The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State最新文献

Welfare Retrenchment 福利紧缩

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.44

J. Levy

{"title":"Welfare Retrenchment","authors":"J. Levy","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.44","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the debate over the retrenchment of the welfare state. It discusses Paul Pierson’s groundbreaking ‘new politics of the welfare state’ thesis, which argues that the politics of welfare retrenchment operates according to fundamentally different rules from the politics of welfare expansion. In particular, the presence of groups with a shared interest in preserving existing social policies means that the defence of the welfare state is not left just to labour and parties of the left. In addition, both recipients and providers of welfare policies stand ready to mobilize against programme cuts, making retrenchment exceedingly difficult. To the extent that retrenchment takes place, Pierson contends that it occurs primarily via techniques of obfuscation that hide the government’s responsibility for its actions. The chapter also analyses claims that retrenchment is more extensive than Pierson acknowledges if a different metric is used, such as social spending relative to need, or if recent cutbacks are taken into account, such as those that occurred in Greece in response to the sovereign debt crisis. Finally, the chapter traces an alternative trajectory of welfare reform. As against the unsavoury and conspiratorial methods emphasized by Pierson, governments may enact spending cuts by taking their case to the public, hitching retrenchment to higher objectives, negotiating with the social partners or political opposition, and addressing concerns about fairness. The two channels of reform are not mutually exclusive; rather, they point to different ways to cut, adapt, and modernize the welfare state.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121113380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Governance 治理

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.10

D. Béland, Kimberly J Morgan

{"title":"Governance","authors":"D. Béland, Kimberly J Morgan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"The creation of every social programme entails decisions about governance—about how these programmes are to be funded and administered. Policymakers have made varying choices about the territorial organization of social programme governance, as well as the mix of public and private actors involved in their financing, administration, and delivery. These decisions are highly consequential, shaping the relative power of different constituencies and governing bodies. Governance systems also reflect views about central versus local power, the role of religious and other groups in social provision, and the balance between markets versus states in providing for human welfare needs. This chapter examines social programme governance from a historical and a cross-national perspective to elucidate key patterns and trends. The first half of the chapter focuses on the public–private mix in welfare governance, while the second explores territorial governance, with a specific focus on federalism. One important theme in this chapter concerns the need to challenge assumptions that welfare states are monolithic, highly centralized, and state dominated. Instead, contemporary welfare regimes are mixed systems in which policy development and implementation often take place through non-state actors and/or at subnational levels of government.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122041123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ethics 道德

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.2

S. White

引用次数: 0

Intellectual Roots of the Welfare State 福利国家的知识根源

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.3

Christopher Pierson, M. Leimgruber

引用次数: 0

Employment Promotion 就业促进

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.34

L. Kenworthy

{"title":"Employment Promotion","authors":"L. Kenworthy","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"Social scientists and policymakers traditionally have viewed the welfare state as a means of achieving economic security, equality of opportunity, and redistribution. In the past three decades, an additional goal has become prominent: employment. Policy has more and more aimed to increase paid work. The turn towards employment promotion has a number of causes: funding the welfare state, fairness, poverty reduction, social inclusion and subjective well-being, women’s independence and fulfilment, and external encouragement by the OECD and other institutions. Policy tools include benefit conditionality, assistance with job search and placement, assistance with transportation, employment-conditional earnings subsidies, employer subsidies, public employment, promotion of part-time work and flexible work schedules, tax incentives for second earners, adjustment of wage levels and wage inequality, reduction of non-wage labour costs, moderation of employment protection regulations, family-friendly policies, support for human capital, and career ladders. Has employment promotion succeeded? Since 1990, the overall employment rate, the rate for women of prime working age, and the rate for fifty-five-to-sixty-four-year-olds have increased in most of the rich democratic nations, and in some instances the rise has been quite large. These countries’ experience over the past several decades suggests there is little, if any, trade-off between low inequality and high employment.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128652358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Central and Eastern European Countries 中欧和东欧国家

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.50

L. Cook, Tomasz Inglot

{"title":"Central and Eastern European Countries","authors":"L. Cook, Tomasz Inglot","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.50","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses welfare state developments in eleven countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that have joined the European Union since 2004. It addresses historical, socioeconomic, and political contexts, with reference to theoretical questions involving typologies, clustering, and patterns of convergence in social policies. It analyses diversity in welfare provision that we can observe not only within the region, but also in Europe as a whole. It also explores different social policy programmes and benefits, contrasting international and domestic influences that have become relevant especially since the Great Recession of 2008. These influences include continuing pressures of EU integration and countervailing domestic trends of rising nationalism, populism, and Euro-scepticism within CEE states, especially in Hungary and Poland. The chapter discusses four main areas of CEE welfare from 2008 until 2020: family policy, health care, employment and labour markets, and social security (pensions) and social assistance. It illustrates region-wide and subregional trends and commonalities, as well as divergence across individual welfare states. At least in Poland and Hungary, conservative, family-orientated ideas that are often promoted as an ‘antidote’ to more liberal European norms seem to have driven policy reforms more than any other factor. Nationalist and populist leaders have expanded many welfare programmes, but their rhetoric could not hide the high levels of inequality in income, health, housing, and many other areas that persist and have not been adequately addressed by social policy in CEE states.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121919360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Health 健康

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.29

H. Rothgang

{"title":"Health","authors":"H. Rothgang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with what is said to be the most important thing in life: health. Health, therefore, is a big deal in all OECD countries, which on average spent almost one-tenth of their GDP on their health-care system. These health-care systems are at the centre of this chapter. After having discussed their origins and developments and the existing typologies of health-care systems we analyse the three functions of each health-care system in detail, i.e. finance, delivery, and regulation. In a nutshell, we find that systems have become more complex and more hybrid over time, while the clear distinctions between different system types have been blurred. One reason for this is the attempt to pick up elements from other system types in order to increase effectiveness and efficiency. As different systems produce different results, performance measurement has become of increasing interest, an issue we turn on then. Respective approaches, however, are still—at best—highly disputable. As health-care systems seem to be in a state of permanent reform, in a subsequent section we present approaches to explain such reforms coming from different strands of theory. The chapter concludes with a view on international and global health, highlighting that health governance issues emerge at the interface of local, national, regional, and global interests.","PeriodicalId":169986,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121976118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-Term Care 长期护理

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.30

A. Österle, H. Rothgang

引用次数: 0

Public Attitudes 公众的态度

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1t88zt6.19

Staffan Kumlin, Achim Goerres, D. Spies

引用次数: 53

Models of the Welfare State 福利国家的模式

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.45

P. Manow

引用次数: 0