Catalyst: Discovery into Practice最新文献

{"title":"Transient Heat Therapy Has Few Effects on Grapevine Performance in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Tanja M. Voegel, Portiaa McGonigal, Chad W.J. Douglas, L. Nelson","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2022.21011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2022.21011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122292964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinot noir Crop Estimation Method Allows Growers to Estimate Yields Earlier than Lag Phase","authors":"P. Skinkis, Katherine R. McLaughlin","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.21005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.21005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: Winegrape growers must estimate yields to prepare for harvest operations and winery processing. Standard practice requires waiting until the lag phase of berry development, which is late for making decisions related to crop thinning, fruit sales, winery inventory, and ordering wine production supplies. Because producers desire improved methods for accurate crop estimation, we evaluated the following questions over six growing seasons for Oregon Vitis vinifera Pinot noir: 1) When does lag phase occur? 2) What cluster weight increase factor should be used with lag phase crop estimation? and 3) Can crop estimation be conducted earlier in the growing season? Key Findings: The Pinot noir berry development curve was consistent across six years when based on days post-full bloom (50% capfall). The mid-point of lag phase, the most common time to estimate crop yields, was at 55 days post 50% capfall. Lag phase duration was 12 days. Mean cluster weight increase factor during the entire lag phase over the six-year period was 2.1. Cluster weight increase factor equations were developed based on post-budbreak and bloom thermal times and day counts to allow growers flexibility in timing of crop estimation. Impact and Significance: Data was used to improve upon manual lag phase crop estimation protocols commonly used by winegrape producers, including methods to identify berry lag phase occurrence and developing equations for cluster weight increase factors based on berry development. These modifications may improve the accuracy of manual yield estimates and allow growers to obtain yield estimates earlier in the growing season than previously allowed by standard practice. This methodology may be useful in testing increase factors for other grape cultivars.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132421925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Early Fruit-Zone Leaf Removal in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in an Arid Climate","authors":"M. Moyer, Jensena M. Newhouse, Maria S. Mireles","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.21007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.21007","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: Our goals were to evaluate how the timing of early fruit-zone leaf removal, done between prebloom and post-fruit set, influenced the risk of reduced fruit set, sunburn, and fruit quality in Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grown in the hot, arid, and irrigated region of eastern Washington State. Key Findings: Fruit set was reduced in V. vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon when fruit-zone leaf removal was completed during bloom. Prebloom and postbloom fruit-zone leaf removal did not reduce fruit set. Sunburn occurred on fruit on the westside of the canopy in both V. vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Sunburn severity increased with later-timed fruit-zone leaf removal. Overall, the maximum severity of sunburn was 15% of the cluster surface area. Vintage had a greater effect on fruit quality than timing of leaf removal for both varieties. This emphasizes the need to make canopy management decisions that are informed by weather forecasts to achieve desired management goals. Impact and Significance: Early fruit-zone leaf removal was traditionally avoided in eastern Washington, in favor of completing the practice after berries have reached pea-size. The later timing of leaf removal, however, can result in sudden exposure of the fruit during the typically warmest and sunniest time of the growing season. Results from this study show that many of the assumed risks associated with early fruit-zone leaf removal, such as extreme reduction in fruit set and sunburn, are not fully realized. This means that early fruit-zone leaf removal could be adopted in this hot, arid climate without a high risk of reduction in fruit quantity or quality.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130481923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjusting Air-Assistance and Nozzle Style for Optimized Airblast Sprayer Use in Eastern Washington Vineyards","authors":"Mary L. McCoy, G. Hoheisel, L. Khot, M. Moyer","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.21001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.21001","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: There are many ways to optimize an airblast sprayer for use in vineyards. Three techniques growers use include: 1) changing nozzle type, 2) reconfiguring or adjusting the nozzles, and 3) adjusting the air-assistance to the droplets during an application. This study evaluated the effects of nozzle type and air-assistance use in airblast sprayers on canopy spray deposition and drift in a Washington winegrape vineyard that is trained to a modified vertical shoot-positioning system. Key Findings: The one-piece nozzle with air assistance showed consistently high total collected canopy deposition regardless of time of season (early or mid-season). However, drift was reduced when air-assistance was not used. The air induction nozzle had the most total collected canopy deposition when using air-assistance during the early season, but had the most deposition mid-season without using air-assistance. Drift was reduced when air assistance was not used. Early in the growing season, maximum spray deposition in the fruiting zone of the canopy was achieved using air induction nozzles with air-assistance. However, using the air induction nozzle without air optimized fruiting zone spray deposition while reducing captured aerial drift. Mid-growing season, maximum fruiting zone spray deposition without high drift was achieved using air induction nozzles without air-assistance. Impact and Significance: An airblast sprayer optimized through changes in nozzle or use of air-assistance can improve spray deposition into the canopy while minimizing drift. Growers can compare and adopt these drift-reduction techniques, such as using air induction nozzles and/or turning air-assistance off, to determine which are best suited for their farming practices. Such an approach will allow better optimization of the sprayer for their vineyard spray application needs and reduces possible negative impacts associated with off-target chemical deposition on humans and the environment.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126127853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Free Hydrogen Sulfide in Wines Using Gas Detection Tubes","authors":"R. Allison, A. Montgomery, G. Sacks","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.21003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.21003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S, “rotten egg” aroma) concerns winemakers due to its contribution to sulfur-like off-aromas, and convenient methods are needed for quantitation of H2S in wines at or below its reported odor threshold. The use of selective, colorimetric gas detection tubes (GDTs) for measurement of H2S during fermentation has been previously described, but this approach has not been adapted and validated for finished wines. We developed and validated protocols for rapid, inexpensive analysis of H2S using GDTs and aeration-oxidation (A-O) glassware commonly available in wineries. Video demonstration of the approaches is provided (Supplemental Video 1). Key Findings: Two approaches were validated for GDT-based quantitation of H2S in wine. In the first approach, H2S was sparged from the sample with N2 gas, analogous to Monier-Williams analyses of SO2. In the second approach, H2S was sparged by a vacuum-generated air stream, analogous to A-O analyses of SO2. Both approaches require <15 min/sample and achieve excellent linearity. The calibration curve for the N2 Method was identical to the curve predicted from the manufacturer’s markings. The Aspiration Method was less sensitive, likely because of oxidative losses, but this method was simpler to set up, operate, and adapt to samples with higher concentrations. The limits of detection were 12 to 13 ng H2S for the methods, or ~0.2 μg/L using a 60-mL sample. The mean coefficients of variance were <5% for both approaches. Using these methods, we observed that commercial wines stored in aluminum cans have significantly higher H2S content than commercial wines in glass packaging. Impact and Significance: Wineries can use these novel methods for routine H2S analysis without significant equipment investment. In addition to cost savings, the ability to test H2S onsite, rather than sending samples to an external lab, decreases risk of H2S losses through oxidation or volatilization. These new analytical tools can be used for benchmarking, diagnosing faulty wines, or evaluating the effects of winemaking parameters, such as yeast selection, remediation treatments, and packaging options, on H2S.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124273028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Sour Rot Spray Applications Initiated after Symptom Development Does Not Impact Disease Control","authors":"P. Kenney, M. Hall","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.20008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.20008","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: Previous sour rot research indicates the highest efficacy for sour rot treatments beginning prior to the onset of symptoms, yet many grapegrowers delay applications until after symptoms develop and continue weekly until harvest, which can exceed four sprays. This number of broad-spectrum insecticide applications is costly both financially and environmentally, and risks developing resistant populations of Drosophila fruit flies. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a reduced number of spray applications beginning after symptom development, comparing weekly sprays totaling four applications to a reduced number of two to three applications based on total soluble solids. Key Findings: In both years of the trial, when chemical sprays were applied post-sour rot symptom development, more sprays did not equal more control. Reducing the number of post-symptom applications is a substantial cost-saving measure and is beneficial for environmental sustainability. In 2018, there were no significant differences between sour rot severity in both vineyard sites used in the trial. Incidence was significantly lower for the industry standard of weekly applications initiated at 15 Brix until harvest only in one vineyard site compared to applications at 16 and 20 Brix and applications at 16, 19, and 22 Brix. In 2019, there were no significant differences observed in disease severity and incidence between two sprays and weekly applications beginning at 15 Brix in both vineyard sites. Impact and Significance: Many growers choose to initiate sour rot control applications only after symptoms develop. Weekly applications are financially and environmentally costly, and the efficacy of timing applications initiated post-symptom development has yet to be researched. In this study, we show that a reduced number of chemical applications to control sour rot post-symptom development offers the same control as weekly sprays, consistent across both years of the study. Relying on weekly applications initiated only after sour rot symptoms develop does not significantly decrease incidence and severity at harvest. If sour rot symptoms are present, more spray applications do not offer better control.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114835652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanization of Pruning, Canopy Management, and Harvest in Winegrape Vineyards","authors":"S. Kaan Kurtural, M. Fidelibus","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.20011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.20011","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Aim: In winegrape production, pruning, canopy management, and harvest are essential practices that are increasingly being done by machines. How well these practices are executed can substantially affect fruit yield and quality. Mechanization offers timeliness, uniformity, and cost benefits, but most methods available to date are nonselective and optimal execution requires careful attention to vineyard design, management, and machine settings. This review provides information to help growers make the best use of machines for these tasks. Key Themes: Vineyard design considerations Winter pruning Canopy management Harvesting Impact and Significance: The need to manage large vineyards in a contracting labor market is achievable with mechanization. This review summarizes the best practices in consideration of vineyard design, as well as operation of machines for optimal productivity for the winegrape grower. This review also provides information to help growers effectively incorporate the machines in their vineyards for consistent and economical production of winegrapes including pruning, shoot-thinning, fruit-zone leaf removal, crop load management, and mechanical harvest.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124418875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Smoke Exposure Results: Pinot noir Baseline Concentrations of Smoke Impact Markers across Five Vintages","authors":"Caroline P. Merrell, T. Arvik, Ron C. Runnebaum","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2020.20007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2020.20007","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: With increased wildfires in recent years, winemakers must be able to interpret analyses of smoke-related marker compounds to determine whether smoke intrusion has affected their wines. The goal of this study was to examine naturally-occurring, baseline levels of smoke exposure marker compounds in un-oaked Pinot noir to enable winemakers to better understand smoke exposure results. This study also sought to understand how baseline concentrations of smoke marker compounds change from year to year. Key Findings: Pinot noir wines from California and Oregon had detectable baseline levels of free and bound marker compounds, including guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, and m-, p-, and o-cresol. In 2019, the baseline free guaiacol concentration ranged from 1.2 to 2.3 µg/L, while total (free and bound) guaiacol ranged from 6.4 to 12.0 µg/L. The concentration of free guaiacol was greater in older vintages, while total guaiacol did not change much from year to year. The ratio of free to total guaiacol approached 1:2 after five years, suggesting baseline guaiacol may approach an equal ratio of free to bound over time. Impact and Significance: While baseline levels identified here were low, winemakers should become familiar with the baseline concentrations in their wines to better understand risk during smoke-impacted vintages. With increased analysis of non-smoke-impacted, baseline samples, it may be possible to create a variety-specific risk matrix for smoke exposure. Additionally, as wines age, free volatile smoke marker compounds may increase due to normal changes to baseline compounds and may not always represent smoke-related glycosides releasing free volatiles.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130416266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Worth the Hype? Tall Vines Raise Profits for Some – Tradeoffs for All","authors":"S. Kiely, Madeleine Langone, Lindsay McPhail, Lifeng Ren, Jesus Campos-Gatica, Minjung Joo, Jon Martindill, Travis J. Lybbert","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2021.20009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2021.20009","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: The sudden popularity of tall vines among grapegrowers took some nurseries by surprise. Is this popularity rooted in economic reality? This analysis quantifies the claimed benefits of tall vines relative to regular vines from the grower's perspective using a net present value (NPV) model. We leverage these potted green vine value estimates to discuss the forces that explain the recent emergence of tall vines in the California grape industry and their prospects for the future. Key Findings: The NPV of planting tall vines instead of regular vines varies widely by grape variety and region in California because of regional differences in input costs and grape prices. Under reasonable assumptions, the estimated profit differential of tall vines over regular vines ranges from $1.64/vine to $7.31/vine. A break-even analysis indicates that tall vines are more profitable if the yield drag (i.e., reduced future yield due to pushing young vines into early production) is less than 35%, while regular vines are more profitable if the yield drag is greater than 55%. Impact and Significance: The expected future profits generated by a grapevine at the time of planting accrue slowly over its productive lifespan, which can complicate growers’ investment decisions. Our NPV model captures key elements of a grower's decision to plant tall vines versus regular vines. While the true value of planting tall vines may vary by grower depending on their production conditions and market circumstances, the model, results, and discussion of this paper can help growers to evaluate more objectively the potential benefits of tall vines. This paper also informs stakeholders more generally about the potential effect of vine height differentiation in the broader industry.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127839669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Use of Non-Saccharomyces in Bio-Protection: T. delbrueckii and M. pulcherrima Applied to a Machine Harvester","authors":"L. Chacón-Rodríguez, C. Joseph, Bastien Nazaris, J. Coulon, Shaun Richardson, Daniel A. Dycus","doi":"10.5344/catalyst.2020.20003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/catalyst.2020.20003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Goals: This study addresses the increasing demand for “natural” and certified organic wines, along with the need for improved worker safety. Winemakers continue to search for alternatives to SO2 as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. This study compares the use of blended non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts—Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td) and Metschnikowia pulcherrima (Mp) — as antimicrobial agents to a standard addition of SO2 on Cabernet Sauvignon. This fruit possesses over 10 times the normal microbial flora typically found in California. In conjunction with this comparison study, a proof of concept prototype illustrates the use of a novel spray method for the application of these non-Saccharomyces yeasts onto a grape machine harvester for bioprotection. Key Findings: Research Winery: Overall, the blended yeasts performed better than a standard addition of SO2 at controlling wine spoilage organisms on compromised fruit. Organisms related to wine spoilage responded differently to Td/Mp than to SO2. The Td/Mp treatment exhibited an advantage over the SO2 treatment. The Td/Mp treatment appeared to work best against Zygosaccharomyces, Lactobacillus kunkeei, Hanseniaspora uvarum, and acetic acid bacteria. It was less effective against Pediococcus and other Lactobacillus species. Different stages of the trial fermentations were affected differently by Td/Mp and SO2. The Td/Mp populations performed best during prefermentation and the early stages of fermentation. Td/Mp showed an antagonistic effect on microorganisms responsible for wine spoilage. There were fewer microorganisms related to spoilage growing in the three bioreactors with non-Saccharomyces species than in the bioreactors acting as experimental controls with 60 mg/L SO2 added during processing. Td/Mp treatment increased the implantation capacity of S. cerevisiae compared to the use of SO2. Using identical inoculation rates of S. cerevisiae, we found more S. cerevisiae cells growing in the Td/Mp bioreactors than in the bioreactors treated with SO2. Furthermore, we observed greater population reduction and fewer cells/mL of S. cerevisiae at the end of fermentation. Field Trial: A reduction in spoilage microorganisms occurred when using Td/Mp directly applied to the harvester. Applying Td/Mp yeasts to the grape harvester reduced aromas related to volatile acidity coming from the machine. Impact and Significance: The use of Td/Mp yeasts provides an alternative to SO2 for controlling the growth of organisms related to wine spoilage. Incorporating these yeasts as a bioprotectant by applying them during the harvest and transport processes reduces the risk of detrimental microbial organisms in the harvested fruit, juice, and wine.","PeriodicalId":170363,"journal":{"name":"Catalyst: Discovery into Practice","volume":"42 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133217581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}