{"title":"Relaxation dynamics of supramolecular polymer networks with mixed cross-linkers","authors":"Donghua Xu, B. Olsen, S. Craig","doi":"10.1122/8.0000421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000421","url":null,"abstract":"The linear rheological properties of supramolecular polymer networks formed by mixtures of two different bis-Pd(II) cross-linkers with poly(4-vinylpyridine) in dimethyl sulfoxide are examined. The changes in storage and loss moduli of the networks with mixed cross-linkers are compared to those of samples with a single type of cross-linkers. While the plateau moduli, and presumably network topology, of the networks remain equal regardless of the cross-link distribution, the relaxation time contributed by the faster cross-linkers is increased (by a factor of about 1.5 for the specific samples used in this work) by the presence of the slower cross-linkers, while the reverse influences are not significant. This effect can be explained by the fact that a certain fraction of the elastically effective strands cross-linked with fast cross-linkers is pinned on one end by slow cross-linkers, reducing by half the rate of fast chain relaxation. This effect is anticipated to be general for gels with two well-separated relaxation times.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45928394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rowanne Lyons, L. Hammer, Alexis André, C. Fustin, Renaud Nicolaÿ, E. van Ruymbeke
{"title":"Equilibration dynamics of a dynamic covalent network diluted in a metallosupramolecular polymer matrix","authors":"Rowanne Lyons, L. Hammer, Alexis André, C. Fustin, Renaud Nicolaÿ, E. van Ruymbeke","doi":"10.1122/8.0000473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000473","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the viscoelastic properties of double dynamic networks (DDNs) based on side-functionalized P nBA chains. One of these networks is highly crosslinked by metal-ligand junctions characterized by a fast association/dissociation dynamics, while the other network is sparsely crosslinked with slow dynamic covalent networks (DCNs). We first show that modulating the dynamics of the metallosupramolecular networks, by playing with the temperature, the density of reversible junctions, or the stress applied, has direct consequences on the local equilibration of the DCN. The latter takes place by a constraint release Rouse process at the rhythm of the association/dissociation of the metal-ligand junctions. Then, based on creep-recovery experiments, we investigate the ability of the DDNs to recover their initial shape after a creep test and show again the important role played by the metallosupramolecular network. In particular, the sample recovery strongly depends on the network connectivity, which is enhanced if a denser metallosupramolecular network is used as it reduces the possible creep of the double dynamic network and increases its elastic memory. The sample recovery also depends on the association-dissociation dynamics of the metallosupramolecular bonds as it fixes how fast the stretched DCN can come back to its equilibrium conformation and can recover its initial shape after a large deformation has been applied. Adjusting the dynamics of the weak network is thus a key process to govern the viscoelastic response of the slow network.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41791719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Yavitt, T. Tomkovic, D. Gilmour, Z. Zhang, N. Kuanr, E. van Ruymbeke, L. Schafer, S. G. Hatzikiriakos
{"title":"Rheology and self-healing of amine functionalized polyolefins","authors":"B. Yavitt, T. Tomkovic, D. Gilmour, Z. Zhang, N. Kuanr, E. van Ruymbeke, L. Schafer, S. G. Hatzikiriakos","doi":"10.1122/8.0000364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000364","url":null,"abstract":"The rheological and self-healing behavior of a class of catalytically synthesized amine-functionalized polyolefins is investigated. We demonstrate that these materials possess tunable rheological properties according to the molecular weight and display autonomous self-healing. The linear viscoelastic properties are modeled using a tube-based model developed by Hawke et al. [J. Rheol., 60, 297–310, (2016)] to calculate several model parameters that describe the individual chain dynamics. The self-healing response is described by findings from the reptation model as well as recent theory on associating polymer networks with reversible bonds. The cooperation between experiments, modeling, and theory provide insight into designing new materials with programmable rheological properties and superior self-healing ability.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42872932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanical switching of a comblike dual dynamic polymer network","authors":"P. Nicolella, S. Seiffert","doi":"10.1122/8.0000388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000388","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels are polymer networks swollen in water and, therefore, suitable for biomedical applications. For this purpose, hydrogels have to mimic the functionality and mechanics of natural tissues. In drug delivery, for example, the diffusion is crucial and can be controlled through targeted variation of the network mesh-size. In tissue engineering, on the other side, the mechanics plays a fundamental role and can be strengthened through the use of two interpenetrated polymer networks, realizing a double network, or with two dynamic motifs anchored in one common network, realizing a dual dynamic network (DDN). However, current knowledge encompasses mainly nonlinear rheological characterization of these networks. We intend to fill this gap and provide a systematic linear rheological study. To realize this strategy, we combine two supramolecular motifs in a common network, thereby realizing a comblike DDN with the ability to change the building blocks on demand. In our DDN, a tetra-poly(ethylene) glycol (pEG) (the first building block) is functionalized on each arm with two dynamic motifs: terpyridine capable of undergoing metal-complexation with different divalent metal ions, and a thermo-responsive unit consisting of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) (the second building block) that is capable of undergoing temperature-dependent nano-phase-separation. In particular, we change the molar mass of the tetra-pEG-terpyridine and the pNIPAAm grafted chains. In addition, we investigate two different metal ions that form complexes with the terpyridine. With this platform, we tune the elastic properties on demand, and we systematically study the structure–property relationships with oscillatory shear rheology in the linear regime.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanzhao Li, Christina Pyromali, Flanco Zhuge, Charles-André Fustin, Jean-François Gohy, Dimitris Vlassopoulos, Evelyne van Ruymbeke
{"title":"Dynamics of entangled metallosupramolecular polymer networks combining stickers with different lifetimes","authors":"Yanzhao Li, Christina Pyromali, Flanco Zhuge, Charles-André Fustin, Jean-François Gohy, Dimitris Vlassopoulos, Evelyne van Ruymbeke","doi":"10.1122/8.0000418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000418","url":null,"abstract":"We study the linear viscoelastic properties of polymeric networks formed by poly(<i>n</i>-butyl acrylate) telechelic stars end-capped with 2,2:6,2″-terpyridine (Star-PnBA-tpy4) and two types of metal-ligand cross-links with different lifetimes. The influence of interactions, mediated by temperature, nature of metal ions, and ion content, on the linear viscoelastic behavior of both single and double dynamics transient networks is systematically investigated by small amplitude oscillatory shear and creep rheometry. The experimental results reveal that the dynamics of networks with two different metal-ligand cross-links is much faster than expected, characterized by the average sticker lifetime rather than a discrete contribution of each metal-ligand complex. We model the dynamics with the help of our modified tube-based time marching algorithm by accounting for both association/dissociation dynamics of metal-ligand coordination and the entanglement dynamics. Two parameters are defined in the model, namely, the proportion of dangling ends and the average time during which a sticker is free. This allows us to quantify the transient dynamics of the network and, in particular, to determine how the sticker dynamics depend on temperature and ion content.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clément Coutouly, Evelyne van Ruymbeke, Laurence Ramos, Philippe Dieudonné-George, Charles-André Fustin
{"title":"Exploiting the lower disorder-to-order temperature in polystyrene-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene triblock copolymers to increase their flow resistance at high temperature","authors":"Clément Coutouly, Evelyne van Ruymbeke, Laurence Ramos, Philippe Dieudonné-George, Charles-André Fustin","doi":"10.1122/8.0000506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000506","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the temperature-dependent structural and rheological characterization of polystyrene-<i>b</i>-poly(<i>n-</i>butyl acrylate)-<i>b</i>-polystyrene triblock copolymers (PS-<i>b</i>-P<i>n</i>BA-<i>b</i>-PS) in the melt and, in particular, on their ability to show a lower disorder-to-order temperature (LDOT). To this aim, copolymers of varying block lengths, but keeping the P<i>n</i>BA block as a major component, were synthesized. Small-angle x-ray scattering revealed that the copolymers with short PS blocks (∼10 kg/mol) approach an LDOT but do not cross it. At room temperature, these copolymers exhibit higher moduli compared to a P<i>n</i>BA homopolymer due to the reinforcing effect of the PS but are flowing at temperatures above the glass transition of the PS. Increasing the PS and P<i>nBA</i> block length, to keep the same PS fraction, induces more profound changes in the structural and viscoelastic behaviors. Such a copolymer crosses the LDOT, leading to a microphase-separated and ordered state at high temperature. Contrary to the copolymers with short PS blocks, the flow regime was not reached, even at temperatures well above the glass transition of the PS. Instead, a low-frequency plateau was observed in rheology, showing the increased lifetime of the microphase-separated PS domains. ABA triblock copolymers exhibiting an LDOT behavior could, thus, be of interest for the design of thermoplastic elastomers or pressure-sensitive adhesives that can resist the flow at high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":"318 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanzhao Li, Christina Pyromali, Flanco Zhuge, C. Fustin, J. Gohy, D. Vlassopoulos, E. van Ruymbeke
{"title":"Li et al.: Dynamics of entangled metallosupramolecular polymer networks combining stickers with different lifetimes","authors":"Yanzhao Li, Christina Pyromali, Flanco Zhuge, C. Fustin, J. Gohy, D. Vlassopoulos, E. van Ruymbeke","doi":"10.1122/8.0000568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000568","url":null,"abstract":"We study the linear viscoelastic properties of polymeric networks formed by poly( n-butyl acrylate) telechelic stars end-capped with 2,2:6,2″-terpyridine (Star-PnBA-tpy4) and two types of metal-ligand cross-links with different lifetimes. The influence of interactions, mediated by temperature, nature of metal ions, and ion content, on the linear viscoelastic behavior of both single and double dynamics transient networks is systematically investigated by small amplitude oscillatory shear and creep rheometry. The experimental results reveal that the dynamics of networks with two different metal-ligand cross-links is much faster than expected, characterized by the average sticker lifetime rather than a discrete contribution of each metal-ligand complex. We model the dynamics with the help of our modified tube-based time marching algorithm by accounting for both association/dissociation dynamics of metal-ligand coordination and the entanglement dynamics. Two parameters are defined in the model, namely, the proportion of dangling ends and the average time during which a sticker is free. This allows us to quantify the transient dynamics of the network and, in particular, to determine how the sticker dynamics depend on temperature and ion content.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46966990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jake Song, Qiaochu Li, Pangkuan Chen, Bavand Keshavarz, Brian S. Chapman, Joseph B. Tracy, Gareth H. McKinley, Niels Holten-Andersen
{"title":"Dynamics of dual-junction-functionality associative polymer networks with ion and nanoparticle metal-coordinate cross-link junctions","authors":"Jake Song, Qiaochu Li, Pangkuan Chen, Bavand Keshavarz, Brian S. Chapman, Joseph B. Tracy, Gareth H. McKinley, Niels Holten-Andersen","doi":"10.1122/8.0000410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000410","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a canonical introduction to dual-junction-functionality associative polymer networks, which combine high and low <i>functionality</i> (<i>f</i>) dynamic cross-link junctions to impart load-bearing, dissipation, and self-repairing ability to the network. This unique type of network configuration offers an alternative to traditional dual-junction networks consisting of covalent and reversible cross-links. The high-<i>f</i> junctions can provide load-bearing abilities similar to a covalent cross-link while retaining the ability to self-repair and concurrently confer stimuli-responsive properties arising from the high-<i>f</i> junction species. We demonstrate the mechanical properties of this design motif using metal-coordinating polymer hydrogel networks, which are dynamically cross-linked by different ratios of metal nanoparticle (high-<i>f</i>) and metal ion (low-<i>f</i>) cross-link junctions. We also demonstrate the spontaneous self-assembly of nanoparticle-cross-linked polymers into anisotropic sheets, which may be generalizable for designing dual-junction-functionality associative networks with low volume fraction percolated high-<i>f</i> networks.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Burak Tavsanli, Çiğdem Bilici, P. Sungur, S. İde, O. Okay
{"title":"Tavsanli et al.: Butyl rubber as a macro-cross-linker in the preparation of a shape-memory and self-healing polymer","authors":"Burak Tavsanli, Çiğdem Bilici, P. Sungur, S. İde, O. Okay","doi":"10.1122/8.0000576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000576","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a simple strategy was developed for preparing interconnected interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on butyl rubber (IIR) and poly( n-octadecyl acrylate) (PC18A). Solvent-free UV polymerization of n-octadecyl acrylate (C18A) monomer in the melt of IIR at ambient temperature resulted in IPNs with self-healing and shape-memory functions. Here, we demonstrate that the use of IIR grafted with acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and 10-undecenoic acid instead of unmodified IIR provides a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of IPNs. Differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle x-ray scattering, and wide-angle x-ray scattering analysis reveal side-by-side packing of C18 side chains of PC18A to form lamellar crystals with a melting temperature Tm between 46 and 52 °C. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicates the existence of quasispherical nanoparticles composed of crystalline domains, which are dispersed in a continuous interpenetrating rubber-PC18A matrix. This microstructure provides them a complete self-recovery behavior induced by heating and an efficient shape-memory function. IPNs exhibit around tenfold higher chemical cross-link density as compared to those prepared from the native IIR, reflecting the effect of pendant vinyl groups on the extent of covalent interconnections between the IIR and PC18A components. The type of the grafted monomers significantly affects the mechanical performance of IPNs, which can be explained with the individual contributions of chemical and physical cross-links to the total cross-link density. The amount of the grafted rubbers in IPN could be further increased up to 80 wt. % by the incorporation of toluene into the reaction system, resulting in IPNs with a wide range of tunable thermal and mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47765389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microrheological study of single chain dynamics in semidilute entangled flexible polymer solutions: Crossover from Rouse to Zimm modes","authors":"T. Indei, T. Narita","doi":"10.1122/8.0000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000402","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamics of polymer chains in entangled semidilute solution have been of theoretical and experimental interest. Among a number of characteristic lengths and times of the polymer in solution, those of the correlation blob are the key to understand the applicability of the Rouse and Zimm models to rheology of the semidilute solution. Direct rheological measurements of Rouse and Zimm modes are limited as the corresponding time scale is out of the range of classical rheological techniques. We investigated the single chain dynamics of entangled poly(ethylene oxide) in semidilute aqueous solutions by high-frequency micro-rheology based on diffusing-wave spectroscopy compared to classical shear macro-rheology. Concentration dependence of the three characteristic times of the entangled polymer chains, reptation time, entanglement time, and correlation time, was studied with the help of the time-concentration superposition. At the low frequency range, dynamic moduli measured by macro-rheology and micro-rheology showed a good agreement without adjustable parameters. At the higher frequency range, we found the Rouse regime in the mean square displacement of the probe particles and in the magnitude of the complex specific viscosity of the solution. We propose a simple method to estimate the boundary of the Rouse regime. Finally, at the high frequency range, we demonstrate that the contribution of the solvent to the solution viscosity needs to be subtracted to observe the power-law behavior of the Zimm mode.","PeriodicalId":16991,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rheology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41551564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}