Journal of pharmacy practice最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Inappropriate Continuations of Antipsychotics upon ICU Discharge.","authors":"Lauren T Dickman, Kelsey Bauman, Christopher K Carter, Paula M Buchanan","doi":"10.1177/08971900241281397","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241281397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Transitions of care (TOC) are important to best practices as they are at times prone to medication errors. The intensive care unit (ICU) is an essential location needing effective TOC due to many reasons, but an important one being that certain medications are only indicated there. One example is antipsychotics used for agitation, delirium, and sedation. <b>Objective:</b> To design, implement, and analyze the benefit of a pharmacist intervention on inappropriate antipsychotic continuation from the ICU to another point in care at a small community hospital. Secondary outcomes include patients discharged from the hospital on antipsychotics inappropriately and accepted pharmacist interventions. <b>Methods:</b> This standard of care, prospective with historical control study included adult patients who were ordered a formulary antipsychotic for delirium, agitation, or sedation during their ICU-level of care admission at SSM Health: St. Clare Hospital- Fenton. <b>Results:</b> There were 33 patients in the historical period and 24 in the intervention period. Those in the intervention period were less likely to have a continuation of antipsychotics beyond 72 hours compared to patients in the historical period (16.7% vs 57.6%, <i>P</i> = 0.002). In addition, patients in the intervention period were less likely to have continuation of antipsychotics when discharged to home (12.5% vs 36.4%, <i>P</i> = 0.04). <b>Conclusions:</b> A pharmacist-driven intervention led to a significant decrease in patients continuing antipsychotics upon ICU discharge. This decrease was seen at both 72 hours from patients leaving the ICU and at hospital discharge.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"287-293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Prospective Audit and Feedback by Transitions of Care Pharmacists on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia.","authors":"Isabella N Hernandez, Anastasia Bilinskaya, Shally S Singh, David M O'Sullivan, Abigail M Henry","doi":"10.1177/08971900251345976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251345976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The 2019 Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship identifies community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) as a crucial area for improving antibiotic use. Transitions of care (TOC) pharmacists can optimize medication therapy for CAP patients. <b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective, multi-hospital analysis of discharge antibiotic prescribing. Between December 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023, TOC pharmacists intervened to decrease discharge days of therapy (DOT) for CAP therapy. The study compared records of CAP patients with a TOC antibiotic stewardship intervention vs those without. An additional three-group analysis compared patients without an intervention to those with an accepted intervention to those with a rejected intervention. <b>Results:</b> 196 patient records were included in the analysis; 80 had a TOC pharmacist intervention and 116 did not. 62 interventions were accepted and 18 were rejected. Mean final discharge DOT was 3.8 ± 1.7 days in the non-intervention group and 3.4 ± 1.6 days in the intervention group (<i>P</i> = 0.231). Mean total DOT was 6.8 ± 2.3 days and 6.8 ± 1.8 days, respectively (<i>P</i> = 0.963). The percentage of patients with appropriate total DOT was 59.5% and 66.3%, respectively (<i>P</i> = 0.337). In the three-group analysis, mean final discharge DOT was 2.9 ± 1.7 days in the accepted group and 4.2 ± 0.9 days in the rejected group (<i>P</i> = 0.030). Mean total DOT was 6.4 ± 1.6 days and 8.1 ± 1.8 days, respectively (<i>P</i> = 0.009). The percentage of patients with appropriate total DOT was 82.3% and 11.1%, respectively (<i>P</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> The accepted TOC pharmacist interventions significantly reduced both discharge DOT and total DOT. These findings emphasize the impact TOC pharmacists can have with antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251345976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varying Lamotrigine Concentrations in Patients Following One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Case Series.","authors":"Carmil Azran, Hasan Kais, Daniel Porat, Arik Dahan","doi":"10.1177/08971900251345898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251345898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Bariatric surgery, the most effective treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes, may alter the absorption and overall bioavailability of orally administered drugs. In this case series, we present three patients undergoing one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and their treatment with the anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer lamotrigine. <b>Key Findings:</b> Various mechanisms may be involved in the changes in lamotrigine blood levels following OAGB; some may lead to increased drug exposure, while others to its decrease. It was found that low and insufficient (case 1), higher (case 3), or unchanged (case 2) lamotrigine plasma levels are all possible after the surgery. <b>Conclusion:</b> This case series shows the complexity of drug treatment after bariatric surgery. The potentially large variability among patients in the effect of the surgery on the bioavailability of lamotrigine, a highly prescribed, life-saving medication, highlights the special care that must be taken with post-bariatric pharmacotherapy in general, and epilepsy treatment in particular.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251345898"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLIA-Waived Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis Test and Treat Programs in Community Pharmacies.","authors":"Renee R Koski, Michael Klepser, Hanna Bronz","doi":"10.1177/08971900251345972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251345972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute pharyngitis is mostly viral in origin, but antibiotics are commonly prescribed to cover group A streptococcus (GAS) which is the cause in 5%-30% of pharyngitis episodes. Patients are increasingly utilizing community pharmacy test and treat programs to diagnose and treat acute respiratory infections. There are several Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA)-waived point-of-care tests (POCT) available to quickly identify GAS. The objective of this article is to explore the 11 antigen and two molecular CLIA-waived GAS POCTs currently available in the United States (U.S.) and the studies that assessed their use in pharmacy test and treat programs. Nine studies evaluated their use in community pharmacy test and treat programs and support their use, especially for decreasing unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and providing access to care for patients without a primary care provider or after regular business hours. As medication dispensing margins continue to shrink, community pharmacists continue to seek additional ways to serve their patients and develop new revenue streams. Additionally, test and treat services are a means to improve access to care and promote outpatient antimicrobial stewardship. Recently, patients have expressed an increased willingness to receive care for various illnesses, including acute pharyngitis, at community pharmacies. Acute pharyngitis is well-suited for management in a community pharmacy since treatment recommendations are well established and straightforward. Overprescribing of antibiotics from traditional health care settings is higher than desired and pharmacy-based models have demonstrated the ability to decrease unwarranted antibiotic use. A pharmacy-based acute pharyngitis management model makes strong medical and business sense.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251345972"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin Use and Association With Delirium Burden Among Children Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit Within a Large Pediatric Healthcare Organization.","authors":"Pamela D Reiter, Elyse Schwab-Daugherty, Jeremy Daugherty, Erin Hohenstein, Patrick Cripe","doi":"10.1177/08971900251345934","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900251345934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Sleep disruption and delirium are common among children requiring intensive care. Melatonin secretion is altered in critical illness and supplementation may be beneficial. <b>Objective:</b> To characterize melatonin use among children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) within a large pediatric healthcare organization and explore associations with delirium screening scores. <b>Patients and Methods</b>: This was a retrospective, observational study of children (1 month-18 years) admitted to 2 PICUs between January 1, 2021, and January 1, 2023. <b>Results:</b> A total of 642 admissions (556 patients; age = 8.8 ± 5.6 yr.) were included and represented approximately 8% of total PICU admissions during the study period. The mean melatonin dose was 3 ± 2.43 mg. Sixty percent of admits started melatonin within 48 hours of PICU admission. Eighty-three percent continued melatonin after transfer to the floor. An association between melatonin and a reduction in the percent of delirium scores ≥9 was observed in patients receiving melatonin for presumed delirium, with a more robust reduction detected in those receiving at least 7 days of melatonin therapy. Twenty-five percent of admits not on melatonin prior to admission were discharged with a new melatonin prescription. <b>Conclusions:</b> Melatonin, when prescribed in the PICU is typically started within 48 hours of admission at a dose of 3 mg. A reduction in the burden of positive delirium scores was observed after starting melatonin in children using melatonin for presumed delirium. Continuation of therapy after ICU transfer and discharge to home is common.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251345934"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Administrative Time Availability in Health-System Clinical Pharmacist Workflows: A Nationwide Survey and Descriptive Report.","authors":"Alexandra Tatara, Tasleem Spracklin, Nikitha Patel, TuTran Nguyen","doi":"10.1177/08971900251341095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251341095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Health-system clinical pharmacists are responsible for a wide range of tasks throughout the workday. Recent literature highlights the prevalence of burnout among pharmacists and the challenges they face in finding adequate time to complete non-patient care responsibilities. <b>Objective:</b> The objective of this study was to describe the administrative time practices of health-system clinical pharmacists around the United States. <b>Methods:</b> This study involved a survey distributed via e-mail to members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacists Practice Research Networks and American Society for Health-Systems Pharmacists online forums in March 2023. The survey contained 18 items aimed at describing pharmacist administrative time practices. The primary endpoint was the number of pharmacists reporting dedicated, protected administrative time availability. <b>Results:</b> A total of 303 pharmacists responded to the survey. Most were clinical specialists (n = 163, 53.8%) who had been practicing for more than 10 years (n = 132, 43.6%) in an academic medical center (n = 138, 45.5%). In regards to the primary endpoint, the majority (n = 198, 65.3%) responded that they are not provided dedicated, protected administrative time. When residency program directors (RPDs) (n = 57) were asked if they were specifically allotted administrative time, a majority of RPDs (n = 32, 56%) responded no. <b>Conclusion:</b> The majority of responding health-system clinical pharmacists are not provided with protected administrative time to complete non-patient care related tasks. Administrative time is one modifiable factor from the institutional perspective that can help to mitigate pharmacist burnout.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251341095"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of AUC-Guided Vancomycin Dosing: What Role Remains for Trough-Only Monitoring? A Retrospective, Cohort Study.","authors":"Robert Barrons, Edward Chiyaka","doi":"10.1177/08971900251338904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251338904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The 2020 consensus guidelines for drug monitoring of vancomycin recommended AUC-guided dosing to reduce acute kidney injury (AKI) and improve clinical outcomes in patients with serious methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) infections previously managed with trough concentrations of 15-20 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine if AUC-guided dosing of vancomycin reduces AKI and improves clinical outcomes including non-invasive infections with <i>S. aureus</i> compared with trough-only dosing broadened to concentrations of 10-20 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, single-center, cohort study was conducted over 12 months comparing Bayesian software-guided AUC-dosing with trough-only dosing. Information collected included patient demographics, co-morbidities, concurrent nephrotoxins, assessment measures of drug exposure, and patient outcomes. Nominal data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and continuous data using the independent <i>t</i> test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, the incidence of AKI was 7.65% and 6.06% (<i>P</i> = 0.56), among 183 patients in the AUC-guided and 165 subjects in the trough-only groups, respectively. Individuals in the trough-only group were younger, had fewer co-morbidities and admissions to the ICU. A lower incidence of AKI findings among trough-only subjects was likely a result of the duration of therapy (mean of 4.2 days), mean trough concentrations <15 mg/L, and fewer concurrent nephrotoxins. AUC-guided dosing significantly reduced the total daily dose, 2.29 vs 2.54 g/day (<i>P</i> = 0.01), but provided no significant reductions in cumulative dose, duration of therapy, length of hospital stays, or overall patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AUC-guided vancomycin dosing did not reduce the incidence of AKI nor impact patient outcomes vs trough-only dosing. Successful clinical outcomes with lower average trough concentrations may have resulted from the treatment of nonbacteremic skin soft tissue infections (SSTI), suggesting an indication for further exploration of vancomycin dosing strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251338904"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymptomatic Subcutaneous Semaglutide Overdose: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Courtney B Diec, Elizabeth A Cook, Nguyet T Nguyen","doi":"10.1177/08971900251335111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251335111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Semaglutide is a glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) that is approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Common adverse drug reactions (ADR) of semaglutide include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea, which are often dose-dependent in nature. Select ADRs that are less common, but may result in more significant concerns, include development of acute pancreatitis, gallbladder and biliary tract diseases, acute kidney injury, and ileus. Limited clinical literature exists at present regarding management of GLP-1 RA overdose, particularly for subcutaneous semaglutide. This report describes an 80-year-old male with T2DM and mild cognitive impairment who self-administered subcutaneous semaglutide 1 mg daily over the span of 7 days. The patient denied any ADRs, including those related to gastrointestinal upset or hypoglycemia. Blood glucose readings from the patient's glucometer ranged from 100 - 180 mg/dL. The patient declined to present for medical evaluation until 5 weeks after the overdose incident. No clinically significant changes were noted in his renal function, hepatic function, nor his pancreatic enzymes upon laboratory follow-up. Published reports concerning GLP-1 RA overdoses describe mixed presentation of patients following such events. Treatments detailed in the case reports included primarily supportive care measures. Based on the mechanism of action of GLP-1 RAs, and those case reports detailed, we recommend close monitoring and supportive care in the form of providing antiemetics, correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances from gastrointestinal losses, and monitoring for hypoglycemia in the event of an overdose.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251335111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Erythromycin or Clindamycin Resistance and 30-Day Mortality in Patients With MSSA Bacteremia.","authors":"Tiffany A Russo, Brooke Broczkowski, Samantha Sallerson, Alexander Knee, Michael P Lorenzo","doi":"10.1177/08971900251335106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900251335106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> The objective of the present study is to assess the association of erythromycin and clindamycin susceptibilities with 30-day mortality in patients with MSSA bacteremia treated with cefazolin. <b>Methods:</b> Retrospective cohort study of patients with least one positive blood culture growing MSSA and treated with cefazolin for at least 3 consecutive days. Groups included patients who had an MSSA strain that was both erythromycin and clindamycin susceptible (E/C-S), the comparator group included patients with erythromycin resistant and clindamycin resistant or susceptible (E/C-R) MSSA strains. The relative risk for 30-day mortality was calculated for E/C-R compared to E/C-S along with the sensitivity and specificity for E/C-R as a predictor of 30-day mortality. <b>Results:</b> A total of 114 patients were eligible for analysis; with 72 (63%) categorized in the E/C-S group and 42 (37%) categorized in the E/C-R group. The primary outcome of 30-day mortality was met in 7 (10%) patients in the E/C-S group vs 7 (17%) in the E/C-R group; unadjusted relative risk (95% CI) 1.71 (0.65-4.55). The sensitivity and specificity of E/C-R as a predictor of 30-day mortality was 50% (95% CI = 23-77) and 65% (95% CI = 55-74), respectively. <b>Conclusions:</b> This exploratory study did not find clindamycin or erythromycin susceptibility to be associated with 30-day mortality in patients treated with cefazolin for MSSA bacteremia. The relevance of this surrogate marker in clinical practice is negligible due to its limitations, and future investigations are required to establish pragmatic means of detecting isolates which may be insufficiently treated with cefazolin.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"8971900251335106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription for Digital Evolution: Transformative Recommendations for Pharmacy Practice in the Digital Age.","authors":"Ayomide Ogundipe, Tin Fei Sim, Lynne Emmerton","doi":"10.1177/08971900241277049","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241277049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased administrative tasks, evolving expectations of care and advancement in practice scope have rapidly advanced digital health. Health policy has acknowledged the need for evaluation to determine the technological needs of clinicians, including pharmacists, to practice to full and top of scope. There is an emergent need for recommendations to address the technological transformation to enable community pharmacists' practice. This study aimed to develop digital health recommendations, through expert consensus, for the government, pharmacy professional associations, pharmacy enterprises and software vendors, to facilitate community pharmacists' practice. A modified Delphi survey was conducted online in February-March 2024. Pharmacists with digital health expertise were purposively recruited. Participants were asked to rate their level of agreement with the initial 24 research-derived statements in round 1. Consensus was defined a priori as ≥80% of participants strongly agreeing or agreeing with a statement and a standard deviation of ≤1.00. Review of participants' free-text comments progressively reduced and refined the statements. All 22 participants completed the modified Delphi study in 3 survey rounds. Participants represented every Australian jurisdiction. Eighteen participants had more than 10 years of professional experience. Sixteen recommendations emerged: 6 for government, 2 for pharmacy professional associations, 4 for pharmacy enterprises and 4 for software vendors. The majority of recommendations require financial investment and harmonization of legislation across jurisdictions. Adoption of these recommendations, with significant investment across partners in the healthcare system and technology providers, will enable pharmacists to more effectively and safely practice utilizing technology solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"237-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877977/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}