{"title":"Where Are All the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Social Workers?","authors":"Britney E Lane, Elizabeth R Boskey","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric and adolescent gynecology (PAG) is a growing specialty, but despite the complexity of many patients' experiences, few hospitals employ dedicated social workers trained to support these patients and their families. This is true despite the fact that PAG providers routinely care for individuals with multiple conditions where patients and families could benefit from support around long term implications for reproductive health and fertility; surgical decision making; counseling in the wake of sexual trauma; comprehensive sex education and counseling; and referrals to other social services. This commentary is designed to provide examples of the types of care that can benefit from the involvement of a skilled, experienced behavioral health practitioner as well as potential barriers to hiring a social worker for a multidisciplinary team. There is a need for leaders in PAG to make a multipronged effort to increase training and networking opportunities in PAG social work alongside negotiating increased funding for social care in the PAG setting. This commentary is designed to provide suggestions for a pathway forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hazel Isabella Learner, Margaret Hall-Craggs, Ephia Yasmin
{"title":"Obstructed hemivagina: anatomical variation, management, and challenges of classification- a single centre 10-year retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Hazel Isabella Learner, Margaret Hall-Craggs, Ephia Yasmin","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Obstructed hemivagina is a rare congenital anomaly typically presenting in adolescence and is commonly associated with ipsilateral renal anomalies. Diagnosis is frequently delayed, and existing classification systems provide limited support for surgical planning. This study aimed to describe clinical and anatomical variations in obstructed hemivaginas, evaluate surgical outcomes following specialist management, and identify anatomical features relevant to systematic description.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent surgery for obstructed hemivagina at a single specialist referral centre between 2014 and 2024. Patients with MRI-confirmed obstructed hemivagina were included; those with cervical-level obstruction, cloacal anomalies, or bladder exstrophy were excluded. Demographic data, presenting symptoms, pre-referral management, radiological findings, surgical details, and outcomes were analysed. The primary outcome was re-obstruction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-one patients were included (median age 15 years, range 11-31) with median follow-up of 29 weeks. One-third were not receiving menstrual suppression at referral, and one-quarter had undergone emergency or incomplete procedures before specialist review. All patients underwent vaginal septal excision. Re-obstruction occurred in 2/61 (3.3%), both following excision of high-inserting septa. Among 17 patients with high-inserting septa, 15 did not experience re-obstruction. MRI classification was concordant with intraoperative findings in 51/61 cases (83.6%), with reduced accuracy for higher septa.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vaginal septal excision in a specialist setting was associated with a low re-obstruction rate. Variation in pre-referral management highlights opportunities to optimise pre-operative management and referral pathways. Marked anatomical heterogeneity supports the value of a structured descriptive framework to document features of obstructed hemivaginas relevant to surgical planning and longitudinal care.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determinants of perceived stigma among adolescent and young mothers (≤24 years) in South Korea: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Deulle Min, Hye Ok Park, Seungmi Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objective: </strong>The stigma perceived by adolescent and young mothers negatively affects their health and that of their children. This study aimed to identify the factors that influence the stigma perceived by adolescent and young mothers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 247 South Korean adolescent and young mothers aged ≤24 years, all of whom had given birth and were caring for their children. Data were collected between January 2024 and March 2024 and analyzed using multiple regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the participants was 22.16 ± 1.80 years. Social support, place of residence, and knowledge of contraception were significantly associated with perceived stigma. The regression model was significant (F = 16.97, p < .001; adjusted R² = .34). Social support was negatively associated with stigma (β = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.56, -0.23]), while residing in a parent-owned home increased stigma (β = 0.30, 95% CI [3.72, 8.24]). Knowledge about contraception also reduced stigma (β = -0.18, 95% CI [-6.29, -1.51]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Social support was a key protective factor against perceived stigma among South Korean adolescent and young mothers. For clinicians caring for adolescents and young mothers, these findings highlight the importance of nonjudgmental care, assessment of social support, and accessible contraceptive counseling. Although conducted in South Korea, this study may serve as a model for future studies examining stigma among adolescent and young mothers in other settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association Between Functional Constipation and Primary or Recurrent Labial Adhesion in Prepubertal Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Mirzaman Huseynov, Ali Ekber Hakalmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The exact etiology of labial adhesion (LA) is unknown, however, it is obvious that the disease has multifactorial causes. Although several local and inflammatory factors have been implicated, the potential contribution of functional constipation (FC) has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of functional constipation (FC) in the etiology of primary and recurrent LA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional analytical study included 2828 consecutive prepubertal girls evaluated in a pediatric surgery outpatient clinic between May 2021 and December 2024. Patients with inflammatory, dermatologic, traumatic, endocrine, or congenital conditions potentially affecting genital anatomy were excluded. Prevalence, relative risk (prevalence ratio), crude odds ratio, and attributable risk were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age was performed to assess independent association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of labial adhesion was 5.1% (145/2828). Functional constipation was present in 17.0% of the total study population. The prevalence of labial adhesion was significantly higher in children with constipation (11.4%) compared with those without (3.8%) (P < .001). The relative risk was 2.97 (95% CI: 2.16-4.10). After age adjustment, functional constipation remained independently associated with labial adhesion (OR: 2.6; P < .001). The attributable risk percent was 66.4%. Recurrence was observed in 3.4% of patients during follow-up and was more frequent among children with constipation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Functional constipation was significantly associated with both primary and recurrent labial adhesions, and may represent a potential contributing factor. Evaluation of bowel habits may be clinically relevant in patients presenting with labial adhesion.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surabhi R Madadi, Rithika Prakash, Sarah Mayberry, Roma S Nayyar, Vedika S Agrawal, MinJae Lee, Nirupama K DeSilva, Jenny Kr Francis
{"title":"Over-the-Counter Emergency Contraception in Pharmacies across Dallas, Texas: A Secret Shopper Study.","authors":"Surabhi R Madadi, Rithika Prakash, Sarah Mayberry, Roma S Nayyar, Vedika S Agrawal, MinJae Lee, Nirupama K DeSilva, Jenny Kr Francis","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess over-the-counter emergency contraception pills (ECP) availability in Dallas pharmacies across income levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Secret shoppers visited 83 pharmacies (47 high-, 36 low-income zip codes) to document ECP visibility and restricted storage. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests compared visible availability by income group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ECP was visibly available on the shelves in 53% (44 out of 83) of pharmacies. Of these, 84% (37 out of 44) used restricted storage. Availability was higher in high-income (64%) than low-income areas (39%) (p = 0.024).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ECP access remains limited, particularly in low-income communities, underscoring the need for efforts to improve availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B S Jean-Louis, C Golden, A Jergel, H C Gooding, N Sokkary
{"title":"Prevalence of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents with Mullerian Anomalies: A 10-Year Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"B S Jean-Louis, C Golden, A Jergel, H C Gooding, N Sokkary","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common complaint in young women in the general population and is associated with disruptions in physical, mental, and social well-being. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of HMB among adolescents with Mullerian anomalies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adolescents diagnosed with a Mullerian anomaly at a tertiary children's health system from 2014-2024. We queried the Electronic Health Record (EHR) for the following diagnostic codes: Mullerian anomaly, uterine anomaly, bicornuate uterus, didelphic uterus, uterine septum, unicornuate uterus, and arcuate uterus. We defined HMB as provider diagnosis of HMB, menorrhagia, or prolonged menstrual bleeding. We collected data on patient race, age of menarche, age at time of diagnosis of Mullerian anomaly and HMB, subtype of Mullerian anomaly diagnosis, imaging modality used in diagnosis, presence or absence of a bleeding disorder evaluation, and treatment received for HMB. Only adolescents with a confirmed Mullerian anomaly and a documented menstrual history who had reached menarche were included in the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 140 adolescents included, 60 (43%) experienced HMB. HMB was most prevalent in those with bicornuate uterus (58%), uterine septum (55%), and arcuate uterus (50%). The most common treatment for HMB was combined hormonal contraception (44%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of HMB in adolescents with Mullerian anomalies in this cohort was 43% but varied by subtype. Understanding the prevalence of HMB in patients with specific Mullerian anomalies will allow clinicians to provide improved anticipatory guidance for this patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identifying Suicidality Risk in Adolescent Gynecology: Implications of Combined PHQ-2 and ASQ Screening.","authors":"Mary A Nowlen, Amy Williamson, M'hamed Temkit","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the association between depression and suicidal ideation (SI) screening results among patients in a pediatric and adolescent gynecology clinic and to determine whether associations differ between school and summer periods.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients aged ≥ 13 years who completed both the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Ask Suicide Screening Questions (ASQ) from June 2023 to April 2025. Depression was defined as a PHQ-2 score ≥ 3; SI was defined as any affirmative ASQ response. Simultaneous positive/negative combinations were evaluated, and associations were tested using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,481 patients, PHQ-2 and ASQ scores were significantly associated (p < 0.0001). Negative PHQ-2 screens corresponded to negative ASQ screens in 1,192 (92.5%) patients. However, 97 (7.5%) patients screened negative for depression but positive for SI, including one (0.1%) with severe SI. Positive ASQ screens were more frequently associated with positive PHQ-2 screens (40.6%) than negative PHQ-2 screens (7.5%). All severe ASQ scores occurred during the school year.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Screening for depression alone is insufficient to identify all adolescents at risk for suicidality. Dual screening with PHQ-2 and ASQ enables more comprehensive identification of at-risk patients in pediatric and adolescent gynecology settings, thereby enabling practitioners to connect such patients with the necessary mental-health resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Chojnicki, A Bruś-Chojnicka, U Religioni, K Kapczuk
{"title":"Clinician Evaluation of AI-Generated Responses to Girls' Puberty-Related Questions.","authors":"M Chojnicki, A Bruś-Chojnicka, U Religioni, K Kapczuk","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objective: </strong>Adolescents often look online for answers to sensitive questions about puberty and sexual health. As chat-based AI tools become more accessible, they may influence how young people interpret symptoms and decide whether to consult a doctor. We examined whether GPT-4o responses to common puberty-related questions from girls aged 8-17 years were judged by clinicians to be acceptable and appropriate for the user's age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten common puberty-related queries from a Polish search context were identified using Google Autocomplete in May 2024 and converted into standardized first-person prompts beginning with \"I am X years old and…\". GPT-4o generated one response to each prompt in separate new chat sessions without manual editing. Eighteen clinicians (11 pediatric and adolescent gynecologists and 7 pediatricians) rated each response for content quality, adequacy of recommendations, empathy, and age appropriateness on 5-point scales. The main outcome was the proportion of ratings considered acceptable (scores of 4 or 5).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 79.2% of ratings (570/720; 95% CI 76.0-82.1) were in the acceptable range, exceeding the predefined threshold. Across domains, acceptability ranged from 72.2% to 84.4%. Internal consistency was high for empathy and age appropriateness. Agreement between individual raters was low but improved to a moderate level when scores were averaged. Greater concern about adolescents placing too much trust in AI was strongly associated with the expectation that its use could reduce contact with physicians (Spearman's ρ = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 18).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most GPT-4o responses to common puberty-related questions were judged acceptable by clinicians. At the same time, concerns persisted that young users might rely too heavily on AI and delay seeking medical advice. Any use of such tools by adolescents should therefore include clear advice on when in-person medical assessment is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147774671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoe T Appel, Sara G Vargo, Amanda V French, Sloane W Berger-Chen
{"title":"The Impact of Patient Navigation on Healthcare Utilization in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Zoe T Appel, Sara G Vargo, Amanda V French, Sloane W Berger-Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study objective: </strong>Pediatric and adolescent patients face barriers to accessing comprehensive reproductive healthcare. These barriers are intensified by limited infrastructure and confidentiality regulations that make scheduling, follow-up and communication more challenging. A patient navigator (PN) position was implemented within a newly established Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PAG) clinic in a large urban medical center to improve access and support confidential care. This study evaluates the impact of the PN on PAG healthcare utilization and investigates the effects across racial and ethnic groups and insurance types.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical record data from Epic SlicerDicer®. Healthcare utilization metrics were compared for one year before (March 3, 2023 - March 3, 2024) and one year after (March 4, 2024 - March 4, 2025) implementation of the PN position.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following PN implementation, total appointments increased by 39% (P<0.001), completed follow-up visits increased by 65% (P<0.001) and missed appointment rate decreased by 44% (P<0.001). Patients who self-identified as Asian experienced a 66% decline in missed appointment rate (P=0.031), those who selected \"Other\" had a 49% decrease (P=0.003), and the \"Unknown/Declined\" racial group saw a 57% decrease (P=0.041). Additionally, patients with public insurance saw a 49% (P<0.001) decrease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Establishing a PN in a PAG clinic improves utilization of care, continuity and appointment adherence. We observed significant reductions in missed appointment rate among several racial and ethnic groups and in the underrepresented group of patients with public insurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147774699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LEAVE THE UTERUS ALONE: UTERINE TORSION IN CHILDREN.","authors":"Grégoire Schneider, Sébastien Faraj, Guillaume Rossignol, Jeanne Goulin, Tudor Enache, Delphine Demede, Valeska Dibault, Pierre-Yves Mure, Rani Kassir","doi":"10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2026.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uterine torsion is an extremely rare condition in pediatric patients and is most often associated with an ovarian mass. When acute symptoms occur, uterine blood supply may be compromised, occasionally leading to ischemia or necrosis. Because of its rarity and non-specific presentation, pediatric uterine torsion may be misdiagnosed, and no clear recommendations currently exist regarding its management.</p><p><strong>Case: </strong>We report the case of a 21-month-old girl who presented with acute abdominal pain and vomiting caused by torsion of a large ovarian mature teratoma. Surgical exploration revealed a 270° to 360° uterine torsion with signs of severe ischemia and a necrotic appearance of the uterus. A right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, but a conservative approach was chosen for the uterus despite the absence of immediate macroscopic recovery after detorsion. The postoperative course was uneventful. Mid-term follow-up of 5.5 years demonstrated normal uterine morphology and vascularization on imaging, with the patient remaining asymptomatic.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>This case highlights uterine torsion as a rare but possible complication of ovarian masses in children and a potential cause of acute abdominal pain. Our experience, supported by a review of the literature, suggests that conservative uterine management should be considered whenever possible, even in the presence of a necrotic appearance. Long-term follow-up is essential to assess uterine recovery and potential functional outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16708,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147774716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}