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Coping with very high heat loads in electronic telephone systems of the future 在未来的电子电话系统中处理非常高的热负荷
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22371
J. McKay
{"title":"Coping with very high heat loads in electronic telephone systems of the future","authors":"J. McKay","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22371","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that in large buildings used by the Bell Regional Companies, conventional and modular cooling systems can handle up to about 1500 W for 2100 mm-high, 660 mm-wide frames, 2200 W/m/sup 2/ of floor space. This is for occupied spaces in which indoor air temperature is to be kept below 38 degrees C long term and 40 degrees C short term. For unoccupied spaces somewhat higher heat loads could be handled with the use of high-velocity air in closed cabinets. Above 2200 W/m/sup 2/ and certainly above 5400 W/m/sup 2/ heat dissipation, it is argued that designers should consider the use of water or some other high-heat-capacity cooling fluid instead of air. Smaller buildings do not normally utilize ducting or ceiling plenums, and are thus limited to around 430 W/m/sup 2/ of floor space. If ducts or plenums to allow more air flow past or through the equipment frames were used, the same heat dissipation levels as are feasible in large buildings could be achieved. For outdoor cabinets, some increase in heat dissipation beyond existing AT&T designs could be accomplished through passive measures such as shading, use of fins, and improved reflecting paints.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131075567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Technical and economic trade-off study between photovoltaic power systems and closed cycle vapor turbogenerators 光伏发电系统与闭式循环汽轮发电机组的技术经济权衡研究
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22366
J. Gropper
{"title":"Technical and economic trade-off study between photovoltaic power systems and closed cycle vapor turbogenerators","authors":"J. Gropper","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22366","url":null,"abstract":"The author presents a tradeoff study between photovoltaic power systems and closed-cycle vapor turbogenerators for telecommunications applications in Nigeria. Issues discussed are system availability requirements, potential solar-cell problems, and economic factors. It is concluded that, due to its inherent high reliability and high-starting capability in cold standby configurations, the closed-cycle vapor turbogenerator, either in stand-alone or in a solar hybrid configuration, is frequently the system of choice because it is a more cost-effective alternative for telecommunications applications which require high availability and minimum maintenance.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131619244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reliability testing of power units 动力装置可靠性试验
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22408
F.F. Kunzinger
{"title":"Reliability testing of power units","authors":"F.F. Kunzinger","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22408","url":null,"abstract":"The author discusses the trade-offs in formulating a plan for reliability testing of power products to gain more accurate knowledge of their mean time between failures (MTBF). Ways to estimate the sample size, test duration, and cost of such a program are presented in graphical form. The results are based on the constant-failure rate model. Results are presented in terms of an experimental plant to show that the MTBF of a power unit exceeds a certain lower bound with a 65% confidence level. Correction factors to adjust sample size to account for different confidence levels and ranges are shown. A factor to account for testing to show that an MTBF is bounded both above and below is also identified.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124000413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The effect of positive polarization on grid growth, cell performance and life-'Willihnganz revisited-20 years' later' 正极化对栅格生长、细胞性能和寿命的影响——20年后威廉甘茨重访
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22338
W. Brecht, D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson
{"title":"The effect of positive polarization on grid growth, cell performance and life-'Willihnganz revisited-20 years' later'","authors":"W. Brecht, D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22338","url":null,"abstract":"Using ultrasonic reflection techniques to measure grid growth, carefully fabricated lead-acid telecommunication cells were tested at 160 degrees F over a wide range of positive polarizations (0-150 mV). It is shown that minimal plate growth occurs at 40 mV rather than at 70-80 mV, as previously reported. Plate growth at 100-150 mV is significantly more rapid than at 40 mV. Plate growth at 0 and 5 mV is not catastrophically rapid, and is significantly lower than at 150 mV. Plate growth at the traditionally 'forbidden region' of 20 mV is actually equivalent to growth at 80 mV, which has universally been considered the optimal float value. It is concluded that the present findings could significantly affect usage in modern telecommunication, utility, and UPS (uninterruptible power supply) installations.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121442116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Design and evaluation of a stand-alone PV system with fuel generator back up 带燃料发电机的独立光伏系统的设计与评估
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22375
G. Proietti, A. Repetto
{"title":"Design and evaluation of a stand-alone PV system with fuel generator back up","authors":"G. Proietti, A. Repetto","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22375","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the design of stand-alone photovoltaic hybrid generators for supplying energy to telecommunication equipment to be installed in remote Italian areas. After a brief description of the photovoltaic system, they examine the individual components, including the photovoltaic module DC/DC converter, the DC generator, and the microprocessor control. Particular emphasis is given to the study and optimization of the system control to maximize the photovoltaic energy delivered into the battery and to provide the correct management of the fuel generator. A photovoltaic system for testing purposes has been installed by Telespazio SpA at the Fucino satellite Earth station near Avezzano to evaluate the field performances of modules, the controller, and the fuel engine.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128846340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sealed nickel cadmium batteries with fiber structured electrodes 具有纤维结构电极的密封镍镉电池
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22401
K. Gutzeit, G. McKenna
{"title":"Sealed nickel cadmium batteries with fiber structured electrodes","authors":"K. Gutzeit, G. McKenna","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22401","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the development of fiber-structured nickel-cadmium (FNC) battery technology into a fully sealed nickel-cadmium battery which possesses all of the important characteristics of vented batteries. These sealed batteries, called FNC-Recom, are described. Sealed-cell operation is described; test results on the FNC-Recom prototypes developed and tested to date are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117255800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sealing current and its impact on ISDN powering requirements 密封电流及其对ISDN供电要求的影响
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22342
R. A. Frantz, T. Taylor
{"title":"Sealing current and its impact on ISDN powering requirements","authors":"R. A. Frantz, T. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22342","url":null,"abstract":"Sealing current is a low-level DC current that has been used to maintain the transmission quality of certain interoffice and special services circuits by inhibiting corrosion at wire splices. The authors examine the sealing current issue, and discuss the way in which splices degrade through corrosive attack in the service environment. They also discuss the mechanism by which sealing current inhibits this degradation, the use of this understanding in applying sealing current to a subscriber loop, and a low-energy sealing current supply implementation for ISDN (integrated services digital network). While the focus is on the application of sealing current to subscriber loops, the discussion is equally valid in addressing special services circuits and interoffice cables.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125454321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Quasi-resonant DC/DC converter using a single SI thyristor 使用单晶闸管的准谐振DC/DC变换器
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22327
J. Nishizawa, T. Tamamushi, T. Koga, S. Sugawara, H. Hayashi, H. Sekimoto
{"title":"Quasi-resonant DC/DC converter using a single SI thyristor","authors":"J. Nishizawa, T. Tamamushi, T. Koga, S. Sugawara, H. Hayashi, H. Sekimoto","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22327","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have test-fabricated a quasiresonant DC/DC converter to reduce the switching loss of the static-induction (SI) thyristor, and have conducted circuit simulations and tests. It is concluded that the adoption of a quasiresonant converter enabled about 34% of the device loss to be reduced compared with the forward converter. It is expected that this loss reduction would lead to an increase in both efficiency and output power.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125573681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The development of stationary sealed lead-acid battery with new electrolyte retaining method 固定式密封铅酸蓄电池新型电解液保持方法的研制
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22331
K. Higashimoto, A. Miura, T. Hayakawa, A. Komaki
{"title":"The development of stationary sealed lead-acid battery with new electrolyte retaining method","authors":"K. Higashimoto, A. Miura, T. Hayakawa, A. Komaki","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22331","url":null,"abstract":"The features of the Hipac Super-DX stationary sealed lead-acid battery are discussed, with particular emphasis on the electrolyte retaining method. To suppress the stratification of the electrolyte in stationary sealed lead-acid batteries, the authors have developed an electrolyte retainer mainly composed of fine inorganic powder and minute glass fibers. It has been demonstrated that the stratification of the electrolyte due to repeated charging and discharging of the battery is inhibited and that reduction in capacity is adequately prevented. It has also been confirmed that this novel design permits the construction of long, thin compact batteries which allow considerable saving of space.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127134907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reducing EMI in switch mode power supplies 降低开关电源的电磁干扰
10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference Pub Date : 1988-10-30 DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22385
D. Knurek
{"title":"Reducing EMI in switch mode power supplies","authors":"D. Knurek","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22385","url":null,"abstract":"In general, as the operating frequency of a switch-mode converter increases, the task of EMI (electromagnetic interference) suppression becomes more difficult. Many times, a reduction in power supply size is negated by bulky input and output filters. Additional mechanical and printed circuit board design iterations have resulted due to EMI difficulties. With these difficulties in mind, the author examines the types of EMI, their origins, and methods of measurements. He considers the minimization of the required 'after the fact' filtering. If this is done early in the design phase, some of the extra design iterations can hopefully be eliminated. To accomplish this, various components and circuit configurations are examined. A 100 W forward converter was used to verify most of the methods discussed. Specifically, it was shown that, by controlling parasitic capacitance, significant reductions can be made in the conducted EMI. A byproduct of controlling these parasitics is the fact that the conducting-loop area is reduced and therefore the radiated EMI is also reduced.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123775178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
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