Journal of pharmacy practice最新文献

{"title":"Sustained Virologic Response Following a Shortened Course of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in an HIV/HCV Co-Infected Patient With Previous Treatment Experience: A Case Report.","authors":"Natasha Bhutani, Yoona Lee, Maria A Longo, Leonard Berkowitz","doi":"10.1177/08971900251408942","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900251408942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe a 47-year-old treatment-experienced African-American man co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) who took sofosbuvir-velpatasvir-voxilaprevir (SOF/VEL/VOX) for approximately 4 weeks and achieved sustained virologic response 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12). Prior to initiating SOF/VEL/VOX, the patient completed 10 weeks of treatment with SOF/VEL. After 1 month of SOF/VEL/VOX, the patient was lost to follow-up for 3 months. This case report illustrates that SVR12 may be achieved in treatment-experienced patients living with HIV/HCV who complete a shortened duration of triple-direct acting antiviral therapy. Healthcare professionals should consider obtaining an HCV-RNA to assess if SVR12 was achieved prior to re-initiating treatment in patients lost to follow-up or who did not complete therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"460-463"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Antimicrobial Timing: The Impact of Real-Time Pharmacist Review of Blood Cultures.","authors":"Ka Po Leung, Joanna DeAngelis, Nardine Karam Salgado, Jordan B Glaser","doi":"10.1177/08971900261427076","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900261427076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteremia is a potentially life-threatening infection, especially if sepsis or septic shock develops. The 2021 Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommends initiating antibiotics within the first hour for septic shock to improve patient outcomes. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical impact of real-time pharmacist review of blood culture polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. This single-center, retrospective cohort study included patients admitted with a positive blood culture PCR result that was not covered with the appropriate antimicrobials at the time of the result. The cultures without a pharmacist's review were from calendar year 2021, while the post-intervention group's cultures were obtained throughout 2024. The primary endpoint was the time to appropriate antimicrobial coverage. A total of 303 patients were included, with 151 in the pre-intervention group and 152 in the post-intervention group. The post-intervention group notably had a higher number of resistant gram-negative isolates compared to the pre-intervention group (65 isolates [74.7%], (vs) 35 isolates [55.6%], <i>P</i> = .02). The median time to appropriate antimicrobial coverage improved from 10.6 hours in the pre-intervention group to 3.8 hours in the post-intervention group (<i>P</i> < .001). All-cause mortality decreased numerically (34 patients [22.5%] in the pre-group vs 27 patients [17.8%] in the post-group, <i>P</i> = .32). The time to appropriate antimicrobial coverage improved after the implementation of real-time pharmacist review of blood cultures. Although the decrease in mortality was not statistically significant, most patients who expired grew resistant organisms, which were more prevalent in the post-intervention group.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"448-455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Value of Biosimilars: A Cost-Effectiveness Approach for Managed Care Organizations.","authors":"Vishwanauth Persaud, Reanne Bernstein, Albert Wertheimer","doi":"10.1177/08971900251394782","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900251394782","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Biologic medications are essential for treating chronic diseases but come with high costs, prompting interest in biosimilars as more affordable alternatives. Biosimilars are highly similar to FDA-approved biologics in terms of safety and efficacy, though not identical. Managed Care Organizations (MCOs), especially those contracted by Medicaid in New York, play a key role in formulary management and cost containment. Despite over 600 approved biologics, only approximately 69 biosimilars are available, and their adoption varies widely. This study evaluates cost and clinical outcomes across three disease states-Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Crohn's Disease (CD), and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)-using biologic-biosimilar pairs: Adalimumab (Cyltezo), Infliximab (Avsola), and Insulin Glargine (Semglee). We aim to understand pricing discrepancies and the lag in biosimilar uptake within MCO formularies through cost-effectiveness analysis. Findings will inform whether clinical equivalence translates into formulary preference and support efficient resource allocation while maintaining patient access and treatment outcomes. A formulary review identified high-cost biologics with FDA-approved biosimilars used in managed care. RA, CD, and T1DM were selected based on prevalence and cost impact. Biologics included Humira, Remicade, and Lantus, with biosimilars Cyltezo, Avsola, and Semglee. Selection was based on FDA approval, formulary access, and clinical relevance. Efficacy and safety were confirmed through trial review and real-world data. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using ICER, calculated from annual treatment costs and clinical outcomes, with a $50,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Biosimilars demonstrated strong cost-effectiveness compared to their reference biologics. Cyltezo showed better clinical response than Humira (69% vs 64.5%) at a much lower annual cost ($6600 vs $107,992.82), yielding an ICER of -$2.25 million. Avsola was also more effective than Remicade (68.1% vs 59.1%) and significantly cheaper ($24,000 vs $50,500), with an ICER of -$297,752.81. Semglee and Lantus had equivalent outcomes, but Semglee cost less ($1775.76 vs $4896), supporting a cost-minimization approach. Despite favorable outcomes, biosimilars were often placed on equal or higher formulary tiers than reference biologics due to rebate contracts, limited interchangeability, and provider hesitancy. Biosimilars offer equal or better clinical outcomes at much lower costs in RA, CD, and T1DM. Cyltezo and Avsola were dominant in both efficacy and cost, yet their formulary placement remains inconsistent due to rebate-driven incentives, provider hesitancy, and administrative barriers. To improve adoption, MCOs and PBMs should prioritize value-based formulary decisions, enhance transparency, and support provider and patient education. Pharmacists can help lead biosimilar use through counseling and substitution protocols. Greater alignment between clinical evidence and formulary ","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"373-380"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145438389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Readability of Educational Materials for Coronary Artery Disease and the Impact of Health Literacy on Medication Adherence and Health Outcomes.","authors":"Katelyn Gillies, Alexandra Bell, Caitlin McCarthy, Michael Toscani, Joseph Barone","doi":"10.1177/08971900261416736","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900261416736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major problem in the United States, impacting 5% of American adults. Ensuring medication adherence is of vital importance, as lower adherence to cardiovascular medications is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with CAD. Many adults in the United States have poor health literacy, contributing to difficulty comprehending their conditions and potentially the importance of medication adherence. While the EPA recommended grade level for patient education materials (PEMs) is below an eighth grade level, most are written at a much higher level than this, which may cause disparity in patients' level of understanding. The purpose of our review was to benchmark the reading levels of several widely used PEMs to determine if they fell within the recommended guidelines and to discuss the potential role of pharmacists in medication education and adherence. Twenty PEMs relevant to CAD were gathered and their readability was analyzed using the software on Microsoft Word to determine the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) of each PEM. It was determined that 85% of the PEMs ranked higher than the current recommendation, indicating that work needs to be done to ensure adequate patient understanding and adherence. Through pharmacist involvement, industry-wide awareness, and collaborative efforts, adherence to the readability standard can be achieved, improving health outcomes and medication adherence in patients with CAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"480-487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13498735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Telepharmacy to Conventional Pharmacy Care: An Economic Evaluation.","authors":"Sophia Tam, Vishwanauth Persaud, Albert Wertheimer","doi":"10.1177/08971900261427109","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900261427109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Telehealth has become a mainstream healthcare delivery methods driven by advances in health technology, evolving patient preferences, and the need for more accessible and affordable care. While traditional pharmacy models remain effective, they face numerous challenges, including medication access, patient privacy, and cost efficiency. To understand the impact of telepharmacy and perform a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in three popular therapeutic areas - obesity, erectile dysfunction, and dermatological care. A cost-benefit analysis was performed from the patient cash-pay perspective, comparing telepharmacy to traditional in-person care for tirzepatide (Zepbound), sildenafil (Viagra), and tretinoin. Drug strength and quantities were picked based on literature and clinical guidelines. Costs included consultation fees and a 30-day supply. The primary outcomes were the absolute cost difference and percent saving between telepharmacy and in-person pharmacy service. Telepharmacy offers significant savings for higher-cost or branded products, but not for low-cost generics. For obesity management, Zepbound (tirzepatide, 2.5 mg), the supported starting dose, lowered the monthly cost by 53.6%. For erectile dysfunction, Viagra (sildenafil 50 mg), the first-line therapy, reduced the monthly cost by 27%. In contrast, tretinoin 0.05% cream was $30 more expensive through telepharmacy due to consult fee. Telepharmacy offers significant savings for diseases requiring high-cost medications when medication discounts exceed tele-platform fees. In contrast, for inexpensive generics, traditional pharmacy models remain more cost-effective unless patients value accessibility, privacy, and convenience more.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"441-447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146180602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective, Single-Center Evaluation of Dose Tapering Strategies of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients With Malignant Spinal Cord Compression.","authors":"Drew A Wells, Samuel C Greer, Kerri Jones, Allison Huisingh, Sami Sakaan","doi":"10.1177/08971900261416813","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900261416813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Historical trials of adjunctive dexamethasone for management of neurologic symptoms in malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) utilized high doses of dexamethasone for 3 days then tapered over an additional 12 days. There is limited evidence on the current practice of adjunctive dexamethasone. <b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to evaluate various dosing strategies of dexamethasone in MSCC. <b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective, single-site, analysis of hospitalized patients presenting with MSCC and received dexamethasone. Patients were grouped into 2 cohorts; an acute course (AC, ≤3 days) and a prolonged course (PC, >3 days), based on length of high-dose dexamethasone therapy (16 mg/day). Primary outcome was cumulative dexamethasone dose between groups. Other additional outcomes evaluated safety and efficacy. <b>Results:</b> A total of 26 patients were included, with 14 patients in the AC group and 12 in the PC group. The median cumulative dexamethasone dose was significantly lower in the AC group compared to the PC group (117 mg vs 165 mg, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Time to IV-to-PO conversion was significantly delayed in the PC group (6 days vs 1 day, <i>P</i> < 0.001). There were no significant differences in additional outcomes. <b>Conclusion:</b> The findings of this study provide insights into consideration of early tapering strategies to decrease dexamethasone exposure and lessen the risk of adverse effects. Despite the retrospective nature of this small study, the findings of this study highlight the need for more standardized guidance to optimal dose, duration, and tapering strategy for dexamethasone use in patients with MSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"411-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145952457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Initial Heparin Rates on Reaching Goal Anti-Xa and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Within 48 Hours of Initiation in Patients With Mechanical Circulatory Support.","authors":"Jordan Orchard, Erica Caffarini, Angela Harding, Ashley Schuler, Marie M Lockhart, John Dillis, Alyssa Meester","doi":"10.1177/08971900261417915","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900261417915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Patients receiving mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices should receive anticoagulation to avoid clotting of the circuit and to lower risk of acute thrombosis. Patients at our institution are initiated on UFH at 12 units/kg/h; however, patients weighing > 83 kg are weight-capped (WC) at an initial rate of 1000 units/h, which equates to < 12 units/kg/h. <b>Objective:</b> The objective of this study was to compare time to goal anticoagulation in patients receiving MCS who were WC compared to those who were not. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cohort study was completed of patients who received UFH during admission for an MCS device and monitored by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or anti-Xa levels. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients between groups who achieved goal anti-Xa or aPTT within 48 h of UFH initiation. <b>Results:</b> A total of 56 patients were included, with 27 not weight-capped (NWC) and 29 WC. There was no significant difference between groups in percentage of patients who achieved goal anti-Xa or aPTT within 48 h (88.9% NWC vs 89.7% WC, <i>P</i> = 0.93). There was no significant difference in time to goal between groups. The NWC group had more bleeding events (4 vs 0, <i>P</i> = 0.031), with no difference in thrombosis. <b>Conclusion:</b> There was no difference in the percentage of patients reaching goal aPTT or anti-Xa within 48 h when UFH was WC. However, future studies should compare differences in time to goal anticoagulation between different UFH intensity protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"424-431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Prescription Delivery Program Impact on Hemoglobin A1c in Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Rebecca D Fisk, Ashlyn M Kiebach, Jacob R Johnson, Jessica A Benzer","doi":"10.1177/08971900251408306","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900251408306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> While traditional mail-order pharmacies have overcome some barriers to adherence, there is minimal evidence to indicate whether a novel prescription delivery program (PDP) can impact clinical endpoints in common disease states. The use of integrated pharmacy technicians, a local courier service, and hospital-owned pharmacies contributes to a comprehensive continuum of care. This study's purpose was to assess the impact of a novel PDP on glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). <b>Objectives:</b> The primary objective of this study was to identify the change in glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) of DM patients at enrollment in the PDP to approximately one-year post-enrollment. Secondary objectives were to describe the percentage of patients achieving therapeutic goals, characterize enrolled population, and identify medication classes utilized in the PDP. <b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective quasi-experimental study to evaluate whether implementation of an internally owned and operated PDP would improve HbA1c control for DM patients throughout primary care and specialty networks. <b>Results:</b> A total of 1223 patients were screened for inclusion. A convenience sample of 100 patients were evaluated. The outcome of change in HbA1c of patients with diabetes improved significantly from baseline at enrollment in a PDP to one-year post-enrollment (pre-PDP 8.2% vs post-PDP 7.4%, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Of the patients included in the study, 30% achieved goal HbA1c pre-enrollment in PDP. One-year post-PDP the percentage of patients who achieved goal HbA1c increased to 48% (<i>P</i> = 0.002), which was statistically significant. <b>Conclusion:</b> Among the studied population, enrollment in the PDP was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"392-396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physician Perspectives on Real-World Evidence for Prescribing to Older Patients.","authors":"Leah Z Rand, Junyi Wang, Steven Woloshin, Shirley V Wang, Jonathan J Darrow, Aaron S Kesselheim","doi":"10.1177/08971900261417412","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900261417412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAvailable evidence for many prescription drugs comes from clinical trials that often exclude older patients. Real-world evidence (RWE) generated post-approval can provide new evidence on effectiveness and safety for these populations. We sought to understand physicians' perceptions of clinical trial and RWE for prescribing decisions. To frame the study, we used examples of drugs for heart failure and anticoagulation, which are more like to be prescribed to older adults.MethodsWe conducted an interview study of 15 US physicians specializing in geriatrics, cardiology, or primary care and affiliated with academic medical centers. Interviews were coded using a qualitative thematic analysis approach to construct themes and identify patterns in responses.ResultsAll participants described limitations in current believed real-world evidence could help inform patient care and their practice. However, they had concerns about the data. If clinical trial and RWE findings diverged, all would need more information to determine which findings to follow.ConclusionsPhysicians who routinely prescribe to older patients are optimistically cautious about RWE for drugs but would rely on trusted sources, like professional society guidelines, for incorporating it into practice. Therefore, RWE researchers should identify opportunities to work alongside guideline developers and database editors on the practice-relevant interpretation and dissemination of the evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"432-440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Led Provider Education on Antimicrobial Discharge Prescriptions for Common Infections.","authors":"Angela Basir, Ankit Gohel, Jason Brady, Michael Silver","doi":"10.1177/08971900251395191","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900251395191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Several strategies described in the literature regarding the role of pharmacist-led educational interventions to healthcare providers, however, evidence available on the role of education in the Emergency Department (ED) setting on discharge prescriptions is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-led education on antimicrobial prescribing at discharge from the ED. <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether pharmacist-led provider education improves patient outcomes by reducing medication-related errors in the ED when prescribing antimicrobials at discharge for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). <b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective pre-vs post-intervention cohort study at Maimonides Medical Center (MMC). A total of 192 patients in the pre-intervention period and 181 patients in the post-intervention period were included. The primary endpoint was appropriateness of antimicrobial discharge prescriptions pre- and post-intervention. <b>Results:</b> In the pre-intervention period, 17.7% of patients had an SSTI, 47.4% had a UTI, and 34.9% had CAP. In the post-intervention period, 15.5% of patients had an SSTI, 51.4% had a UTI, and 33.1% had CAP. After implementation of pharmacist-led provider education, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of appropriate antimicrobial discharge prescriptions in the post-intervention period, 86.7% vs 75.5% respectively (<i>P</i> = .008). While there was no statistically significant difference in recurrent infections, there was a trend towards improvement in post-intervention period, 3.9% vs 5.7% respectively (<i>P</i> = .473). <b>Conclusion:</b> Pharmacist-led provider education significantly improved prescribing patterns for antimicrobial discharge prescriptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"381-386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145495733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}