{"title":"Entropy-metric for systems with COTS software","authors":"N. Chapin","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011336","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software components, component-based software, reused software, and object-oriented software come from diverse sources and have varied characteristics, but can be integrated to form software systems. The L-metric, a metric with a very strong validation from its foundation in information theory, can measure the complexity of the interaction of such components. This paper briefly reviews some message basics and presents the L-metric. The author looks at the four factors of the sensitivity of L-metric: 1) the amount of components such as COTS software incorporated in the system; 2) the choice of maintainer; 3) the extent of the customization of (COTS) components such as by wrappers and in-component changes; and 4) the effects of technology changes. In summary, the sensitivity of the L-metric can help in assessing in the face of software modification, the changes in system complexity affecting the maintainability for systems with component software such as COTS.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121075809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimating software project effort by analogy based on linguistic values","authors":"A. Idri, A. Abran, T. Khoshgoftaar","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011322","url":null,"abstract":"Estimation models in software engineering are used to predict some important attributes of future entities such as software development effort, software reliability and programmers' productivity. Among these models, those estimating software effort have motivated considerable research in recent years. The prediction procedure used by these software-effort models can be based on a mathematical function or other techniques such as analogy based reasoning, neural networks, regression trees, and rule induction models. Estimation by analogy is one of the most attractive techniques in the software effort estimation field. However, the procedure used in estimation by analogy is not yet able to handle correctly linguistic values (categorical data) such as 'very low', 'low' and 'high'. We propose a new approach based on reasoning by analogy, fuzzy logic and linguistic quantifiers to estimate software project effort when it is described either by numerical or linguistic values; this approach is referred to as Fuzzy Analogy. This paper also presents an empirical validation of our approach based on the COCOMO'81 dataset.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115604860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Program risk definition via linear programming techniques","authors":"M. Pighin, V. Podgorelec, P. Kokol","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011338","url":null,"abstract":"The paper defines an innovative experimental metric which operates on a series of structural parameters of programs: by applying linear programming techniques on these parameters it is possible to define a measurement which can predict the risk level of a program. The new proposed model represents the software modules as points in a dimensional space (every dimension is one of the structural attributes for each module). Starting from this model the problem to find-out the more dangerous files is brought-back to the problem to separate two sets. The classification procedure is divided in two steps: the learning phase which is used to tune the model on the specified environment, and the effective selection which is the real measure. Our engine was built using the MSM-T method (multisurface method tree), a greedy algorithm which iteratively divides the space in polyhedral regions till it reaches a void set. It is thus possible to divide the n-dimensional space and find out the risk-regions of the space which represent the dangerous modules. All the process was tested in an industrial application, to validate experimentally the soundness of the methodology.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129662249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasushi Ueda, Toshihiro Kamiya, S. Kusumoto, Katsuro Inoue
{"title":"Gemini: maintenance support environment based on code clone analysis","authors":"Yasushi Ueda, Toshihiro Kamiya, S. Kusumoto, Katsuro Inoue","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011326","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining software systems is becoming a more complex and difficult task, as the scale becomes larger. It is generally said that code cloning is one of the factors that make software maintenance difficult. A code clone is a code portion in source files that is identical or similar to another. If some faults are found in a code clone, it is necessary to correct the faults in its all code clones. However for large scale software, it is very difficult to correct them completely. We develop a maintenance support environment, called Gemini, which visualizes the code clone information from a code clone detection tool, CCFinder. Using Gemini, we can specify a set of distinctive code clones through the GUI (scatter plot and metrics graph about code clones), and refer the fragments of source code corresponding to the clone on the plot or graph.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134575226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Wohlin, A. Aurum, H. Petersson, F. Shull, M. Ciolkowski
{"title":"Software inspection benchmarking-a qualitative and quantitative comparative opportunity","authors":"C. Wohlin, A. Aurum, H. Petersson, F. Shull, M. Ciolkowski","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011331","url":null,"abstract":"Software inspections are commonly used throughout the software industry, but there are still open questions about the relationship between inspection processes and inspection effectiveness. For example, which techniques work best in various environments? Are requirements specifications inspections and code inspections different in terms of effectiveness? What is the effectiveness in inspections for different group sizes? Benchmarking provides an opportunity to address such issues. This paper discusses how benchmarking may be applied for software inspections. The discussion is illustrated with an empirical study. It is shown how the data can be used to plan and manage software inspections. It is concluded that software inspections are well suited for benchmarking and that software practitioners as well as researchers can learn valuable lessons.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127635188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating the influence of inspector capability factors with four inspection techniques on inspection performance","authors":"S. Biffl, M. Halling","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011330","url":null,"abstract":"We report on a controlled experiment with over 170 student subjects to investigate the influence of inspection process, i.e., the defect detection technique applied, and inspector capability factors on the effectiveness and efficiency of inspections on individual and team level. The inspector capability factors include measures on the inspector's experience, as well as a pre-test with a mini-inspection. We use sampling to quantify the gain of defects detected from selecting the best inspectors according to the pre-test results compared to the performance of an average team of inspectors. Main findings are that inspector development and quality assurance capability and experience factors do not significantly distinguish inspector groups with different inspection performance. On the other hand the mini-inspection pre-test has considerable correlation to later inspection performance. The sampling of teams shows that selecting inspectors according to the mini-inspection pretest considerably improves average inspection effectiveness by up to one third.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115479766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Dao, M. Huchard, T. Libourel, Cyril Roume, Hervé Leblanc
{"title":"A new approach to factorization - introducing metrics","authors":"M. Dao, M. Huchard, T. Libourel, Cyril Roume, Hervé Leblanc","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011341","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of object-oriented component development, software quality criteria are increasingly relevant. This proposal introduces software metrics based on a qualitative factorization criterion. Our approach takes into account the notion of a generic feature, which is a set of features that are semantically connected and partially ordered by specialization. These metrics help designers to evaluate the quality of a hierarchy H in reference to another maximally factorized organization of H by construction of the Galois sub-hierarchy associated with H. We present and discuss our preliminary experimental results. This work is part of MACAO (Mode/spl acute/lisation et Audit de Composants A Objets), a joint project of France Telecom, SOFTEAM and LIRMM (Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microe/spl acute/lectronique), supported by the French Department of Research and Industry (RNTL).","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126952286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tree-based software quality estimation models for fault prediction","authors":"T. Khoshgoftaar, Naeem Seliya","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011339","url":null,"abstract":"Complex high-assurance software systems depend highly on reliability of their underlying software applications. Early identification of high-risk modules can assist in directing quality enhancement efforts to modules that are likely to have a high number of faults. Regression tree models are simple and effective as software quality prediction models, and timely predictions from such models can be used to achieve high software reliability. This paper presents a case study from our comprehensive evaluation (with several large case studies) of currently available regression tree algorithms for software fault prediction. These are, CART-LS (least squares), S-PLUS, and CART-LAD (least absolute deviation). The case study presented comprises of software design metrics collected from a large network telecommunications system consisting of almost 13 million lines of code. Tree models using design metrics are built to predict the number of faults in modules. The algorithms are also compared based on the structure and complexity of their tree models. Performance metrics, average absolute and average relative errors are used to evaluate fault prediction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120958751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experience from replicating empirical studies on prediction models","authors":"M. C. Ohlsson, P. Runeson","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011340","url":null,"abstract":"When conducting empirical studies, replications are important contributors to investigating the generality of the studies. By replicating a study in another context, we investigate what impact the specific environment has, related to the effect of the studied object. In this paper, we define different levels of replication to characterise the similarities and differences between an original study and a replication, with particular focus on prediction models for the identification of fault-prone software components. Further, we derive a set of issues and concerns which are important in order to enable replication of an empirical study and to enable practitioners to use the results. To illustrate the importance of the issues raised, a replication case study is presented in the domain of prediction models for fault-prone software components. It is concluded that the results are very divergent, depending on how different parameters are chosen, which demonstrates the need for well-documented empirical studies to enable replication and use.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"556 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121083803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How valuable is company-specific data compared to multi-company data for software cost estimation?","authors":"I. Wieczorek, M. Ruhe","doi":"10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/METRIC.2002.1011342","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the pertinent question whether multi-organizational data is valuable for software project cost estimation. Local, company-specific data is widely believed to provide a better basis for accurate estimates. On the other hand, multi-organizational databases provide an opportunity for fast data accumulation and shared. information benefits. Therefore, this paper trades off the potential advantages and drawbacks of using local data as compared to multi-organizational data. Motivated by the results from previous investigations, we further analyzed a large cost database from Finland that collects standard cost factors and includes information on six individual companies. Each of these companies provided data for more than ten projects. This information was used to compare the accuracy between company-specific (local) and company-external (global) cost models. They show that company-specific models seem not to yield better results than the company external models. Our results are based on applying two standard statistical estimation methods (OLS-regression, analysis of variance) and analogy-based estimation.","PeriodicalId":165815,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Eighth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123731153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}