Journal of Orofacial Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Digital Occlusal Analysis of Different Sagittal Skeletal Malocclusions in Dravidian Subjects − A Prospective Study","authors":"Swati Singh, R. Jain, Suresh Venugopalan, Aravind Prasanna","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_45_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_45_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: T-scan III is used in clinical practice for a digital assessment of occlusal force distribution and other occlusal parameters. The present study was proposed to do an assessment of occlusal contacts and forces using T-scan III in subjects with class II division II malocclusion and compare it to subjects with class I malocclusion requiring fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 70 subjects − 33 in group A (Angle’s class II division II malocclusion) and 37 in group B (Angle’s class I malocclusion). Occlusal analysis was done with T-scan III, and parameters like occlusal force distribution (OFD), occlusion time (OT), and disocclusion time (DT) were recorded. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software. Independent t-test for intergroup comparisons and paired t-tests for intra group comparisons were done. Results: A Significant intergroup difference in OFD between left/right, posterior/anterior regions (P < 0.05) was noted between groups. OT and DT (left lateral excursive) were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group A. On intergroup comparison, the L/R bite force ratio was higher in group B males (P < 0.05) and the P/A bite force ratio was higher in group B females (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In subjects with class II division II malocclusion, anterior teeth were subjected to greater occlusal loading when compared to class I subjects and had higher occlusion and disocclusion times.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"38 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46525586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dimensional insight: The role of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics","authors":"K. Kacharaju","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_200_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_200_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45111921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts Against Oral Pathogens − An In Vitro Study","authors":"S. Rudraswamy, Jai Shankar Hombarvali, M. Kenganora, N. Doggalli, B. Godhi, Sowmya Srinivas","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_147_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_147_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Oral diseases caused by biofilm continue to be a public health concern worldwide. The interesting task is to “battle” against oral biofilms, chiefly due to their propensity to persist even after mechanical removal. Mechanical oral hygiene measures, along with professional maintenance and usage of fluorides, are conservative practices to prevent oral biofilm. Adjunct to mechanical plaque control method, antimicrobial mouth wash is suggested. Although chlorhexidine is a gold standard antiplaque agent, its potential drawbacks on long-term use necessitates the development of a novel, alternate strategy that can inhibit oral biofilm. Materials and Methods: Simarouba glauca (SG) leaf extracts were prepared by maceration and Soxhlet methods. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were conducted against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Prophyromonas gingivalis to determine the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of SG using agar well diffusion and broth dilution method. Results: ZOI was exhibited by ethanol extract (ESG) on S. mutans (25 ± 0.03 mm) and L. acidophilus (23 ± 0.07 mm) at 1 mg/mL while ZOI was exhibited by aqueous extract (ASG) on E. coli (14 ± 0.00 mm) and S. aureus (15 ± 0.01 mm) at 1.5 mg/mL. Both ESG and ASG did not show activity on P. gingivalis. MIC was obtained at 0.625 mg/mL for S. mutans, 0.312 mg/mL for L. acidophilus, 1.25 mg/mL for S. aureus, 0.625 mg/mL for E. coli, and P. gingivalis did not show inhibitory effect. Conclusion: The in vitro studies on antimicrobial activity showed antimicrobial activity of SG plant extract on oral microorganisms. This could be because of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenolics, etc.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"8 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47036958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Teeth Displacement and Stress Generated with Orthodontic Mini-Implant and Infra-Zygomatic Crestal Implant during Intrusion in the Maxillary Arch − A Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Aarti Sethia, Anand Badavannavar, R. Hattarki, Tejashri Pradhan, Trupti Sadhunavar","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_151_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_151_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study aims to evaluate and compare the stress distribution in bone and sutures surrounding the mini-implant and the teeth displacement pattern in the maxillary arch during full arch intrusion using a mini-implant, IZC implant, and an IZC implant with a mini-implant. Materials and Methods: Three individual finite element models of the craniofacial complex were generated for full arch intrusion with mini-implants and IZC implants using ANSYS 12.1 software. For group 1, five titanium mini-implants of 1.5 × 8 mm and 1.5 × 6 mm were placed 14 mm above the occlusal plane between the second premolar and the first molar, lateral incisors, canine, and between two central incisors, respectively, with forces application of 150 g posteriorly and 80 g anteriorly using a NiTi coil spring. For group 2, two stainless steel IZC implants of 2 × 14 mm were placed 16 mm above the occlusal plane between the first and second molars with a force application of about 300 g using a NiTi coil spring. In group 3, the placement of the IZC implant was similar to that in group 2, with an additional anterior mini-implant of 1.5 × 6 mm between two central incisors. An evaluation of the stress distribution and tooth displacement was carried out. Results: An increased amount of teeth displacement was observed in group 3 (IZC implant with mini-implants). Significant anterior intrusion was achieved in group 1 (mini-implants) whereas anteriors in group 2 (only IZC implants) experienced extrusion. A high amount of stress was observed in group 2. Conclusion: Therefore, IZC implants can be useful in cases of vertical maxillary excess where full arch intrusion is recommended. The anterior mini-implant helps to counteract the unwanted movement (extrusion) caused by the clockwise rotation of the maxilla. High stress levels are associated with an IZC implant without an anterior min-implant but they are within the confines of the physiologic limit of the bone.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"44 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48627422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of heterochromatic variations in nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate","authors":"Soumya Raj, Leyon Varghese, Puthucode Narayanan, Suresh Raveendran, Pulikkottil Varghese, Alex George","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_136_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_136_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Orofacial cleft (OFC) has been one of the major common congenital anomalies exhibiting prominent ramifications allied with the medical, social, psychological, and economic strands. Most OFC occurrences do not have additional features, so they are categorized as nonsyndromic. The classification of the aforesaid complication has been directed toward the following categories: cleft lip (CL) with cleft palate, isolated CL, and finally the isolated cleft palate. The recent research concerning the aforementioned anomalies always searches for advanced novel inferences linked with the chromosomal perspectives since some of the specific genes are probably known to produce significant effects over the anomalies. Materials and Methods: Karyotyping was performed for all 130 cases of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP). Aseptic collection of peripheral blood lymphocyte culture (PBLC) was performed from the patients using heparin vacutainers, and C-banding was done to confirm heterochromatic variations. Results: A total of 130 patients known to have the NSCLP were recruited for this study of which 88 cases (68%) had CL along with cleft palate, 18 cases (14%) had isolated CL and 24 cases (18%) had isolated cleft palate. Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding by Trypsin and Giemsa (GTG) banding in these patients revealed five cases (3.84%) with abnormal karyotype where a higher frequency of pericentric inversion in the analyzed region, specifically the chromosome 9, inv(9)(p11p13) was observed. Conclusion: The heteromorphisms or structural rearrangements involving the centromere were confirmed by centromere banding in two cases. Understanding the etiology with special inference on the above-said perspectives is significant to develop an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of the individuals affected with the anomalies.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"55 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42997319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OCT4 Positive Cancer Stem Cell Population in Oral Carcinogenesis","authors":"Varun Pillai, Prathiba Ramani, Jayanthi Palani","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_163_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_163_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the predominant histological subtype of oral cancer, which is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite the advances in therapy, the overall survival rate of oral cancer ranges between 45% and 50%. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells that are believed to contribute to local recurrence and therapeutic resistance in OSCC. Cancer stem cells in OSCC express many of the same proteins involved in the core network that regulates embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2. Octomer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) is considered to be one of the major regulators for self-renewal and the maintenance of the stem cell population in the undifferentiated tissue. This study was done to evaluate the expression for OCT4 in OSCC and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) using immunohistochemistry. Materials and Methods: Histologically proven 40 cases of OSCC, 40 cases of oral leukoplakia with epithelial dysplasia, and 25 cases of normal oral mucosa (NOM) were assessed for immunohistochemical expression of OCT4. The percentage positivity and mean expression of OCT4 were calculated. The final immunohistochemical score was obtained by adding the mean expression and staining intensity of OCT4. Results: The mean expression of OCT4 in OSCC, OED, and NOM was 3.85± 1.05, 8.64± 2.12, and 1.75± 0.23 and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). A higher expression score of OCT4 was observed in 8% and 12% of OSCC and OED, respectively. Conclusion: The higher expression of OCT4 in OSCC and OED suggests that in addition to playing a role in tumorigenesis, OCT4 might be a potential marker for malignant transformation in OED.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"86 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48124495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of fibroblast activation protein alpha in odontogenic keratocyst and ameloblastoma: A cross-sectional immunohistochemical study","authors":"Sandhya Tamgadge, T. Pereira","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_17_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_17_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cancer has always been a mystery for the researcher, healthcare providers, and even patients. This could be because of the unexplored journey of a cell from its physiological to cancerous form. Every day, new research articles are being emerged on various platforms where researchers have been attempting to explore the hidden signals of carcinogenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the key proteins. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα) is found in normal-appearing surrounding tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and shows a strong positive correlation with high tumor grade. It has been found exceedingly expressive in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Similarly, odontogenic lesions too are highly destructive and show a high recurrence rate. Thus, there is a crucial need to assess FAPα in these lesions too. This article is a preliminary attempt to evaluate FAPα expression in ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst, which are highly destructive lesions of the jaws. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 40 cases each of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and ameloblastoma . A total of 10 cases each of lymphoma (5 negative control) and colorectal carcinoma (5 positive control) were selected as control. Both groups were immunohistochemically stained using FAPα antibody. The study group was compared with clinical parameters and analyzed statistically using chi-square tests to find out correlation, and phi coefficient and Cramer V test were used to test the strength of association. Kendall coefficient of rank correlation tau-sub-b (τb) was used to correlate the final immunoreactivity score (IRS) and the age and dimension of the lesion. Kappa correlation was calculated to assess interobserver variability. Results: There was a significant correlation between the extension of the lesion and the FAPα of each group. Other correlations showed insignificant correlations. But both groups showed more cases in moderate and very strong IRS. Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the FAP expression and extension of the lesion in OKC and ameloblastoma. There was a strong role for FAPα in the pathogenesis of OKC and ameloblastoma.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"21 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49435137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular microRNA-223-5p Levels in Plasma, Saliva, and Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Periodontal Disease as a Potential Diagnostic Marker − A Case–Control Analysis","authors":"D. Bandi, Uma Sudhakar, Harinath Parthasarathy, Snophia Rajamani, Balasubramanian Krishnaswamy","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_177_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_177_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Periodontal disease is distinguished by an aberrant host response to oral pathogens, leading to soft and hard tooth-supporting tissue inflammation. MicroRNAs are minute, single-stranded, highly dynamic biomolecules that control gene expression and regulate protein synthesis and functioning. Periodontal pathogenesis is associated with microRNA dysregulation. Accordingly, the proposed study will evaluate the extracellular circulating microRNA-223-5p in the plasma, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: The research population comprised of 50 healthy individuals and 50 periodontitis patients. The clinical parameters of each participant were documented. Under sterile conditions, blood, saliva, and GCF were collected and stored at −80 °C. MicroRNA was isolated using microRNA extraction kits in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, and the expression pattern of mir-223-5p in body fluids was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Expression of circulating extracellular microRNA-223-5p is elevated (P = 0.05) in plasma, saliva, and GCF by a fold of 2.511, 8.072, and 10.46, respectively. The clinical parameters, clinical attachment loss, and probing pocket depth correlated significantly and positively with an increase in miR-223-5p expression (P = 0.05). According to a ROC analysis, MicroRNA-223-5p may be a viable biomarker for periodontal disease, with a diagnostic accuracy of 84.50%. Conclusion: In conclusion, extracellular microRNA-223-5p detected in plasma, saliva, and GCF can be a reliable biomarker for periodontal disease. GCF is a potential body fluid for the analysis of microRNA-223 in relation to periodontal disease considering its expression is significantly higher in comparison to that of plasma and saliva. Due to their exceptional stability in body fluids, extracellular microRNAs can be employed as periodontal disease detectors, forecasting variables of treatment, and for the tailored modalities of treatment.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"99 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49596011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Bromelain, A Pineapple Extract as a Bleaching Agent on Human Enamel and Determining its Concentration by Reverse-HPLC Method","authors":"Ramya Sheshadri, A. Shivakumar, Bhaskaran Mahendran, Ravandur Chandan, S. Kalgeri","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_116_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_116_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In recent times, there has been an increase in the number of esthetic smile makeovers. As a part of these procedures, achieving a brighter smile is considered essential. The treatment options for such makeovers range from simple bleaching to complex restorations. Bleaching, a conservative and straightforward method to manage discolored teeth, has become popular. Therefore, vital bleaching has gained immense popularity. To evaluate and compare the color changes on human enamel bleached with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, containing pineapple extract as an additive, and determine the bromelain content in pineapple, by reversed-phase ‑ HPLC method. Material and Methods: Twenty permanent single-rooted artificially stained maxillary anterior teeth were decoronated at CEJ, the crown component was divided into two vertical halves, further divided into four groups containing 10 samples each and bleached accordingly. Group I (A) 15% H2O2 only, Group I (B) 2 mL of pineapple extract and 28 mL of 15% H2O2. Group II (A) 25% H2O2 only and Group II (B) 2 mL of pineapple extract and 28 mL of 25% H2O2. The samples were checked for color change with the help of a reflectance spectrophotometer. RP-HPLC method was used to find the proportion of bromelain in pineapple extract. Statistical analysis: carried out using one-way ANOVA for comparison between two groups and Scheffe’s post hoc test for comparison between more than two groups. “Significance level” for all statistical tests was set at P < 0.05 (significance level <5%). All these analyses were carried out using the SPSS Version 22 software. Results: Group II B showed the maximum change in color means ΔE compared to the other three groups. The mean color change ΔE between Group II A and ΔE Group I B showed no statistical difference. The mean color change ΔE of Group I A showed the least color change compared to all other groups. Group II B showed a statistically significant change in color with “P −0.001” compared to all other groups. Linearity overlay on chromatogram by RP-HPLC method showed the concentration of bromelain in pineapple extract is 64.99 mcg/mL. Conclusion: Pineapple extracts along with hydrogen peroxide showed promising results with a new gateway of success in whitening teeth.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"31 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42187351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine mouthwash and Momordica charantia, Spinacia oleracea mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., and Porphyromonas gingivalis − An in vitro study","authors":"Krishna S Kadam, Niraj S. Gokhale, S. Hugar, Neha Kohli, Suneel S. Dodamani, S. Tendulkar","doi":"10.4103/jofs.jofs_115_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_115_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Various advances have been made in pharmacology and synthetic organic chemistry, the dependency on natural products, particularly on herbs, remains relatively unchanged. Among various herbal products that are being used in dentistry, efficacy of mouthwash prepared using Momordica charantia extract and Spinacia oleracea extract on prevention of caries in children has not been researched yet. Hence, in this study the antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine mouthwash was evaluated and compared with Momordica charantia, Spinacia oleracea mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, Porphyromonas gingivalis. To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine mouthwash and Momordica charantia, Spinacia oleracea mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia and Spinacia oleracea was prepared. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these extracts were then determined against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis using resazurin method and agar plate streaking method. Herbal mouthwashes were then prepared from the extracts using MIC and MBC values and its cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assay. Antibacterial susceptibility was then determined using agar well diffusion method and time-kill assay. Results: There is no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of chlorhexidine mouthwash and Momordica charantia, Spinacia oleracea mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusion: Momordica charantia extract mouthwash and Spinacia oleracea extract mouthwash can be used as an herbal alternative as it has equal antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Porphyromonas gingivalis as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.","PeriodicalId":16651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Orofacial Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"76 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42291078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}