Journal of Quaternary Science最新文献

{"title":"Environmental conditions in the Massif Central during the Upper Palaeolithic using stable isotope tracking (13C, 15N) of bone collagen from large herbivores","authors":"Dorothée G. Drucker,&nbsp;Laure Fontana","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3617","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The environmental conditions experienced by hunter-gatherers during the second part of the Upper Palaeolithic (ca. 28 000–15 000 cal <span>bp</span>) are poorly known in the mid-elevation volcanic mountains of the Massif Central in southern France. The stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N expressed as δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values) in bone collagen of large herbivores can track their diet and habitat, reflecting local abiotic conditions (temperature, aridity, altitude). Due to poor preservation of skeletal organic matter in the region, new radiocarbon dating was conducted on a limited number of quality-controlled collagen samples, based on a minimum carbon content of 30%. They document three main phases of occupation corresponding to the Final Gravettian, the Badegoulian and the Magdalenian, each of which is represented in different regions of the Allier and Loire valleys. Over time, a decrease in horse δ¹⁵N values, the best documented species of large herbivores, is found between the Final Gravettian (ca. 26 700–25 600 cal \u0000<span>bp</span>), around the Last Glacial Maximum and the Badegoulian (ca. 21 900–19 200 cal \u0000<span>bp</span>), followed by an increase in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values during the Magdalenian (ca. 19 100–16 600 cal \u0000<span>bp</span>). During the Badegoulian, the δ¹⁵N values of the horses were lower than those of their counterparts in southwestern France, testifying to harsh climatic conditions favourable to a tundra-like landscape, also reflected in the higher horse and reindeer δ¹³C values in the Allier valley compared to those in southwestern France. The relatively high δ¹³C and low δ¹⁵N values of a Final Gravettian wolf from the Allier valley suggests reindeer as a preferred prey, in line with their high abundance in the archaeological sites. Game access, rather than climatic conditions or lithic resources, seems to have motivated human groups to occupy the Massif Central during the Upper Palaeolithic.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140322397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interactive visualization and data portal tool (PALTIDE) for relative sea level and palaeotidal simulations of the northwest European shelf seas since the Last Glacial Maximum","authors":"James Scourse,&nbsp;Sophie Ward,&nbsp;Adam Wainwright,&nbsp;Sarah Bradley,&nbsp;Jerome Keaton Wilson,&nbsp;Jessica Guo","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3615","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3615","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Relative sea level (RSL) predictions based on glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) simulations and palaeotidal predictions generated by hydrodynamic models using GIA-generated palaeotopographies are available in the published literature, and datasets are available via data repositories. However, these data are often difficult to extract for specific locations or timeslices, requiring users to request datasets from corresponding authors. To overcome the intractability of these data and to enable users to interrogate datasets themselves without requiring offline requests, we have developed PALTIDE, an online visualization tool with intuitive user interface accessible at https://shiny.bangor.ac.uk/paleotidal/. The model domain for this interactive visualization tool is the northwest European continental shelf, covering the period from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present day, and is based on previous GIA simulations by Bradley and colleagues and hydrodynamic simulations using Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) published by Ward and colleagues. The tool is developed in R and utilizes a number of packages including <i>shiny</i> and <i>bslib</i> for the frontend, and <i>arrow</i>, <i>raster</i> and the <i>tidyverse</i> for backend data processing. The tool enables visualizations and data downloads for RSL, tidal amplitude and tide-dependent parameters for any location within the model domain over 1000-year timesteps from the LGM to the present.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140173137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal climate variations during Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2 inferred from high-resolution oxygen isotope ratios in horse tooth enamel from Lower Austria","authors":"Lilian Reiss,&nbsp;Christoph Mayr,&nbsp;Kerstin Pasda,&nbsp;Michael M. Joachimski,&nbsp;Thomas Einwögerer,&nbsp;Marc Händel,&nbsp;Andreas Maier","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3613","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3613","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present sequential oxygen isotope records (δ¹⁸O_phosphate vs. VSMOW) of horse tooth enamel phosphate of six individuals from two adjacent Palaeolithic sites in Lower Austria. Three molars from the site Krems-Wachtberg date to 33–31k cal a \u0000<span>bp</span>, and three molars from Kammern-Grubgraben to 24–20k cal a \u0000<span>bp.</span> All teeth show seasonal isotope variations, which are used to reconstruct the annual oxygen isotope composition of drinking water (δ¹⁸O_dw) and palaeotemperatures. Measured δ¹⁸O_phosphate values ranged from 8.6 to 13.0‰ and from 10.8 to 13.9‰ at Krems-Wachtberg and Kammern-Grubgraben, respectively. An inverse modelling approach was used to reconstruct summer and winter temperatures after a correction for glacial oceanic source water δ¹⁸O. Reconstructed annual δ¹⁸O_dw was −16.4 ± 1.5‰ at Krems-Wachtberg and −15.3 ± 1.4‰ at Kammern-Grubgraben, resulting in annual temperatures of −5.7 ± 3.1 and −3.5 ± 2.9°C, respectively. Summer and winter temperatures reconstructed from individual teeth exhibit high seasonal variations with moderate summer temperatures and extremely low winter temperatures typical for a polar tundra climate. Isotopic differences between individuals are attributed to interannual climate variability or to different drinking water sources. Our reconstructed temperatures are, overall, consistent with previously reported values from European horse teeth, when taking regional differences into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holocene hydroclimate in highland Costa Rica: new evidence from hydrogen and carbon isotopes in n-alkanes of terrestrial leaf waxes in a 10 000-year sediment profile","authors":"Matthew T. Kerr,&nbsp;Sally P. Horn,&nbsp;Chad S. Lane","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3616","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3616","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted compound-specific stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ¹³C) isotope analysis on <i>n</i>-alkanes from terrestrial leaf waxes preserved in a 10 000-year sediment profile from Lago de las Morrenas 1 (9.4925° N, 83.4848° W, 3480 m), a glacial lake on the Chirripó massif of the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica. Our results demonstrate millennial-scale variations in hydroclimate across the Holocene, with drier than average conditions in the highlands during the early Holocene, but with gradually increasing precipitation; mesic conditions during the middle Holocene with a gradual drying trend; and highly variable conditions during the late Holocene. This general pattern is punctuated by several centennial-scale manifestations of global climate events, including dry conditions during the 8200, 5200 and 4200 cal a \u0000<span>bp</span> events and the Terminal Classic Drought (1200–850 cal a \u0000<span>bp</span>). Our δ¹³C analyses demonstrate that carbon isotope signals are responding to changes in hydroclimate at the site and reinforce prior interpretations of a stable páramo plant community that established following deglaciation and persisted throughout the Holocene. The shifts in hydroclimate inferred from analyses of <i>n</i>-alkanes in Lago de las Morrenas 1 sediments show correspondence with charcoal records in multiple lakes, with fires most common during drier intervals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140154747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The timing and magnitude of the British–Irish Ice Sheet between Marine Isotope Stages 5d and 2: implications for glacio-isostatic adjustment, high relative sea levels and ‘giant erratic’ emplacement","authors":"J. D. Scourse","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3611","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3611","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The extent, chronology and dynamics of the pre-Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 last British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) are not well known. Although the BRITICE-CHRONO Project has detailed the maximum extent and retreat phases of the last BIIS for the period after 30 ka and into the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Project identified several pre-existing datasets and generated new data that implied glaciation pre-dating the LGM but which post-dated the Last Interglacial (Eemian; MIS5e); these data are reviewed here. There are no dated till units but are other indicators clearly indicative of glaciation: deep-sea ice-rafted detritus flux into the adjacent NE Atlantic, cosmogenic rock-exposure age dating from glaciated surfaces in Wales and the island of Lundy (Bristol Channel), and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of proximal glacifluvial sequences on the Isle of Lewis (Outer Hebrides) and in the Cheshire Basin. Taken together these indicate BIIS inception during MIS5d, growth into MIS4 and evidence for dynamic retreat–advance phases during MIS3. OSL evidence for high relative sea level indicated by raised beaches in southern Ireland during MIS4 and 3 at a time of lowered glacio-eustatic sea level indicates substantial glacial isostatic loading, explained by the early growth of the BIIS during the last cold stage. High relative sea level during MIS4 and 3 coincident with adjacent calving ice sheet margins provides an explanation for the rafted giant erratics found around the shores of southern Britain and Ireland.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140128250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postglacial flooding and Holocene climate shifts in the Persian Gulf","authors":"Abdolmajid Naderi Beni,&nbsp;Guillaume Leduc,&nbsp;Morteza Djamali,&nbsp;Arash Sharifi,&nbsp;Nick Marriner,&nbsp;Kazuyo Tachikawa,&nbsp;Frauke Rostek,&nbsp;Rik Tjallingii,&nbsp;Hamid Lahijani,&nbsp;Mahboubeh Molavi Arabshahi,&nbsp;Marta Garcia,&nbsp;Laetitia Licari,&nbsp;Martin Tetard,&nbsp;Marie-Charlotte Bellinghery,&nbsp;Edouard Bard","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3614","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3614","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Postglacial flooding of the Persian Gulf (PG) was important in shaping human history and driving landscape changes in the region. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the postglacial transgression. The position of the PG at the edge of major synoptic systems of the Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon (IOSM) and Mid-latitude Westerlies (MLW) makes the environment particularly sensitive to Holocene climate shifts. To investigate the timing of the flooding and to detect the impacts of significant climate shifts on the regional environment during the Holocene, a multiproxy study was conducted on three short sediment cores from two deep sites in the PG. Sedimentological, palynological and geochemical analyses were performed on the cores. The results show that inundation of the western part of the PG that started from ca. 11.5 ka <span>bp</span> continued with successive prominent phases of transgression centered on 10.4 and 9.2 ka cal \u0000<span>bp</span>, and definitive marine conditions were established around 8.8 ka cal \u0000<span>bp.</span> The IOSM was the dominant system in the region until about 9 to ~6.3 ka cal \u0000<span>bp.</span> After that time, the intensity of the IOSM declined, as MLW dominated the region after ~6.3 ka cal \u0000<span>bp.</span> These climatic shifts induced significant changes in regional vegetation and hydrology, and possibly triggered socio-cultural transformations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140128422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earliest Records of Holocene Cetaceans in the Black Sea","authors":"Magie Aiken,&nbsp;Elena Gladilina,&nbsp;Canan Çakirlar,&nbsp;Serhii Telizhenko,&nbsp;Luminita Bejenaru,&nbsp;Maia Bukhsianidze,&nbsp;Morten Tange Olsen,&nbsp;Pavel Gol'din","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3609","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3609","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The timing of the Holocene transition of the Black Sea from a brackish lake to a marine sea has long been debated. Here, we report on the earliest records of cetaceans in the Black Sea region as a proxy for the connection with the Mediterranean and the transition from a brackish to marine environment. We base our analysis on cetacean skeletal finds and archival data on cetacean skeletal remains from the Bosphorus, the western, northern and eastern Black Sea, and the Kerch Strait. We find that all three contemporary cetacean species in the Black Sea – the harbour porpoise, bottlenose dolphin and common dolphin – had migrated out of the Mediterranean to the Bosphorus and the Black Sea at least 8000–7000 years ago and reached the northern Black Sea by 5500 years ago at the latest. Our study suggests the establishment of a Mediterranean–Black Sea biogeographical connection for marine vertebrates at least 7000 years ago. The early presence of cetaceans in the Black Sea has implications for understanding its Holocene transition, as well as the evolutionary and ecological history of these species more generally.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140045783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Upper Holocene palaeoenvironment and human subsistence strategy in the Khor Rori coastal area by studying mollusc remains from the Inqitat plateau (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman)","authors":"Gaia Crippa,&nbsp;Silvia Lischi,&nbsp;Mauro Cremaschi","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3610","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3610","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Archaeological shells have a great potential for reconstructing past environments and human–environment interactions. The Inqitat plateau (Khor Rori Archaeological Park, Oman) shows rich mollusc assemblages, present in the HAS1 settlement and in a shell midden nearby (Iron Age). By analysing the environmental requirements of the species identified in the assemblages, we reconstruct the past coastal environment and investigate its exploitation by the local population and human activities during the settlement occupation. This is the first multidisciplinary investigation of Iron Age molluscs from Dhofar. Our results indicate that the environment surrounding the site was characterised by rocky shores and shallow-water sandy to sandy-muddy substrates, where locals collected shells. Mangrove species were recovered in few numbers, indicating that this environment was restricted or not exploited. Furthermore, a different use of shells between circular houses within the settlement and the midden was observed; in the former, species used as ornaments are more abundant, whereas, in the latter, species used for food purposes are found, confirming the primary use of the midden as a dump. The presence of easily accessible settings for mollusc collection in the site's vicinity and the richness in food resources due to a coastal upwelling makes this region very attractive for human populations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140045782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronology of drill cores and the inferred coastal environmental evolution on Haitan Island, South China","authors":"Junjie Qiu,&nbsp;Jianhui Jin,&nbsp;Xinxin Zuo,&nbsp;Xuechun Fan,&nbsp;Junjie Wei,&nbsp;Daiyu Xu,&nbsp;Chenyang Hou","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3606","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3606","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Southeastern China's coastal region is considered one of the key areas for studying prehistoric human–land relationships in the Western Pacific region. This region, which is rich in records of marine civilization, provides an ideal location for recording coastal environmental evolution. In this study, the chronological framework of three borehole cores recovered from Haitan Island, South China, near the Keqiutou group of sites, was established using both optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS ¹⁴C) dating techniques. Various analyses, including lithologic characteristics, chroma, clay–water electric conductivity (EC), grain size and elemental geochemistry, were conducted to elaborate the sedimentary sequence and its paleoenvironmental implications. The findings suggest that (i) since the late Quaternary, the Haitan Island sedimentary sequence can be divided into three deposition stages: Old Red Sand formed during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3), intermittent sedimentation during the Last Glacial Maximum and coastal aeolian deposition during the Holocene. Furthermore, the study reveals that terrestrial debris was significant as a material source for Haitan Island. (ii) Due to the absence of tectonic uplift, Haitan Island has no thick marine sedimentary record during the Holocene period of high sea level. The Luyangpu coastal sand sheet can be dated to 2.78 ka, which is consistent with previous reports giving dates of 2.4 ka. Prior to the formation of the sand sheet, the sedimentary environment in the area was characterized by lagoon or marsh facies. (iii) Paleoanthropological activities were influenced by sedimentary environmental evolution and geomorphic processes, among others. The Keqiutou Culture experienced high sea levels, which created an intertidal environment near the site and facilitated fishing. However, regression at 5.7 ka led to terrestrial environments, which prompted the inhabitants to migrate. Approximately 3 ka ago, sea levels rose again, coinciding with the initiation of rice cultivation. These factors may have influenced the transition from the Neolithic to Bronze Age culture. This study reconstructs evolution of the sedimentary sequence since the late Quaternary, enhancing our understanding of past human–terrestrial relationship in the region.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140036111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of organic matter enrichment in a basin with shallow biogenic gas: a case study of Pleistocene shale in the Qaidam Basin","authors":"Xiaoxue Liu,&nbsp;Zhenxue Jiang,&nbsp;Xianglu Tang,&nbsp;Zeyu Shao,&nbsp;Mingshuai Xu","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3612","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3612","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Organic matter is the material basis of shale gas. The Qaidam Basin is a key exploration and development area for shallow biogenic shale gas in China. In this study, we have focused on Quaternary Pleistocene shale in the Qaidam Basin, and the mechanism of organic matter enrichment was investigated in terms of water column stratification and paleoclimate. The results show that the K9–K7 section has greater biological productivity than the K5–K4 section. During the early–middle Pleistocene (K9–K7 deposition period), due to a warm and humid climate, the water column was strongly stratified and herbaceous plants developed, resulting in increased biological productivity. Stronger stratification also led to a reducing environment in the lower layer, which was conducive to the preservation of organic matter from the upper layer. During the late Pleistocene (K5–K4 deposition period), with a dry and hot climate, stratification became weaker and the vegetation evolved into woody plants, reducing biological productivity. Weaker stratification led to destruction of the reducing environment, which was not conducive to enrichment of the sedimentary organic matter. Moreover, the increased temperatures increased the activity of methanogenic bacteria, which consumed a lot of the organic matter.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140036699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}