Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology最新文献

{"title":"Photosensitization and phototoxicity mechanism of diclofenac sodium (NSAID) under ambient UVR exposure.","authors":"Gaurav Prajapati, Sunil Kumar Patel, Durgesh Mourya, Meetali Sinha, Mohd Danish Kamar, Ratan Singh Ray, Ashish Dwivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diclofenac sodium (DS) is used for pain, inflammation and musculoskeletal disorders. Despite its absorption of UV radiation, the phototoxic potential and molecular mechanisms in keratinocytes under UVA and UVB exposures are largely unexplored. In this study, we have employed a comprehensive array of in-silico, in-chemico, and in-vitro approaches to assess DS's photostability, phototoxic, and photogenotoxic properties under UV irradiation. Our findings indicate that DS undergoes photodegradation, forming 3 photoproducts. Further, docking studies revealed DS's affinity for DNA and Bax, implicating DNA damage and initiation of programmed cell death pathways. MTT and NRU assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent phototoxic response to UVA and UVB exposures. DCFH₂-DA and DHE staining confirmed that DS significantly elevates ROS under UVR. Photogenotoxicity was evidenced by comet assay, while clastogenic activity was confirmed through micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of apoptotic marker genes including Bax, Bcl2, Casp9, Apaf1, Casp3, and Cyt C in keratinocytes treated with DS under UV irradiation. Our results showed that DS exhibits both photogenotoxic and photoclastogenic activities, coupled with ROS-induced programmed cell death, elucidating the molecular basis of its phototoxicity. These insights are crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind NSAID-induced phototoxic skin diseases under environmental UVR exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"271 ","pages":"113227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of spectral LED lights in enhancing glandular trichome density and accumulation of bioactive specialized metabolites in spearmint.","authors":"Dipanjali Chatterjee, Adinpunya Mitra","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spearmint is a well-known aromatic plant recognized for its unique aroma, flavour, and bioactive properties. To ensure its year-round production in response to the growing market demand under rapidly changing climates, the implementation of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in controlled environments presents a promising solution. This study explored the impact of different LED spectral lights, namely monochromatic red (R), monochromatic blue (B), combined red-blue (RB), and control warm white (WW) on the vegetative growth, glandular trichome density, key specialized metabolite contents and relevant biosynthetic gene expression levels in spearmint. Various morphometric features showed improvement under RB and B lights compared to WW, while R light resulted in overall impaired growth. Plants under RB light showed the highest density of peltate glandular trichomes (43 Nos./mm²), which exhibited strong positive correlation with maximally elevated levels of marker terpene carvone (9.2 μmol/g FM) and its precursor limonene (0.5 μmol/g FM). This suggested a possible interlinkage between trichome development and terpene biosynthesis. Additionally, rosmarinic acid content significantly increased (781.5 μg/g FM) under RB light compared to other spectral light conditions. The highest expression levels of genes related to both phenolic and monoterpene biosynthetic pathways were also obtained under RB light, explaining the enhanced production of key bioactive compounds at the transcript level. Thus, the combination of R and B lights proved advantageous for the growth of spearmint and the concurrent enrichment of major specialized metabolites. The insights gained from this research will pave ways for developing appropriate LED-based cultivation systems for commercial production of spearmint.</p>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"271 ","pages":"113239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between ultraviolet exposure and type 2 diabetes: Insights from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).","authors":"Can Ming, Zhuoyu Liu, Wei Wu, Qian Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>This study analyzed data from 14,825 participants enrolled in the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Ground-based daily average UVR monitoring data, collected from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2014, across 724 stations in China, were matched to 125 cities corresponding to participants' residences. UVR exposure levels were calculated separately for annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. All analyses were stratified by sex. Initially, a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was employed to assess the association between city-level UVR exposure and individual-level risk of T2D. Further stratified analyses were performed based on age, body mass index (BMI), and urban versus rural residence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher UVR exposure was associated with a lower risk of T2D in women (OR_annual: 0.250, 95 % CI: 0.081-0.773; OR_spring: 0.437, 95 % CI: 0.194-0.984; OR_autumn: 0.305, 95 % CI: 0.098-0.944; OR_winter: 0.227, 95 % CI: 0.079-0.655). Stratified analyses revealed that annual UVR exposure had a strong protective effect in T2D among women aged under 60 years (OR: 0.163, 95 % CI: 0.034-0.792), normal and underweight women and men (OR_women: 0.080, 95 % CI: 0.017-0.383; OR_men: 0.180, 95 % CI: 0.038-0.850) and rural women (OR: 0.207, 95 % CI: 0.065-0.661).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to UVR appears to confer a protective effect against T2D, with this association being especially evident in women. The protective influence is more marked among individuals younger than 60 years, those with normal weight or underweight, and those residing in rural areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"271 ","pages":"113240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined nanodiamond-mediated drug delivery and upconversion phototherapy for enhanced liver cancer treatment","authors":"Yun Teng ,&nbsp;Zhige Li ,&nbsp;Zheng Cui ,&nbsp;Linfeng Wan ,&nbsp;Zhuo Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Lesheng Teng ,&nbsp;Junsong Liu ,&nbsp;Hongdong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To mitigate the significant side effects and limited efficacy of traditional treatment methods, we propose a novel strategy that involves the use of nanodiamond (ND) drug loading combined with up-converted blue light irradiation to achieve highly efficient chemotherapy-photodynamic treatment of liver tumor cells, specifically for the HepG2 cell line. ND-loaded drugs delivered a high concentration of doxorubicin to HepG2 cells, enhancing the chemotherapy effect. Upon exposure to near-infrared irradiation, blue light is excited by up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), thereby activating the production of reactive oxygen demonstrated that the dual-mode therapy of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy showed significantly improved anticancer effects. The inhibition rates were 77.4 % in vitro and 88.1 % in vivo for HepG2 cells, which are significantly higher than those treated with single photodynamic therapy (18.9 %, 28.6 %) or drug-loaded therapy (62.6 %, 71.4 %). It is noted that under the treatment conditions, no obvious tissue injury or inflammation was observed in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney samples collected from mice, indicating that the UCNPs and NDs exhibit good biocompatibility and are less toxic to normal cells and tissues, which would be favorable for clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113260"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin safety of 233 nm far UV-C ex vivo and in vivo – Pilot study for evaluating different populations and multiple exposures","authors":"Daniela F. Zamudio Díaz ,&nbsp;Constanze Baber ,&nbsp;Holger Klose ,&nbsp;Jan Ruschel ,&nbsp;Sascha Rohn ,&nbsp;Martina C. Meinke ,&nbsp;Johannes Schleusener","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nosocomial infections remain a major healthcare challenge, underlining the demand for antimicrobial technologies. Far UV-C (200–235 nm) has emerged as a safer alternative to traditional 254 nm UV-C for microbial reduction on skin and wounds but also in occupied spaces due to its strong germicidal properties and minimal skin penetration. However, studies on humans remain limited.</div><div>This study aimed at evaluating the skin safety of 233 nm UV-C for potential applications in antisepsis and public area decontamination. Ex vivo experiments first assessed age-dependent DNA damage before proceeding to in vivo studies. Healthy volunteers of varying skin types and ages underwent single exposures to evaluate the effects of age and pigmentation. Additionally, young and light-skinned volunteers received multiple exposures. Biopsies were collected to assess DNA damage and repair.</div><div>A biocidal dose of 233 nm induced superficial DNA damage, showing lower damage than that induced by suberythemal UV-B exposure, a recognized safe dose for human skin. Older and dark-skinned participants exhibited higher residual DNA damage 24 h-post-exposure compared to younger and lighter-skinned individuals, though nearly complete repair was observed after seven days. Repeated exposures, up to cumulative doses of 120 mJ/cm² and 240 mJ/cm², did not induce significant changes on skin pigmentation, antioxidant activity, or immune response. However, DNA damage accumulation suggested limitations in repair mechanisms over 24 h. These results confirm the safety of a single exposure to 233 nm, but highlight potential risks with repeated applications, emphasizing the need for careful dose regulation and further in vivo studies, including well-established treatments at 222 nm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113262"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intranasal nanophotosensitizer enables safe and broad-spectrum photodynamic inactivation of respiratory viruses","authors":"Sunmi Han ,&nbsp;Assel Seitkazina ,&nbsp;Jeongyun Heo ,&nbsp;Se-young Kim ,&nbsp;SuJin Kim ,&nbsp;Sung-Ho Jeon ,&nbsp;Yung Hun Park ,&nbsp;Taehun Lim ,&nbsp;Bohyeon Kim ,&nbsp;Shivani Rajoriya ,&nbsp;Quy Son Luu ,&nbsp;Youngbok Lee ,&nbsp;Yong-Deok Lee ,&nbsp;Honghwan Choi ,&nbsp;Won-Keun Kim ,&nbsp;Hyun Jik Kim ,&nbsp;Sehoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of highly transmissible respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, emphasizes the urgent need for safe, variant-agnostic, and self-administered antiviral strategies. Here, we present a nanotheranostic platform (MBSD) based on methylene blue nanoparticles stabilized with a primary fatty acid naturally found in human nasal mucosa, designed for intranasal photodynamic inactivation (PDI). This nanoformulation enhances cellular permeability and singlet oxygen generation at sites of viral infection through strategic ion pairing and micellization using clinically approved excipients. MBSD demonstrated superior uptake and intracellular singlet oxygen generation in human nasal epithelial cells compared to free methylene blue. Upon exposure to red light, PDI treatment with MBSD significantly reduced viral gene expression and infectivity across multiple RNA and DNA viruses—including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1 and Delta), Zika, Vaccinia, and emerging paramyxoviruses—with sub-nanomolar to low-nanomolar EC₅₀ values. In murine models, a single intranasal MBSD-mediated PDI treatment attenuated disease progression, markedly reduced lung viral burden and inflammation, and improved survival outcomes. In addition, repeated PDI treatments showed no detectable toxicity to normal mucosal tissues, indicating a favorable safety profile. These findings highlight MBSD-mediated PDI as a clinically translatable, non-invasive nanomedicine strategy that offers broad-spectrum antiviral efficacy and mucosal safety, supporting its potential as a frontline theranostic intervention for early-stage management of respiratory virus outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-emitting diode-derived blue light overexposure accelerates corneal endothelial cell aging by inducing abnormal ROS accumulation","authors":"Zhaolin Liu ,&nbsp;Yiran Yang ,&nbsp;Ke Yan ,&nbsp;Jieli Wu ,&nbsp;Xiang Lin ,&nbsp;Liying Tang ,&nbsp;Qingjian Li ,&nbsp;Caihong Huang ,&nbsp;Jiaoyue Hu ,&nbsp;Zuguo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blue light, defined as short-wavelength visible light ranging from 400 to 500 nm, is recognized for its high energy within the visible light spectrum. The prevalent use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has significantly increased exposure to blue light. Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) playing a crucial role in maintaining corneal transparency to get clear visual field. However, the specific effects of blue light on corneal endothelium remain unclear. To investigate this, in vivo and in vitro models of LED blue light irradiation were established. We examined changes in CEC fate and indicators related to oxidative stress. Our findings revealed that blue light exposure led to increased production of ROS in CECs, causing oxidative stress primarily in mitochondria. This, in turn, resulted in cell senescence, dysfunction, and apoptosis, ultimately contributing to the aging of corneal endothelium with accelerated cell loss. Notably, the rise in ROS levels triggered the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the early stages. This activation was associated with protective effects on CECs and inhibition of cell senescence. Our study sheds light on the intricate relationship between blue light exposure, oxidative stress, and the fate of CECs, providing valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying corneal aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative theoretical study on the photoisomerization and antioxidant capacity of resveratrol and its Azo/Dihydro analogs","authors":"Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Lingling Wang ,&nbsp;Chaofan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs a suite of quantum chemical methods to systematically investigate the photoisomerization mechanism and antioxidant activity of resveratrol (Res) and two key derivatives, Azo-Resveratrol (AzoRes) and Dihydro-Resveratrol (dhRes), thereby elucidating the impact of molecular scaffold modification on their structure-activity relationships. Employing density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), spin-flip TD-DFT and multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2), we investigated the geometric configurations, absorption spectra, photoisomerization pathways, and key antioxidant parameters for all three molecules. The results reveal that the substitution of the C<img>C bond with an N<img>N linkage (AzoRes) induces a bathochromic shift in the absorption spectrum, introduces a low-energy n → π* transition, and facilitates a barrierless photoisomerization pathway. Conversely, the saturation of the C<img>C bond to a C<img>C single bond (dhRes) disrupts the π-conjugated system, resulting in a significant hypsochromic shift. Analysis of frontier molecular orbitals and global descriptive parameters established the order of S₀-state antioxidant capacity as AzoRes &gt; Res &gt; dhRes, a trend that correlates with the narrower HOMO-LUMO gap of AzoRes compared to Res (by 0.302 eV and 0.564 eV for trans and cis isomers, respectively). While photoexcitation universally enhanced the antioxidant potential of all molecules, it also reordered the efficacy to Res &gt; AzoRes &gt; DHRes in the S₁ state. Our findings elucidate the intrinsic relationship between the molecular scaffold, photochemical behavior, and antioxidant activity, providing a theoretical framework for the rational design of novel photo-responsive antioxidant materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113251"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fenton reaction-enhanced mild photothermal therapy for cancer suppression with a multifunctional platform","authors":"Kaiye Wang ,&nbsp;Yuting Jia ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Liu ,&nbsp;Limeng Pan ,&nbsp;Mingwan Shi ,&nbsp;Wei Pan ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Bo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mild photothermal therapy effectively reduces hyperthermia-related tissue injuries; however, its low therapeutic efficiency presents a significant limitation. Herein, we developed an organic multifunctional photothermal platform with enhanced Fenton catalytic activity to increase tumor sensitivity to mild photothermal therapy. This platform incorporated a self-augmented Fenton molecule integrating carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and ferrocene, which was <em>co</em>-encapsulated with the photothermal agent IR 825 <em>via</em> an amphiphilic polymer. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, IR 825 generated heat for mild photothermal therapy, while the inhibitor blocked carbonic anhydrase IX, resulting in intracellular acidosis due to the H⁺ accumulation. The combination of acidosis and controlled heating facilitated the Fenton reaction, increasing oxidative damage to cells and heightening their sensitivity to heat. Consequently, this synergistic effect enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of mild photothermal therapy against tumor cells, as demonstrated by significant tumor inhibition in our experimental results. This study represents a promising approach towards advancing mild photothermal therapy for cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjunctive 810 nm photobiomodulation with pharmacotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial in a tertiary care centre","authors":"Saumya Shukla,&nbsp;Adit Srivastava,&nbsp;Sakshi Batra,&nbsp;Subhadeep Pal,&nbsp;Sivani Darjee,&nbsp;Amlendu Shekhar","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating orofacial pain disorder. Pharmacotherapy with carbamazepine is the mainstay of treatment, but adverse effects and tolerance often limit its long-term use. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has shown promise in managing various neuropathic pains, yet no study has assessed its efficacy as an adjunct in TN treatment within an Indian population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this single-center randomized controlled trial, 40 patients with classical TN were randomly allocated into two groups: Group I received carbamazepine alone, and Group II received carbamazepine plus LLLT (using an 810 nm diode laser at 200 mW for 30s per point). Pain intensity was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire at baseline and after 3 months. LLLT was administered thrice weekly for 3 weeks at 810 nm, delivering 6 J per irradiation point. Outcomes were evaluated by a blinded assessor.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Baseline NRS scores were similar (8.50 ± 0.95 vs. 8.75 ± 0.96, <em>p</em> = 0.412). At 3 weeks, mean NRS reduced significantly more in Group II (0.40 ± 0.68) than Group I (3.45 ± 1.23), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001. McGill scores at 3 months were significantly lower in Group II (2.90 ± 3.07) compared to Group I (23.40 ± 6.38), p &lt; 0.001. None in Group II required carbamazepine dose escalation during the study, whereas all patients in Group I needed increases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Combined photobiomodulation with carbamazepine provided significantly superior pain relief compared to medication alone in TN patients, reducing the need for higher drug doses. This is the first study to demonstrate the benefits of LLLT as an adjunct therapy in TN among the Indian population, indicating it as a promising option for adjunctive management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 113249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}