Journal of Obesity最新文献

{"title":"Change and Stability in Sibling Resemblance in Obesity Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health.","authors":"Sara Pereira,&nbsp;Peter T Katzmarzyk,&nbsp;Donald Hedeker,&nbsp;José Maia","doi":"10.1155/2019/2432131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2432131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Obesity markers evolve over time and these changes are shared within the family orbit and governed by individual and environmental characteristics. Available reports often lack an integrated approach, in contrast to a multilevel framework that considers their concurrent influence. Hence, this study aims to (1) describe mean changes in obesity markers (body fat (%BF), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC)) across sib-ships; (2) analyze tracking of individuals within their sib-ship in these markers during 2 years of follow-up; (3) probe consistency in sibling resemblance in these markers; and (4) analyze the joint influence of individual and familial characteristics in these markers.</p><p><strong>Subjects/methods: </strong>The sample comprises 168 biological Portuguese siblings (brother-brother (BB), sister-sister (SS), and brother-sister (BS)) aged 9-17 years. %BF, BMI, and WC were measured using standardized protocols, and biological maturation was assessed. Physical activity, diet, screen time, and familial characteristics were obtained by questionnaires. Multilevel models were used to analyze the clustered longitudinal data. Sibling resemblance was estimated with the intraclass correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, all sib types increased in BMI and WC over 2 years of follow-up, and SS pairs increased in %BF. Individuals within sib-ships track high in all obesity markers across time. Consistency in siblings' resemblance was also noted, except for BB pairs in %BF which decreased at follow-up. More maturing siblings tend to have higher values in all markers. Greater screen time was associated with higher %BF, whereas those consuming more sugary drinks had lower %BF and BMI values. Siblings whose mothers had less qualified occupations tended to have lower BMI values.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Longitudinal individual tracking and sibling resemblance for obesity markers were found. Yet, different trajectories were also identified depending on the marker and sib type. Individual and familial characteristics exert different influences on each obesity marker.</p>","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":"2019 ","pages":"2432131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/2432131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37449392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of Longitudinal Assessment of Visceral Adipose Tissue by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Children with Obesity","authors":"K. Dias, Joyce S. Ramos, M. Wallen, P. Davies, P. Cain, G. Leong, C. Ingul, J. Coombes, S. Keating","doi":"10.1155/2019/2193723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2193723","url":null,"abstract":"Background Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Accurate quantification of VAT is available through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which incurs a significant financial and time burden. We aimed to assess the accuracy of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry- (DXA-) derived VAT (DXA-VAT) against a gold standard MRI protocol (MRI-VAT) in children with normal weight and obesity cross-sectionally, and over the course of a lifestyle intervention. Methodology MRI-VAT and DXA-VAT were quantified in 61 children (30 normal weight and 31 with obesity) at baseline. Children with obesity entered a three-month exercise and/or nutrition intervention after which VAT was reassessed. MRI- and DXA-VAT cross-sectional area, volume, and mass were quantified, and associations were calculated at baseline (n = 61) and pre-post intervention (n = 28, 3 participants dropped out). Method agreement was assessed through Bland–Altman analysis, linear regression, and Passing–Bablok regression. Results At baseline, all DXA- and MRI-VAT outcomes were strongly associated (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). However, there were no significant associations between absolute or relative change in DXA- and MRI-VAT outcomes (r = 0.25–0.36, P > 0.05). DXA significantly overestimated VAT CSA (cross-sectional area), volume, and mass when compared with MRI (P < 0.001) at baseline. Significant proportional bias was observed for all DXA-VAT outcomes at baseline and for relative longitudinal changes in DXA-VAT. Conclusions Although DXA-VAT outcomes were strongly associated with MRI-VAT outcomes at baseline, estimates were subject to proportional bias in children with obesity and normal weight. DXA lacks validity for detecting changes in VAT among children with obesity. This trial is registered with NCT01991106.","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/2193723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46102602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Circulating BDNF in relation to Sex, Diet, and Exercise: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Study in Overweight and Obese Participants","authors":"M. Glud, T. Christiansen, L. Larsen, B. Richelsen, J. Bruun","doi":"10.1155/2019/4537274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4537274","url":null,"abstract":"Circulating BDNF is higher in women than in men and suggested to be affected by changes in food intake, body weight, and exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare BDNF concentrations in women and men during a 12-week weight loss intervention. Using a previously published 12-week randomized study, serum BDNF was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Fifty overweight or obese but healthy individuals (26 women, mean age of 36.4 ± 7.9 years; 24 men, mean age of 38.0 ± 5.9 years) were included and allocated into three groups: exercise-only (EXO; 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and isocaloric diet), diet-only (DIO; 8 weeks of very low energy diet (VLED 600 kcal/day) followed by a 4-week weight maintenance diet), or diet and exercise (DEX; 12 weeks of aerobic exercise in parallel with 8 weeks of VLED (800 kcal/day) followed by a 4-week weight maintenance diet). At baseline, BDNF levels were 25% higher in women compared to men (p=0.006). Body weight was reduced in all intervention groups (p < 0.006). Exercise (EXO group) induced a 22% reduction in circulating BDNF in men (p=0.037) and women (p=0.080). In the DIO and DEX groups, a significant reduction in BDNF levels (29.9%; p=0.035 and 32.5%; p=0.003, respectively) was observed in women but not in men. In conclusion, circulating BDNF was significantly changed by diet alone or combined with exercise in women and only by exercise alone in men. This suggests that changes in circulating BDNF depend on weight loss methods (diet/exercise) as well as sex.","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/4537274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48631669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-Insecure Women Eat a Less Diverse Diet in a More Temporally Variable Way: Evidence from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-4","authors":"D. Nettle, M. Bateson","doi":"10.1155/2019/7174058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7174058","url":null,"abstract":"Food insecurity is associated with high body weight amongst women, but not men, in high-income countries. Previous research using food recalls suggests that the total energy intake of food-insecure women is not elevated, though macronutrient composition may differ from that of food-secure women. There is limited evidence on temporal patterns of food consumption. Here, we used food recalls from women in the 2013-4 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n = 2798) to characterise temporal patterns of food consumption in relation to food insecurity. Compared to the food-secure, food-insecure women had more variable time gaps between eating; ate a smaller and less variable number of distinct foods at a time; were more variable from day to day in their time of first consumption; were more variable from day to day in the number of times they ate; and consumed relatively more carbohydrate, less protein, and less fibre. However, their overall energy intake was no higher. Food-insecure women had higher BMIs (2.25 kg/m2), and around 15% of the BMI difference between food-insecure and food-secure women was accounted for by their more variable time gaps between eating, their lower diversity of foods, and their lower fibre consumption. Food insecurity is associated with measureable differences in the temporal pattern of food consumption, and some of these differences shed light on how food-insecure women come to have higher body weights.","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/7174058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46985842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Nonnutritive Sweeteners Obesogenic? Associations between Diet, Faecal Microbiota, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Morbidly Obese Subjects","authors":"P. Farup, S. Lydersen, J. Valeur","doi":"10.1155/2019/4608315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4608315","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity has been associated with changes in the gut microbiota and its metabolites. The study explored changes in the faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) associated with the diet (including nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs)) and evaluated metabolic consequences in subjects with morbid obesity. The diet was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. One unit of NNSs was 100 mL beverage with NNSs or 2 tablets/teaspoons of NNSs. The faecal microbiota was assessed with GA-map® dysbiosis test and SCFA with gas chromatography and flame ionisation detection. Fourteen men and 75 women with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 8.7) years, BMI 41.8 (SD 3.6) kg/m2, and intake of NNSs 7.5 units/day (SD 3.2; range 0–43) were included. Faecal butyric acid was positively and negatively associated with the intake of starch (partial correlation = 0.264; p=0.015) and NNSs (partial correlation = −0.274; p=0.011), respectively. NNSs were associated with changes in four out of 39 bacterial groups. Butyric acid has antiobesogenic effects, reduces insulin resistance, and improves dyslipidaemia. Since the weight-reducing effect of NNSs on obese adults trying to lose weight is dubious, it seems imprudent to use NNSs that might counteract the favourable effects of butyric acid.","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/4608315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48119181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Obesity and Cardiac Cachexia: Is There a Pathophysiological Link?","authors":"K. Selthofer-Relatić, Aleksandar Kibel, Diana Delić-Brkljačić, I. Bošnjak","doi":"10.1155/2019/9854085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9854085","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is a risk factor for cardiometabolic and vascular diseases like arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidaemia, and atherosclerosis. A special role in obesity-related syndromes is played by cardiac visceral obesity, which includes epicardial adipose tissue and intramyocardial fat, leading to cardiac steatosis; hypertensive heart disease; atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary artery disease; and ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac microcirculatory dysfunction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac expression of these changes in any given patient is unique and multimodal, varying in clinical settings and level of expressed changes, with heart failure development depending on pathophysiological mechanisms with preserved, midrange, or reduced ejection fraction. Progressive heart failure with misbalanced metabolic and catabolic processes will change muscle, bone, and fat mass and function, with possible changes in the cardiac fat state from excessive accumulation to reduction and cardiac cachexia with a worse prognosis. The question we address is whether cardiac obesity or cardiac cachexia is to be more feared.","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/9854085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43083732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Abilities of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Abdominal Volume Index, Body Adiposity Index, and Conicity Index as Predictive Screening Tools for Metabolic Syndrome among Apparently Healthy Ghanaian Adults","authors":"L. Quaye, W. Owiredu, N. Amidu, P. Dapare, Yussif Adams","doi":"10.1155/2019/8143179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8143179","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues to increase. There is therefore the need for early detection to avert possible adverse outcomes. Several anthropometric methods have been suggested to predict MetS, but no consensus has been reached on which is best. The aim of the study was to explore the comparative abilities of conicity index, body adiposity index, abdominal volume index, body mass index, and waist circumference in predicting cardiometabolic risk among apparently healthy adults in the Tamale metropolis. This study was a cross sectional study conducted from September 2017 to January 2018, among one hundred sixty (160) apparently healthy normoglycemic normotensive adults. A self-designed questionnaire was administered to gather sociodemographic data. Anthropometric and haemodynamic measurements were also taken. Blood samples were collected for fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profile. MetS was classified using the harmonised criteria as indicated by the joint interim statement (JIS). Of 160 participants, 42.5% were male and 57.5% were female. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) associated better with MetS and other cardiovascular risk factors. Generally, BMI and WC showed largest area under curves (AUCs) than abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), and conicity index (CI) in predicting MetS and its components. Upon gender stratification, AVI and CI had the larger AUCs in females whiles BMI remained the superior index in males. Whiles BMI and WC remained useful parameters, they were not useful in predicting MetS and its components in the female population in this study.","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/8143179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49124368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Life before and after Sleeve Gastrectomy in Lebanese Population.","authors":"Marwan Alkassis,&nbsp;Fady Gh Haddad,&nbsp;Joseph Gharios,&nbsp;Roger Noun,&nbsp;Ghassan Chakhtoura","doi":"10.1155/2019/1952538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1952538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Obesity is increasing worldwide and in Lebanon with a negative impact on the quality of life. The primary objective of this study is to measure the quality of life in obese subjects before and after bariatric surgery, depending on age, sex, and degree of weight loss. A secondary objective is to determine the impact of bariatric surgery on comorbidities associated with obesity.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² between August 2016 and April 2017 were included. Participants completed the Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II (MA II) prior to operation and one year after. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS statistics version 20.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>75 patients participated in the study. The majority were women (75%), and the mean age was 36.3 years. The mean weight loss was 36.57 kg (16-76). Initially, the total MA II score was -0.33 ± 0.93. Postoperatively, it increased to 1.68 ± 0.62 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). All MA II parameters improved after surgery (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), but this improvement was independent of age and sex. Improvement in self-esteem, physical activity, work performance, and sexual pleasure was influenced by the degree of weight loss (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). All comorbidities associated with obesity regressed significantly after sleeve gastrectomy (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with the exception of gastroesophageal reflux and varicose veins of the lower limbs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sleeve gastrectomy improves quality of life and allows reduction of comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":"2019 ","pages":"1952538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/1952538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41203642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates of Overweight in Children and Adolescents Living at Different Altitudes: The Peruvian Health and Optimist Growth Study.","authors":"Carla Santos,&nbsp;Alcibíades Bustamante,&nbsp;Donald Hedeker,&nbsp;Olga Vasconcelos,&nbsp;Rui Garganta,&nbsp;Peter T Katzmarzyk,&nbsp;José Maia","doi":"10.1155/2019/2631713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2631713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Overweight prevalence in children and adolescents shows great variability which is related to individual-level and environmental-level factors. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with overweight in Peruvian children and adolescents living at different altitudes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>8568 subjects, aged 6-16 y, from the sea level, Amazon, and high-altitude regions were sampled. Overweight was identified using BMI; biological maturation and physical fitness were measured; school characteristics were assessed via an objective audit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overweight prevalence decreased with age (28.3% at 6 y to 13.9% at 16 y); it was higher in girls (21.7%) than boys (19.8%) and was higher at the sea level (41.3%), compared with Amazon (18.8%) and high-altitude (6.3%) regions. Approximately 79% of the variance in overweight was explained by child-level characteristics. In Model 1, all child-level predictors were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001); in Model 2, six out of nine added school-level predictors (number of students, existence of policies and practices for physical activity, multisports-roofed, duration of Physical Education classes, and extracurricular activities) were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001); in Model 3, subjects living at high altitudes were less likely to be overweight than those living at the sea level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Child- and school-level variables played important roles in explaining overweight variation. This information should be taken into account when designing more efficient strategies to combat the overweight and obesity epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":"2019 ","pages":"2631713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/2631713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41203641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of Pension Income with the Incidence of Type I Obesity among Retired Israelis.","authors":"Yuval Arbel,&nbsp;Chaim Fialkoff,&nbsp;Amichai Kerner","doi":"10.1155/2019/5101867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5101867","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Previous studies have identified obesity and overweight as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. The objective of the current study is to investigate gender differences and the impact of wealth and income from pensions, sociodemographic variables, and self-assessment of health conditions on the projected probability to become obese in the postretirement age (67 years and older). We are unaware of previous studies, which explored the direct relationship between obesity, monetary income from pensions, wealth, and self-assessment of health conditions. To conduct this research, we make use of an extensive questionnaire concerning the economic and sociodemographic features and health and housing conditions of individuals administered within the framework of the 2015-2016 longitudinal survey conducted by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The survey is representative of the Israeli population and also includes information regarding the weight, height, gender, and age of each household member. Results of our study demonstrate that while for the female respondents older than 67, the projected probability of type I obesity (BMI ≥ 30) &lt;i&gt;drops&lt;/i&gt; by 0.41% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0021) to 0.52% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0001) with an incremental 10,000 NIS (about $2,500) rise of gross annual income from a pension, for the male respondents above 67 years, the projected probability remains unchanged (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.4225). This outcome remains robust even when the 2015 BMI measurement of type I obesity (BMI ≥ 30) is controlled. This drop among women attenuates with a cutoff point increase from BMI ≥ 25 (overweight) to BMI ≥ 30 (type I obesity) to BMI ≥ 35 (type II obesity). Further results indicate that for both genders above 67 years and for men above 62 years, the projected BMI drop of one year &lt;i&gt;decreases&lt;/i&gt; with income from a pension (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.013, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.039, and &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.007, respectively), although the spread around the projection becomes wider. Compared with other martial status categories, for widowed females, the projected probability of obesity and self-reporting on improved health conditions &lt;i&gt;drops&lt;/i&gt; by 6.58% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0419) to 11.28% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0048) and 6.55% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0190) to 7.47% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0036), respectively. For females older than 67, family status divorced &lt;i&gt;drops&lt;/i&gt; the projected probability of obesity by 9.25% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0319). For males older than 67, results show a &lt;i&gt;rise&lt;/i&gt; in projected obesity with car ownership by 6.10% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0897) to 6.41% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0469) and a &lt;i&gt;drop&lt;/i&gt; in projected obesity with academic degree status by 9.93% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0106) to 10.14% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0118) and immigration status from American-European countries by 7.67% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0821) to 8.99% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0398) and Asian-African countries by 11.63% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0245) to 11.99% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.02). Research findings stress the differences and similarities in male-female patterns of obesity after the retirement age of 67 years a","PeriodicalId":16628,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Obesity","volume":"2019 ","pages":"5101867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/5101867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41203643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}