Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection最新文献

{"title":"Soil classification, crop prediction, and disease detection using ML and DL–“agro insights”","authors":"Tamilarasi Kathirvel Mururgan, Penta Revanth","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00991-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00991-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>India, renowned for its rich agricultural heritage, is ranked among the three world crop suppliers. Farmers face numerous challenges, including difficulty in selecting profitable crops suited to their soil and unpredictable weather conditions that affect yield predictions. To address these issues, various analytical methods have been employed in agricultural yield-prediction studies. Plant diseases are prevalent in agriculture, prompting the need for effective detection methods. Therefore, in this study, the proposed agro insights’ model aimed at assisting farmers in predicting or deciding the type of soil and crop to sow, which is implemented through ML and DL methods to predict the optimal crop to be cultivated by deciding diverse input variables such as the region, soil, and crop type. The accuracy of soil classification and crop recommendation is 93.3% using random forest technique and crop disease detection is 96% using CNN technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticidal effects of compounds isolated from Trifolium pratense on Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus","authors":"Zhaoben Qi, Aifeng Peng, Haitao Yu, Yitong Li, Chenpeng Zhang, Quan Liu","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00979-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00979-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aphids and mites, which cause severe yield reductions, are commonly controlled by commercial insecticides, which has led to serious environmental problems. Research is currently being performed on developing safe and low-toxicity botanical pesticides, which are an effective way to reduce environmental pollution and pesticide residue in food. <i>Trifolium pratense</i> L. is a globally important forage and vulnerable to aphids and mites. The differences in secondary metabolites between infested leaves (ILs) and pest-free leaves (PFLs) of <i>T. pratense</i> were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the chemical defense mechanism. The results revealed significant differences in the contents of fatty acids and isoflavones. The contents of neophytadiene, methyl linoleate, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A in ILs were significantly increased compared with PFLs. The insecticidal compounds were further separated by bioassay-directed fractionation against <i>Myzus persicae</i> Sulzer, <i>Brevicoryne brassicae</i> Linnaeus and <i>Tetranychus cinnabarinus</i> Boisduval. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract had greater insecticidal activity than the petroleum ether (PE) extract. Notably, there was no significant difference between the EtOAc extract and avermectin at 1.00 mg/mL against <i>T. cinnabarinus</i> after 48 h. The following ten compounds were obtained from the PE and EtOAc extracts: prunetin (<b>1</b>), genistein (<b>2</b>), formononetin (<b>3</b>), biochanin A (<b>4</b>), 8-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyisoflavane (<b>5</b>), L-maackiain (<b>6</b>), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(6aR,11aR)-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (<b>7</b>), β-sitosterol (<b>8</b>), linoleic acid (<b>9</b>) and linoleic acid monoglyceride (<b>10</b>). Compound <b>7</b> exhibited the highest level of insecticidal activity, which was close to that of avermectin. The results indicated that isoflavones were the main active insecticidal components.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second crop options for Pratylenchus brachyurus management on soybean","authors":"Bruno Scentinela Jacintho Paes, Gabriela de Sousa Carvalho, Mário Massayuki Inomoto","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00990-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00990-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lesion nematode <i>Pratylenchus brachyurus</i> is a major pest of soybean in Brazil, managed by treating seed with nematicides and replacing corn for pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>) and rattlepods (<i>Crotalaria</i> spp.) as a second crop. However, these cover crops are not profitable, leading growers to consider alternatives as cowpea, sunflower, and sorghum. In fact, although cowpea and sorghum are susceptible to <i>P. brachyurus</i>, cowpea is widely cultivated in the Brazilian Cerrado, where <i>P. brachyurus</i> is prevalent, and the forage sorghum ‘BRS Ponta Negra’ has been recommended for <i>P</i>. <i>brachyurus</i> management, based on field observations. Considering the increasing importance of cowpea in the Brazilian Cerrado, three pot trials were carried out to evaluate the host status of modern cowpea cultivars for <i>P. brachyurus</i>. Additionally, two pot trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of cowpea, sunflower, forage sorghum ‘BRS Ponta Negra’, pearl millet and showy rattlepod on soybean production in soil with <i>P. brachyurus</i>, taking account the scarcity of studies that prove the benefits of replacing corn for resistant crops on soybean grain production. The five cowpea cultivars tested were highly suitable hosts for <i>P. brachyurus</i>, supporting previous findings. Therefore, cowpea should be avoided in infested growing areas, especially as a second crop after soybean. Among the cover crops, only showy rattlepod consistently decreased <i>P. brachyurus</i> population density and increased soybean grain production, proving to be more effective than pearl millet in managing <i>P. brachyurus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rice black bug (Scotinophara sp.) status and ecological pest management practices in rice","authors":"G. Leena, P. Anandhi, V. Ambethgar, S. Elamathi, K. Subrahmaniyan, Patil Santosh Ganapati, Sheela Venugopal","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00976-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00976-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) is a staple food worldwide, yet faces significant threats from over 100 insect species, including 20 economic pests that are causing serious yield loss to rice plants. In many Asian nations, stink bugs belonging to the genus <i>Scotinophara coarctata</i> (Fabricius, Entomolgia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus, Suppl.: 1–572. Proft, Hafniae, 1798), Pentatomidae, Hemiptera are a common pest of rice. Black bug sucks the sap from the rice plants, and heavily infested rice plants turn yellowish brown and further die causing “bug burned” symptoms. Excessive sucking by more number of bugs causes maximum damage to rice crop in all affected areas. This review is focused on the nature of damage, taxonomy, alternate host, biology, light trap studies, influence of host varieties on the population development of black bug, EIL, ETL, yield loss, sustainable integrated BB management including cultural practices, exploiting the pest diversionary approaches for the management of black bug, biological control by parasites, predators and entomogenous fungi, efficacy of insecticides and botanicals in the management. This review is focused on the sustainable pest management\u0000practices for black bug in rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemometric analysis using infrared spectroscopy and PCA-LDA for early diagnosis of Fusarium oxysporum in tomato","authors":"Laura J. García-Barrera, Stefani A. Meza-Zamora, Juan C. Noa-Carrazana, Raúl J. Delgado-Macuil","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00978-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00978-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The interaction of phytopathogenic organisms and plants generates physiological and biochemical changes in the latter. However, the effects on the plants are rarely visible in the infection first stages. Novel optical techniques can help to improve the early detection of phytopathogenic organisms in tomato without the plant sacrifice. In this work, infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods were used to determinate the effects of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> in tomato plants cultivated in pots, analyzing fully expanded leaves. <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> was molecular identified and its pathogenicity was tested in vitro. Three plants treatments were evaluated for 55 days post infection in pots in greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions: control, water stress, and fungal inoculated (1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL). Phenotypical results were followed twice a week for eight weeks; the phenotypical characteristics were very similar in almost all sampling times except in height, especially in the first 27 days post infection, after this time the height was similar in the three treatments. The stalk and root-dried matter analysis do not show statistical differences; however, the infrared results, acquired from the adaxial surface of leaves, show differences in peaks associated with salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and proline in the first 27 days post infection. The principal component analysis–linear discriminant analysis were used to distinguish subtle biochemical changes between the three treatments, facilitating the early detection of the pathogen and its monitoring over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and molecular characterization of the seville root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hispanica parasiting pepper in China","authors":"Li Wang, Yuan Chen, Shuaili Wang, Tuizi Feng, Yanfang Sun, Haibo Long","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00987-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00987-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Meloidogyne hispanica</i> infects many economically important crops worldwide and has been listed as a quarantine pest in many countries and as an invasive alien species in China. Accurate identification of this pathogen is essential for the establishment of efficient and sustainable integrated pest management programs. During the field investigations in Hainan, China, we discovered galled roots caused by nematode infestation in the pepper field. Further identification of the nematode isolated from the root galls, including morphological and molecular techniques, confirmed that the isolated population infesting the pepper roots belonged to the species <i>M. hispanica</i>. Upon artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions, the isolated nematodes induced symptoms that closely resembled those observed in the field. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of <i>M. hispanica</i> parasitizing pepper crops in China, which will provide valuable basis to formulate targeted control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutting-edge ensemble framework of deep convolutional neural networks for high-precision insect pest classification","authors":"Ratheesh Raju, T. M. Thasleema","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00986-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00986-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In response to the pressing agricultural concern posed by insect pests, leading to substantial crop losses and compounded by the challenges of distinguishing between similar species, this study presents an innovative solution using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for rapid and accurate insect species recognition, addressing the agricultural challenge of insect pests and species differentiation. Initially, six pre-trained CNN base models (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, Inception-V3, Xception, and MobileNet) are fine-tuned and perform classification on our unique dataset from Kerala, India, called KSDAgriPest dataset with 33 insect classes. Later, four best-performing base models, VGG16, Inception-V3, Xception, and MobileNet, were modified and retrained using appropriate transfer learning and fine-tuning strategies and are ensembled via all possible combinations of three base models using genetic algorithm (GA) optimized weighted voting, is called GAEnsemble and the generated models are called Ensemble Variants (EV). In the final stage, two top-performing EVs are ensembled. The proposed “Genetic Algorithm-based Ensemble of Ensemble” (GA2Ensemble) achieves an impressive 99.34% accuracy on the KSDAgriPest dataset and competitive results on other datasets (DO: 98.99%, SMALL: 96.21%, IP102: 69.56%). GA2Ensemble proves effective for insect pest species identification, particularly on challenging datasets.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous infection of Leptodelphax maculigera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) by maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) and maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MPSP) detected in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","authors":"Glauber Renato Sturmer, Caroline Wesp Guterres, Henrique Pozebon, Camila Cristina Lage de Andrade, Tatiana Mituti, Yuliet Cardoza, Isabella Ferri","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00988-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00988-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The corn stunt disease is a major threat to maize production in Brazil. In addition to the more common insect vector <i>Dalbulus maidis</i> (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), the African species <i>Leptodelphax maculigera</i> (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) was recently found in the Brazilian states of Goiás, Paraná and Santa Catarina, raising concern regarding its potential ability to transmit stunt pathogens. We confirmed the presence of <i>L. maculigera</i> in the state of Rio Grande do Sul by conducting a population survey with yellow sticky traps and light traps in three different sites, although it corresponded to only 2.3% of the <i>D. maidis</i> population captured during the same period. Molecular analysis via RT-qPCR multiplex confirmed the simultaneous infection of <i>L. maculigera</i> by two corn stunt pathogens—Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) and Maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP)—in 76.9% of the samples, while the remaining 23.1% showed single infection by MRFV. The confirmation of infectivity by two stunt pathogens in <i>L. maculigera</i> will aid in the outlining of management strategies for this insect vector.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New nematicidal compounds from Mentha spicata L. against Meloidogyne incognita","authors":"Partha Chandra Mondal, Vijay Kumar, Parshant Kaushik, Najam Akhtar Shakil, Pankaj, Virendra Singh Rana","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00977-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00977-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> (root-knot nematode) is one of the most destructive pests of crops worldwide. Injudicious use of synthetic nematicides has led to environmental toxicity, development of resistance, and disruption of ecological balance, necessitating the need for safer and effective alternatives. Essential oil from <i>Mentha spicata</i> (Spearmint) has been reported to have nematicidal activity but the activity of its polar constituents is unexplored against the nematodes, infesting agricultural crops. Six compounds, stigmasterol (<b>1</b>), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (<b>2</b>), 3β,13β-dihydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (<b>3</b>), 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,4′-trimethoxyflavone (<b>4</b>), 5,6,4′-trihydroxy-7,8,3′-trimethoxyflavone (<b>5</b>), and 5,6,4′-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (<b>6</b>), were isolated from methanolic extract of <i>Mentha spicata</i> (spearmint) and identified by NMR (1D &amp; 2D) spectral analysis. Compound <b>3</b> was identified for the first time from genus <i>Mentha</i>. In vitro nematicidal activity of pure compounds (<b>2</b> and <b>4</b>–<b>6</b>) was carried out against <i>Meloidogyne incognita,</i> and results showed significant mortality (LC₅₀ values ranging between 62.64 and 74.19 ppm after 96 h). Molecular docking study revealed the favourable binding of the test compounds with acetylcholinesterase enzyme, facilitated by H-bond, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. The binding energy of the tested compounds with the target protein was found highest in <b>5</b> (− 10.0 kcal/mol) and <b>6</b>(− 9.9 kcal/mol) followed by <b>2</b> (− 9.2 kcal/mol) and <b>4</b> (− 8.9 kcal/mol). The minimum binding energy was recorded in carbofuran (−7.5 kcal/mol), a positive control, and was also corroborated with in vitro nematicidal activity. This study showed the potent nematicidal activity of compounds (<b>2</b> and <b>4</b>–<b>6</b>), which can be further used for the development of nematicides against <i>M. incognita</i> in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Ceratocystis wilt on Eucalyptus and its causal in Southern Bahia, Brazil","authors":"Lucas A. Benso, Lisandro de P. Pieroni, Yerly D. M. Taborda, Carolina D. de Angelis, Luís T. P. Silva, Bruno C. Rossini, Celso L. Marino, Edson L. Furtado","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00983-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00983-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fungi of the <i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i> complex are important pathogens in woody species, associated with symptoms of wilt, stem lesions and death of infected plants. In <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations, these pathogens can reduce productivity and cause high mortality in the first years of planting. The objective of this work was to evaluate the symptoms and characterize isolates of <i>Ceratocystis</i> associated with <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations in southern Bahia, Brazil. In this study, we observed that external symptoms manifested mainly in trees with up to 36 months of planting; however, asymptomatic diseased trees were found until the end of the cycle (7 years). Symptoms of wilt, wood discoloration, formation of adventitious shoots and bark lesions, and drying of branches and death have been observed in diseased trees. The discoloration of the wood began in the root system, which is probably the point of penetration of the causal agent. Symptoms of heartwood rot, along with the characteristic wood discoloration of Ceratocystis wilt, were observed in some of the diseased trees. Based on the sequencing of the rpbII, ms204 and bt1 gene regions, the <i>Ceratocystis</i> isolates obtained from diseased trees were identified as belonging to the species <i>C. manginecans</i>. The morphological characteristics and optimal development temperature of the studied isolates are consistent with those described in the literature for this pathogen. Although collected from geographically close locations, the <i>Ceratocystis</i> isolates studied exhibited different levels of aggressiveness against <i>Eucalyptus</i> clones. This result illustrates the difficulty in selecting materials resistant to Ceratocystis wilt. The present work improves the understanding of Ceratocystis wilt in <i>Eucalyptus</i> and its causal agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}