Journal of Quaternary Science最新文献

{"title":"Using pollen in turbidites for vegetation reconstructions","authors":"Laura S. McDonald,&nbsp;Lorna J. Strachan,&nbsp;Katherine Holt,&nbsp;Adam D. McArthur,&nbsp;Philip M. Barnes,&nbsp;Katherine L. Maier,&nbsp;Alan R. Orpin,&nbsp;Mark Horrocks,&nbsp;Aratrika Ganguly,&nbsp;Jenni L. Hopkins,&nbsp;Helen C. Bostock","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3653","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Turbidites, deposited by sub-aqueous gravity flows, are common in sedimentary archives worldwide and present a unique challenge and opportunity when reconstructing past vegetation through pollen analysis. When sampling pollen from a sediment core for palaeovegetation records, it is common practice to target background sediments (i.e. pelagic sediment) and avoid sampling turbidites, as they are presumed to portray a misleading picture of past vegetation. This assumption stems from our limited understanding of pollen abundance and distribution through turbidites, meaning that palynologists overlook deposits that could potentially be used to reconstruct past vegetation and climate. We present pollen assemblage and sedimentological data from four recent (&lt;150 years) deep marine turbidite deposits from the Hikurangi Subduction Margin, Aotearoa-New Zealand, with the aim of understanding the abundance and distribution of pollen in fine-grained turbidites. We find that pollen is diluted in the bases of turbidites, but despite this dilution, the proportions of different pollen taxa remain consistent through each turbidite. These results confirm that pollen can be sampled from turbidites for palaeovegetation reconstructions and that sampling the fine-grained upper parts of turbidites will provide the best pollen recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1053-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A temperature snapshot from MIS 5c in southeastern Alaska","authors":"PAUL S. Wilcox,&nbsp;Christoph Spötl,&nbsp;R.L. Edwards","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3652","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3652","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5c, between ~106 000 and ~93 000 years ago, represents an important warm period in which the current anthropogenic warming can be contextualized. Although viewed as a pronounced interstadial, its climate expression is regionally disparate, with different regions on Earth showing evidence of either cooler or warmer conditions than modern-day. It is therefore important to expand temperature reconstructions to different regions on Earth to gain a better picture of climate dynamics during MIS 5c. In Alaska, there are no quantitative temperature reconstructions for MIS 5c, limiting our knowledge of temperature changes in this climatically sensitive high-latitude region. Here, we fill this gap by providing the first quantitative temperature estimates from MIS 5c in Alaska using hydrogen isotopes of fluid inclusions in precisely dated speleothems. We find that regional temperatures during MIS 5c were within error of the modern-day reference period (1929–1989 <span>ce</span>) temperatures, possibly representing the most recent time period that regional temperatures were as high as modern-day.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1031-1037"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratigraphy and dating of Middle Pleistocene sediments from Rodderberg, Germany","authors":"Bernd Zolitschka,&nbsp;Frank Preusser,&nbsp;Junjie Zhang,&nbsp;Ines Hogrefe,&nbsp;Nikolaus Froitzheim,&nbsp;Philipp Böning,&nbsp;Patrick Schläfli,&nbsp;Felix Bittmann,&nbsp;Franz Binot,&nbsp;Manfred Frechen","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3654","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3654","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The stratigraphy and dating of lacustrine sediments and loess derivatives from Rodderberg, a crater of the East Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany, is based on luminescence dating and incorporates radiocarbon ages, fingerprinting of key tephra layers of the East Eifel Volcanic Field (Rieden Tephra, Hüttenberg Tephra, Laacher See Tephra), pollen stratigraphy, varve counting data, and a correlative age–depth model. These methods yield a robust age–depth model for the last 258 ka. Beyond this, luminescence ages differ from tephra-derived ages. In light of the apparent presence of the Rieden Tephra, the lowermost interglacial is assigned to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 or 420 ka. This provides a high-resolution record of environmental conditions representing an analogue for the Holocene, characterized by a warming planet. However, new luminescence ages may indicate a younger age for basal sediments, with the lowermost interglacial representing MIS 9. Both age–depth models constrain regional environmental changes during the Middle Pleistocene controlled by global climate variations. For the hydrologically closed nature of the Rodderberg crater, with limited pathways for sediment inflow and erosional export, these results shed new light on the continuity of long Middle Pleistocene records.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1011-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3654","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomic and stable isotope analyses of mammal remains from the Lateglacial site of Grotta Polesini (central Italy): Paleoenviromental implications","authors":"Francesca Giustini,&nbsp;Alessio Iannucci,&nbsp;Giovanni Porcelli,&nbsp;Ileana Micarelli,&nbsp;Mauro Brilli,&nbsp;Raffaele Sardella,&nbsp;Beniamino Mecozzi","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3655","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3655","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grotta Polesini is one of the most famous paleontological and archaeological sites of central Italy, which testifies to its human occupation during the Lateglacial. The site comprises a cave system where systematic excavation campaigns have been carried out since the 1950s. In 1974, 656 mammal remains were collected but never studied. This fossil collection is here described for the first time through taxonomic and stable isotope analyses of the enamel of selected mammal teeth. The aim is to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental and climatic conditions of the site and to offer new information on terrestrial ecosystems during the Lateglacial in central Italy. The faunal assemblage studied herein, in addition to other species reported in previous works, suggests cold climate conditions. We also describe a right radius of an adult individual of <i>Homo sapiens</i>, increasing the human fossil record of the site. Carbon isotope data point to a scenario dominated by C3 plants in open and dry habitats, such as grasslands and steppes, in accordance with the pollen data from central Italy. The oxygen isotope data suggest the use of water resources with a local origin, i.e. local precipitation and surface waters with a provenance from the nearby Apennine chain. The ecology of the taxa influenced the oxygen isotope values, especially in the case of semi-obligate to non-obligate drinker species.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1098-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are human activities or climate changes the main causes of soil erosion in the South African drylands?: A palaeo-perspective from three sites in the interior","authors":"Richard Lyons,&nbsp;Stephen Tooth,&nbsp;Geoff A. T. Duller,&nbsp;Terence McCarthy","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3651","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3651","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil erosion across South Africa's drylands occurs widely in the form of gullies and badlands (locally termed dongas) that have developed in colluvium and in valley fills along incised rivers. This erosion has commonly been attributed to land mismanagement, particularly since European settlement, but natural factors such as soil properties, local base level fall and climate change have also been invoked. To disentangle human and natural factors, we use optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, supported by documentary and archaeological evidence, to constrain the timing and causes of donga formation at three widely spaced sites across interior South Africa. At all three sites, the exposed stratigraphy indicates that hillslopes and floodplains underwent net sediment accumulation during most of the late Quaternary, and that present-day deep erosion is of a magnitude unprecedented probably within at least the past 100 ka. OSL ages indicate that the onset of erosion at each site significantly pre-dates European incursion and instead was broadly coincident with abrupt climatic changes that occurred during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA, ~<span>ad</span> 900–1300) and Little Ice Age (LIA, ~\u0000<span>ad</span> 1300–1800). Based on correlation with palaeoclimate proxy records, we propose that erosion was triggered by abrupt hydroclimatic oscillations during the MCA, and continued during the LIA in response to climate-driven, large floods. At these sites, soil type and local base level falls exert secondary controls on the specific locations, processes, rates and depths of erosion. In other areas of South Africa, clear links between land mismanagement and soil erosion have been demonstrated, but for sites where detailed investigations have yet to be undertaken, these findings challenge an often default assumption that soil erosion is necessarily attributable to human factors. Our findings have significant implications for soil erosion control strategies and assessment of South African dryland landscape response to future climate changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1116-1137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonally dry tropical forests in the late Pleistocene of Mesopotamia, Argentina and their relationship to environmental changes during the Last Interglacial","authors":"L. Fernandez Pacella,&nbsp;J. Baez,&nbsp;A. Crisafulli,&nbsp;M. Roig,&nbsp;M. Di Pasquo,&nbsp;C.A. Luna,&nbsp;I. Fagúndez,&nbsp;M. Martinez,&nbsp;P. Cuaranta","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3650","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3650","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The concept of seasonal forests groups structural types of vegetation that are related to climatic seasonality in the tropics of South America. Consequently, this determines the physiognomy of the vegetation, from semi-deciduous to strongly deciduous. The strongest link between seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) is their floristic composition, where Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae dominate the woody flora. The fossil records of the Neogene of northwestern Argentina reveal a list of species found in various locations and formations of the Miocene–Lower Pleistocene obtained from studies of pollen, woods (logs), cuticles, impressions of leaves and fruits. The analysis of sediments and woody structures from the Tapebicuá, Toropí/Yupoí and El Palmar Formations (Upper Pleistocene) of the Mesopotamia region allowed us to identify several pollen taxa and silicified wood fragments (mineralized). The woody and shrubby association whose current relatives characterize the SDTF is composed of the 16 fossil species described here belonging to seven families. In our samples, <i>Anadenanthera colubrina</i> and <i>Myracrodruon balansae</i> are the most significant members of the families Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae, which are dominant in the SDTF. The paleobotanical species described in this study confirm the extension of the SDTF to the province of Corrientes, coinciding with various climatic events (dry subtropical, semi-desert and warm-humid climate) that would have favored the development of these forests during the Pleistocene in this region. The absolute dates obtained for the Toropí/Yupoí and Tapebicuá Formations confirm their synchronicity and correlation to Marine Isotope Stage 5. The palynological analysis, the presence of <i>Menendoxylon</i> and the sedimentological data allow us to infer the existence of a seasonally dry humid paleoclimate in northeastern Argentina during the Late Pleistocene favorable to the development of the SDTF.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1038-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing chronologies for Last Interglacial sequences","authors":"AMY M. MCGUIRE,&nbsp;IRENE M. WAAJEN,&nbsp;NATASHA L.M. BARLOW","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3641","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3641","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies of the Last Interglacial (ca. 129 to 116 ka BP) provide an opportunity to study the impact of high-latitude warm temperatures on the Earth system. To build an accurate spatio-temporal picture of climate and environmental variability during the Last Interglacial, building robust chronologies, through which the patchwork of terrestrial, marine, and ice core archives can be correlated, is paramount. In this review, we briefly evaluate the most common approaches used to date climate and environmental archives from the Last Interglacial, as well as the chronostratigraphic tools available for direct correlation between sequences, with a focus on terrestrial archives. We then present a case study on the use of pollen biostratigraphy for correlating sequences in NW Europe, highlighting its strength as a local correlation tool, and the challenges this approach presents in comparing sequences to global records of climate and environmental change. A move towards consistently dated sequences will improve our understanding of environmental responses to Last Interglacial climate variability across different elements of the global climate system and the rates at which different elements of the climate system respond to changes in global temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"987-1010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological and vegetation changes in North Africa over the past 23 000 years: a comparative study of watershed areas of the Nile River using remote sensing and compound-specific δ2H and δ13C from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea","authors":"KHALED S. Sinoussy,&nbsp;Hiroshi Naraoka,&nbsp;Osamu Seki,&nbsp;MAHMOUD A. Hassaan,&nbsp;Yusuke Okazaki","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3649","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3649","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hydroclimate variation and vegetation changes of the Nile River watershed area in northeast Africa since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were reconstructed based on n-alkanes, their carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C_n-alkanes), and their hydrogen isotope ratios (δ²H_n-alkanes) in sediments from ODP Site 967 in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The results were compared with the present vegetation cover in the watershed areas using ArcGIS. The average proportion of current grassland in the Equatorial Lake and Ethiopian Highland Plateaus watershed areas was 45.8 and 64.7%, respectively. δ²H_n-alkanes ranged from −199 to −127‰ and co-varied with insolation change response to orbital forcing. Depleted δ²H_n-alkanes were found from deglaciation to the middle Holocene, suggesting increased precipitation during the African Humid Period (AHP) from 15 to 5 ka caused by northward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. However, lower precipitation was inferred by enriched δ²H_n-alkanes during the LGM and late Holocene. δ¹³C_n-alkanes at Site 967 did not show a trend in harmony with δ²H_n-alkanes and instead exhibited millennial-scale variations ranging from –25.9 to –33.2‰. These δ¹³C_n-alkanes values consistently indicated a C4 grass-dominated environment in the watershed areas of the River Nile since the LGM, persisting through the AHP and into the present. Reconstructions demonstrated orbital and abrupt forcing of hydroclimate variability while maintaining generally grass-dominated vegetation with weak precipitation feedback over the late Quaternary.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1064-1077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141771732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine and terrestrial environmental change during the MIS 5–4 transition (southern North Sea area)","authors":"Irene M. Waajen,&nbsp;Francien Peterse,&nbsp;Frank P. Wesselingh,&nbsp;Freek S. Busschers,&nbsp;Friederike Wagner-Cremer,&nbsp;Sytze van Heteren,&nbsp;Timme H. Donders","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3647","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3647","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Late Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 – MIS 4 transition (at ca. 75 ka) is globally known to correspond to a period of strong cooling and sea-level lowering. Terrestrial records indicate the transition had a large impact on terrestrial environments, but the impact on coastal and shallow-marine areas is poorly documented due to a lack of well-dated, continuous archives caused by erosion during succeeding glacial lowstands. The extensive offshore deposits of the Brown Bank Formation in the southern North Sea yield a valuable record of this transition in a shallow-marine environment. We show that the southern North Sea experienced subarctic marine conditions with a high input of terrestrial material during the MIS 5–4 transition. These continued marine conditions, which have not been described earlier for northwestern Europe, show that sea level remained relatively high, and lagged cooling on land inferred from lipid-biomarker palaeothermometry. The time-lag between terrestrial cooling and sea-level fall created a sediment preservation window during the onset of MIS 4 in a shallow-marine environment. Our record captures changes in both the terrestrial and shallow-marine environments, and allows for linking terrestrial and marine records of the MIS 5–4 transition in NW Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 6","pages":"890-904"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not only domestic spaces: dismantling short-term occupations in Level 497D of Cova Gran de Santa Linya (Pre-Pyrenees, Spain)","authors":"Laura Sánchez-Romero,&nbsp;Jorge Martínez-Moreno,&nbsp;Alfonso Benito-Calvo,&nbsp;Javier Sánchez-Martínez,&nbsp;Rafael Mora Torcal","doi":"10.1002/jqs.3648","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jqs.3648","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Early Upper Paleolithic Level 497D of Cova Gran (Pre-Pyrenees, Spain) comprises large assemblages of lithics, fauna, hearths, ash accumulations and well-preserved refitting sequences. This provides exceptional information to analyze spatial patterns and deepen our understanding of the socio-economic behavior of these human groups. This large interdisciplinary dataset has allowed us to carry out a detailed spatial study based on density analysis, geostatistics, fabric analysis and orientation techniques, revealing a structuring of the activities performed within the rock shelter. The distribution and accumulation of lithic artifacts, fauna and refits, and their association with the 10 hearths and ash accumulations, show that different types of activities were developed at the site, as well as showing the different uses of the hearths. 497D is a palimpsest where several short-term occupations and/or activities could have occurred in a relatively short period of time, avoiding prolonged exposure to biotic and abiotic post-depositional factors that could have significantly disturbed this well-preserved assemblage. This level shows a place visited several times in relation to the development of specific activities, with movements throughout the landscape for the exploitation of local and regional resources, and less so its use as a domestic space. This implies that the central settlement, or dwelling space, would have been located somewhere other than Cova Gran.</p>","PeriodicalId":16929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"39 7","pages":"1078-1097"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.3648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}