Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Mucormycosis in COVID-19 Pandemic: Study Involving Tertiary Hospitals in Aurangabad District, India","authors":"P. Muley, H. Gupta, Abha Gupta","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i1277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i1277","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: An abrupt increase in the mucormycosis patients in india during the COVID 19 pandemic was observed. A collective study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals in Aurangabad. \u0000Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in Aurangabad (Maharashtra), in association with the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), oralcare.co.in and SNDH Hospital, Aurangabad. Data was collected by AMC from 3 major tertiary hospitals present in Aurangabad where treatment of Mucormycosis was done from May 2021 to July 2021. The data of total 135 patients with Mucormycosis was received by the AMC were included in the study. It included demographics of the patients, medical and clinical history, history of COVID 19, treatment of COVID 19, type of Mucormycosis, treatment and outcomes of Mucormycosis. \u0000Results: In the present study, 74.7% of Mucormycosis patients were males. 77.4% of Mucormycosis patients were above 50 years of age. It was seen that about 67% of patients with Mucormycosis had diabetes mellitus as the most common risk factor. About 87.4% of patients had a history of COVID-19. Majority of the patients in the study population were diagnosed with the rhino-maxillary-orbital type of Mucormycosis which is 39%, followed by the rhino-cerebral type-25%. Only 1% patients showed rhiono-nasal -orbital type of Mucormycosis. 30% patients were not categorised into any type. All the patients in the study population received amphotericin B and surgical treatment. About 84.4% patients were discharged after the Mucormycosis treatment. 15.6% patients died during or after the treatment. \u0000Conclusion: Mucormycosis was predominantly seen in male above the age of 50 years, COVID-19 infection and diabetes mellitus was common risk factor for Mucormycosis.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128241659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern of Liver Function Test in Scrub Typhus Cases: A Hospital Based Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal","authors":"S. Sah, Navin Kumar Sah, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, N. Yadav, S. Marasini","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i1276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i1276","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Scrub typhus, a potentially severe but treatable infection is a major cause of acute non-malarial febrile illness in children in the rural tropics. The present study aims to explore the association between the liver function tests in the cases of scrub typhus and correlate the levels of these parameters with the severity of the scrub typhus infections, their clinical risk characteristics that may be used to forecast disease severity under routine clinical practice. \u0000Methodology: This prospective observational study, conducted at National Medical College Teaching Hospital, a tertiary care referral teaching hospital situated in province two of Nepal over a period of 7 months (November, 2021- May 2022) enrolled 75 scrub typhus cases and their liver function tests were done following standard guidelines. \u0000Results:There were deranged liver function tests in the participants. The mean Aspartate Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase, Total Bilirubin and Albumin were425.48 ± 505.56 U/L, 368.54 ± 402.22 U/L, 3.8 ± 3.1 mg/dL and 3.10 ± 0.8 g/dL, respectively. Most of the cases presented with hypoalbuminemia (66.7%), cardiac dysfunction (64%), acute kidney injury (61%) and hepatitis (60%). About 9 % of the subjects presented as multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). \u0000Conclusion: Scrub typhus cases presents with deranged liver function tests results and the values can be helpful in assessment of the disease severity and outcome.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122810558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balance and Genetic Mechanisms in the COVID-19 Process of Mutation","authors":"Alejandro Coutiño Valdovinos, Indira Vega Gaitan, B. G. Guerrero, Iracema Islas Vega, J. Vázquez, Jesús Carlos Ruvacaba Ledezma","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4275","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: SRAS-Cov-2, First found on December 2019 in Wuhan China has turned into a worldwide health care problem. The changes on genetic drift, genetic recombination, natural selection, and other mutations originated variants of medical concern because of the changes on its transmissibility, pathogenesis, or its capacity to avoid the immune system. This is mainly because of the mutations on the structural proteins as the spike protein. \u0000Objective: Describe the COVID-19 mechanisms of mutation. \u0000Methodology: A systematic review was carried out, the search for information was carried out in journals indexed in (Crossref, Google Scholar, SciELO, and in Journals indexed in SCIE, SSCI, ESCI) using keywords; COVID-19 genome, COVID-19 mutations, COVID-19 variants. \u0000Results: The main mutations among COVID-19 variants are due to the Spike protein in its N501Y and D614G forms and modifying the N-terminal domain; likewise, there are mutations in the other structural proteins M, E and N and in the ORF1a and b regions. It has been shown to be multifactorial as it is influenced to mutate by environmental factors. \u0000Conclusions: A detailed comparison was made of the main pathogenic and genetic characteristics of the variants of medical importance in the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been shown to be multifactorial as it is influenced to mutate by environmental factors. For this reason, it is important the correct execution of public health and the application of programs focused on the prevention of contagion and improvement of habits and care to avoid the evolution of the pathogenesis of the virus.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128485413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine Coverage: Resurgence of Measles Outbreak in Ghana","authors":"Abdul-Mumin Amankwa, Y. Abdulai, Kwesibea Offei, Yussif Abdul Malik, Yushawu Adankah Adam","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4274","url":null,"abstract":"Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can lead to severe complications and even death, especially in young children. Children who are not vaccinated against measles are at a higher risk of contracting the disease. In the first 5 weeks of 2023, a total of 209 suspected cases were reported in 11 districts and they were all later confirmed to be positive by laboratory investigations. The low vaccination coverage rates have contributed to the recent measles outbreak in Ghana, which has had devastating consequences on children's health. The outbreak has been linked to several factors, including low immunization coverage, poor healthcare infrastructure, and inadequate disease surveillance systems. Improving vaccination coverage and strengthening surveillance and monitoring systems are critical steps in controlling and preventing the spread of measles.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126567070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Multidrug Resistanct Bacteria in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Attending Some Hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria","authors":"Zaharaddin M. Kalgo, B. Amin, Bashir Muhammed","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4273","url":null,"abstract":"The rise in multidrug resistance is a growing public health concern among agents of respiratory tract infection, which is responsible for morbidity, mortality and costs in Africa. This study was designed to survey for multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) attending some hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty sputum samples were collected from patients with the symptoms of LRTI attending six different hospitals in Kebbi State. The samples were all screened for bacterial pathogens using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests and then confirmed using commercial biochemical test kit (MICROBACT) according to manufacturer’s instruction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were determined using disc diffusion method to detect resistant isolates as well as multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. The overall incidence of multidrug-resistant isolates in this study was 39.8%. High level of MDR was observed among Staphylococcus aureus (28.0%) and then Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.0%). MDR were also detected amongst Aeromonas hydrophila (11.6%), Pseudomanas aeruginosa (11.6.0%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.6%), Burkholderia pseudomallei (7.1%)  Escherichia coli (4.7%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (4.7%). In conclusion, MDR isolates were predominately isolated among Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics remains the risk factor for developing multidrug resistance isolates.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127291011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical Presentations of Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis in an Immunocompetent Adult: Ectopic Calcification (Aneurysm of Sinus of Valsalva) and Large Vessel (Left Subclavian Artery) Stenosis in the Background of Adrenal Insufficiency","authors":"Md Karimulla Mondal, Jemima Islam, V. Agarwal, Sumit Ghosh, Soumitra Ghosh","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4272","url":null,"abstract":"Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum and is more common in immunocompromised patients. Histoplasmosis can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic illness to severe organ dysfunctions and may need hospitalization. Histoplasmosis is a major opportunistic infection in North and Central America. Disseminated histoplasmosis is a progressive extrapulmonary infection, caused by hematogenous spread, mostly found in immunosuppressed patients. \u0000Reports of histoplasmosis in nonendemic regions are very rare. Due to the varied and nonspecific clinical manifestations of histoplasmosis, most of the infections are misdiagnosed or underreported. \u0000Here, we report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent individual from a non-endemic zone in eastern India, presented with long term fever along with ectopic calcification (Aneurysm of Sinus of Valsalva) and large vessel (left subclavian artery) stenosis in the background of adrenal insufficiency.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115330420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of Third Generation Tetracyclines: New Magic Bullets to Tackle Antibiotic Resistance in the Post-antibiotic Era","authors":"Pranitha Jetty, Soni Gaddam, S. Padi","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i4271","url":null,"abstract":"Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against a wide variety of microorganisms including bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and protozoan parasites. Owing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and inexpensiveness, tetracyclines have been used extensively in both human and animal infections and in animal feed as growth promoters. Owing to this, the global prevalence of antibiotic resistance, particularly of tetracyclines, for Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Gram-negative extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species is high. Indeed, the acquisition of tetracycline-specific resistance genes, mutations within the ribosomal binding site, and/or chromosomal mutations lead to both class-specific and intrinsic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms. As drug resistance increases globally, rendering diseases difficult to manage and eventually to mortality, antibiotics are becoming progressively less effective. Therefore, the discovery and development of novel antibiotics with appropriate indications is of the utmost importance. Among all antibiotics, the tetracyclines have acquired much attention due to the optimization of their chemical structures that paved the way to develop and introduce modern tetracyclines, referred to as third generation, namely tigecycline in the recent past, followed by omadacycline, eravacycline, and sarecycline very recently. Intriguingly, these novel tetracyclines are unique in two ways, first, these are highly effective against pathogens that acquired tetracycline-class resistance, and second, these agents exhibit either narrow or broad spectrum of in vitro activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, anaerobic, and atypical pathogens, including many drug-resistant strains lead to approval for limited use and unique indications. These beneficial effects represent a new era in the rational use of newer tetracyclines, the new magic bullets to tackle AMR in the post-antibiotic era. The present review focuses on third-generation tetracyclines emphasizing their safety, efficacy, and therapeutic choices in various clinical conditions of in-patient and out-patient settings.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129674124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection, Inflammation, Venous Thromboembolism: A Co-existence","authors":"Kavita Chaudhry, G. Kaur, Sujata Thapa, S. Shaina, Mitakshara Chawla","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i3270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i3270","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Venous thromboembolism is a state of hypercoaguability occurring due to various risk factors causing a prothrombotic state. In this case series, 3 cases are discussed where patients presented as DVT revealing underlying infection later on during the progression of it’s course. \u0000Place of Study: Department of Medicine, ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi and VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital. \u0000Case Series: Case Series – In Case 1, a 25 year old male presented with DVT and was started on anticoagulants. While other risk factors were ruled out, further investigations then were suggestive of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. In Case 2, a 17 year old female with a lower limb swelling suggestive of DVT, with loose stools was found to be positive for Clostridium Difficile infection. In Case 3, a 14 year old boy presenting with a knee swelling with synovitis positive for Staphylococcus aureus also revealed popliteal vein thrombosis. \u0000Discussion: Infections cause a systemic inflammatory response causing increased procoagulant factors, endothelial damage further causing Venous thrombosis. \u0000Conclusion: In patients presenting with venous thromboembolism, infections, systemic or local should be ruled out along with all the known risk factors.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115049974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogens Enter Mosquito’s Salivary Glands through the Existing Lesions in their Organs: A Potential Transmission Mechanism for Infectious Diseases","authors":"Jiman He","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i3269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i3269","url":null,"abstract":"Whether pathogens in the ingested blood meal can enter the salivary glands of mosquitoes is a decisive factor in disease transmission. Unlike the known mosquito-borne pathogens (e.g. ZIKA, dengue, etc.), most human pathogens cannot enter the salivary glands of mosquitoes, and their survival time inside mosquito is usually short. Studies have reported that some mosquito species infected with certain mosquito-borne pathogens developed lesions in organs (e.g. holes in the midgut). Therefore, some of the pathogens which cannot enter the salivary glands of mosquitoes on their own (PWCESGMTO) may quickly enter using the existing lesions in the organs. This highly plausible issue has been neglected in research, and may involve the transmission of many infectious diseases. Since PWCESGMTOes can usually survive inside mosquitoes for only short period, successful transmission occurs only if mosquitoes bite a non-infected person before the ingested pathogens die. Therefore, the infected people should usually be in close proximity. The present paper discusses the neglected issue and the puzzling correlation between mosquitoes and three example diseases, and calls for urgent research into the issue.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133956731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak Investigation: First Ten COVID – 19 Infection Related Deaths in Hodeidah, Yemen","authors":"Mohammed Amood AL Kamarany, Isra'a Al-Masrafi, Abdullah Bin Ghouth, Khalid Suhail, Ahmed Majam, Abdullah Zuhairy, Elham Alabsi","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i3268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v13i3268","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Many acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) related deaths were reported in Yemen. The question is about what risk factors contribute to this excess death. Hodeidah governorate in the Western part of Yemen is exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic like other governorates in Yemen, adding to the current chronic problems. No study till now documented the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic process in Hodeidah, Yemen, especially deaths.
 Objective: The aim of this short report is to explore more data about the first ten SARS-CoV-2-related deaths in Hodeidah. Yemen. 
 Methods: An outbreak investigation was carried out directly with patients before death and their families based on world health organization (WHO) guideline and Center for Disease Control and Prevention -US (CDC-US) guideline. On the other hand, the medical reports of patients were investigated in the triage area of the Center of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (CTMID), AL-Thawrah Public Hospital Authority, Hodeidah, Yemen from 24th to 31st May 2020.
 Results: The first ten death patients at the same time were investigated, the age ranging from 25-65 years with a median age of 57 years, seven deaths (70%) were at age over 50 years while males are more exposed to deaths (eight cases; 80%). The deaths are more in residents of urban (eight cases; 80%) than in rural areas (20%). Co-infections with other communicable diseases were reported in 3 dead patients (30%); tuberculosis, dengue, and hepatitis B (HVB). While six died patients (60%) had non-communicable diseases namely diabetes mellitus, heart disease, hypertension, chronic asthma, and chronic renal failure uncontrolled. One death (10%) of medication error in the private sector (non–isolation center facilities ; sub-standard management)
 Conclusion: Old age and co-morbidity with non-communicable diseases may be contributing factors to excess deaths among SARS-CoV-2 patients. Co-infections with other infections like dengue is of high concern in Hodeidah, Yemen. The post-epidemiological investigation, the control and prevention measures were implemented by local authorities in collaboration with the private sector and non-governmental organizations namely re-habitation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation centers to reduce the mortality rate, also different practices and knowledge to reduce the morbidity rate.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135692546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}