospital to reduce the level of contamination and spread of disease through these surfaces. It is also vital to promote excellent personal hygiene like hand washing. This study finding suggests that ciprofloxacin can be used for treatment and control bacterial infections.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 1-7","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124973903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Resistant Bacterial Species Isolated From Shallow Well Water Situated Close to Graves as a Public Health Menace in Osogbo, Osun State","authors":"P. Ozabor, OO Oluwajide, AO Akeju, SJ Onifade, S. Olaniyan, J. Olaitan","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63344","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical and bacteriological qualities of well water situated close to graves. Total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC), total coliform count (TCC) and fecal coliform count (FC) were done on nutrient agar, MacConkey and Eosine methylene blue agar, respectively, using spread plate method at incubation conditions of 37℃ for 24 hours for THBC and TCC whereas 44.5℃ for 24-48 hours for fecal coliforms. Membrane filtration was used for Vibrio spp. count on TCBS agar while conventional biochemical method was performed for bacterial identification. Isolated bacteria were subjected for antimicrobial resistant testing using 8 families of antibiotics. Bacteria with MAR index value of ≥75 were sent for genomic identification and sequencing. The average value of the ten water samples analyzed over the period of study had high total suspended solids (mg/l), phosphate (mg/l); magnesium ion (mg/l) contents and a very low dissolved oxygen mg/L content. The THB count was (5.0×107-1.35×108 CFU/ml), TCC count (3.55×105- 1.04×106 CFU/ml), FC count (2.10×105-6.90×105 CFU/ml) while Vibrio spp. count was 45-144 CFU/100 ml and the MPN estimated reading for coliform was also high. The percentage occurrence and MAR index value of the bacteria isolated from the well water, respectively were Vibrio spp. 23%; 75, Klebsiella spp. 20%; 100, Bacillus spp. 14%; 100, Staphylococcus spp. 14%; 62.5, E. coli 12%; 62.5,  Pseudomonas spp. 12%; 75, Glycomyces spp. 3%; 100 and Proteus spp. 3%; 50. The closeness of the well to the grave makes the decomposing leachates with high organic, inorganic, biological and poisonous metals sink into the underground aquifers.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 47-53","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134350507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Microflora and Biochemical Constituents of Sorghum-African Breadfruit Blends for Complementary Foods","authors":"VO AItaman, CA Okenyi","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v12i1.63337","url":null,"abstract":"Complementary foods formulated from locally obtainable, underutilized, low-priced sorghum and African breadfruit seeds were assessed for their microbial quality and nutritional values. The fermented gruel produced from sorghum (Ogi-baba) and African breadfruit flour blends were mixed in varying ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 (w/w.) respectively. The microbiological quality, changes in pH and titratable acidity and proximate compositions of the blends were determined using standard analytical methods. The energy value was evaluated using the Atwater factor. Bacteria isolated from the samples were Bacillus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species and Lactobacillus species while fungal isolates include Saccharomyces species, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus species. The colony-forming units of the bacteria and fungi investigated in the supplemented samples ranged from 1.1×105 ±0.00f to 10.9×107±10.04c cfu/g over the 96 hours of fermentation period. The most predominant bacteria and yeast genera were Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces, respectively in all the blends persisting throughout the fermentation period. The pH of the fermenting samples decreased with a concomitant increase in the titratable acidity with an increase in percentage supplementation and fermentation time. The supplemented product shows significant (p<0.05) increases in the crude protein (18.92±0.02c for 50%), fat (10.36±0.02c for 50%), ash (6.55±0.03b for 50%), and fiber (1.92±0.00 d for 50%) contents with a corresponding decrease in the carbohydrate and moisture content as the levels of substitution with African breadfruit increases from 10% to 50%. The energy value ranged from 340.99±0.11d to 381.76±0.15b kcal/100 g. The use of African breadfruit to supplement sorghum has been shown to have a considerable nutritive effect. Therefore, sorghum- African breadfruit flour blends can serve as a constituent of traditional weaning and adult meals which are low-priced compared to formulated foods. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 8-14","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125139546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria from soil sample in Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"F. Shomi, Md. Borhan Uddin, T. Zerin","doi":"10.3329/sjm.v11i1.57145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v11i1.57145","url":null,"abstract":"Biological nitrogen (N2) fixation is very essential for limiting the growth of plants and agricultural crops. The present study was conducted to potentially isolate N2-fixing bacteria from garden soil sample at Stamford University Bangladesh, Siddeswari, Dhaka. Here, we used culture-dependent method to perform this experiment. Firstly, we collected garden soil sample, diluted and inoculated in N2-free Jensen’s media by maintaining the aseptic procedure. We obtained 5 different colonies from soil samples. We cultured the isolates in N2-free Jensen’s media containing bromothymol blue (BMB) and also, in Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (YEMA) media containing congo red to confirm nitrogen fixation capacity. We collected the colony characteristics of all the isolates. Only 1A isolate showed good growth after 24 h of incubation among all the isolates. We performed ammonification test with Nessler reagent to confirm N2-fixing ability for our selected isolates. The 1A isolate was positive in ammonification test. Culture, microscopy and biochemical tests were performed to identify isolate 1A. This isolate was presumptively identified as Azotobacter sp. In the present study, Azotobacter sp. that was isolated from the soil sample was found to be a potential N2-fixing bacterium. Isolate 1A can be used for N2-fixation to boost production of crops.\u0000Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.11 (1) 2021: 11-13","PeriodicalId":170445,"journal":{"name":"Stamford Journal of Microbiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128715671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}