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The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State最新文献

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The South European Countries 南欧国家
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2010-07-15 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0042
M. Ferrera
{"title":"The South European Countries","authors":"M. Ferrera","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"In Southern Europe, welfare state building followed a distinct path, characterized by ‘weak Fordism’ in labour markets, a dualistic social insurance, and a faulty and fragmented safety net. The (extended) family thus played a key role as welfare and income provider for its members, penalizing women’s autonomy and employment opportunities. The 1990s and 2000s witnessed substantial efforts to modernize both labour markets and social protection schemes, by recalibrating their coverage both across risks and social groups. However, the economic crisis of the 2010s halted such recalibration and the gap with Europe’s more developed welfare states has again started to widen, especially in Italy and Greece.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124059296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 35
Old-Age Pensions 养老金
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2010-07-15 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0024
Karl Hinrichs, Julia Lynch
{"title":"Old-Age Pensions","authors":"Karl Hinrichs, Julia Lynch","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Welfare states within the traditional OECD area arranged their pension systems after 1945 so that complete exit from paid employment during an ever-longer retirement period became a universal entitlement. The institutionalization of old-age pensions in the OECD area resulted from an expansion of pension systems in several dimensions: coverage was broadened to almost the entire (working) population, eligibility criteria for enjoying a pension became liberalized (e.g. flexible retirement), the range of benefits was expanded (e.g. survivors’ pensions) and, most importantly, the generosity of benefits substantially increased. This chapter describes the origins, organization, and social consequences of mature pension systems in the developed welfare states; discusses the challenges posed to these systems by demographic, economic, and societal transformations occurring since the 1970s; and traces trajectories of reform, both actual and anticipated. Throughout, our focus is on the pension systems of the rich democracies of Western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes, with more selective attention given to developments in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128702338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unions and Employers 工会与雇主
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2010-07-15 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0013
B. Ebbinghaus
{"title":"Unions and Employers","authors":"B. Ebbinghaus","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the main theoretical perspectives which focus directly or indirectly on the role of employers and unions in welfare state development. It also examines the conditions under which collective interests become organized and mobilized, and how well worker and employer interests have been organized and integrated into the overall political economy. The differences in the degree to which welfare states share public space are addressed; that is, the influence of the social partners on policymaking and implementation in different countries. It then explores wage bargaining, labour market policy, pension policy, and health care and shows how the interests of labour and capital are differentially affected and have varying influence across advanced economies. A final comparison of the developing societies and emerging market economies indicates that in these countries, corporatist intermediation is more fragile than in advanced economies, and organized labour and capital have less influence on employment conditions and social protection.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128482764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Needs and Risks in the Welfare State 福利国家的需求与风险
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2010-07-15 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0011
Jan Zutavern, M. Kohli
{"title":"Needs and Risks in the Welfare State","authors":"Jan Zutavern, M. Kohli","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Welfare states must respond to the needs and risks that arise from secular transformations such as deindustrialization, tertiarization, digitalization, population ageing, declining fertility, and changing gender and family relations. This chapter shows that understanding the impact of needs and risks on welfare states requires both empirical and normative considerations: examining the socio-economic consequences of these transformations as well as the normative underpinnings of needs- and risk-based claims to social policy. We first discuss the normative concepts of human needs and risks and the marks they have left on prominent theories of the welfare state, and then move to the empirical side, taking stock of the current socio-economic challenges for a range of welfare states, and of their manifestation in today’s employment and family-related need and risk profiles.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131980390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Public and Private Social Welfare 公共和私人社会福利
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2010-07-15 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0008
Willem Adema, P. Whiteford
{"title":"Public and Private Social Welfare","authors":"Willem Adema, P. Whiteford","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contributes to the discussion of public and private social welfare by drawing together recent information on these different ways of providing social benefits. It presents data on public social expenditure for 2015–17 and accounts for the impact of the tax system and private social expenditure to develop indicators on net social expenditure for 2015. The chapter shows that conventional estimates of gross public spending differ significantly from estimates of net public spending and net total social expenditure, leading to an incorrect measurement and ranking of total social welfare effort across countries.Just as importantly, the fact that total social welfare support is incorrectly measured implies that the outcomes of welfare state support may also be incorrectly measured. Thus, the main objectives of the chapter include considering the implications of this more comprehensive definition of welfare state effort for analysis of the distributional impact of the welfare state and for an assessment of the efficiency and incentive effects of different welfare state arrangements.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"17 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113964916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Continental Western Europe 西欧大陆
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2010-07-15 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0041
B. Palier
{"title":"Continental Western Europe","authors":"B. Palier","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199579396.003.0041","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter analyses the commonalities and transformations of the Bismarckian welfare systems of continental Western Europe. In these systems, social insurance is the primary delivery mechanism, access to benefits is mainly based on work and contribution record, benefits are mainly in cash and calculated as a proportion of past earnings, the biggest share of the financing comes from social contributions paid by employers and employees, and the governance and management of these systems is partly run by collective, compulsory social insurance funds. These features dominate the welfare systems of Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, and, to a lesser degree, the Netherlands. The first part of the chapter focuses on the origins of these systems, the main goals they tried to achieve through their historical development, and the specific principles on which they rely. The second part shows how these systems developed and functioned during their Golden Age, emphasizing their institutional traits and complementarities with certain forms of industrial capitalism. The third part analyses the specificities of the crises these systems are facing, especially the cost of labour. The final part presents the various sequences of welfare reform that have led these systems to adopt structural reforms, especially. The conclusion focuses on the dualization processes that characterize the main changes of Bismarckian welfare systems.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132864904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
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