Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport最新文献

{"title":"Biofuels of first and second generation","authors":"E. Rostek","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1217259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217259","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future rearrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The biofuels produced from the renewable resources could help to minimize the fossil fuel burning and CO2 production. Biofuels produced from biomass such as plants or organic waste could help to reduce both the world’s dependence on oil and CO2 production. These biofuels have the potential to cut CO2 emission because the plants they are made from use CO2 as they grow. Biofuels and bio products produced from plant biomass would mitigate global warming. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. The article presents the basic processes of converting liquid and gaseous biofuels and second-generation.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129073371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY THE USE OF INFRARED TECHNIQUES IN AVIATION – TESTING STRUCTURES AND AVIATION PARTS","authors":"A. Sobieszek","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1217286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217286","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the use of infrared thermography in aviation. Each of the described applications has been proved experimentally and revealed the advantages and disadvantages of the thermography method. Thermography is a discipline of research that allows observation of many phenomena, e.g. simple temperature analysis, defectoscopic tests and actions of aerodynamic. Its use in aviation is multidirectional therefore; thermography is an attractive method for research. Thermal techniques seem simple; however require extensive knowledge of infrared radiation, the areas in which this technique is used, the influence of camera parameters on its capabilities and software knowledge applied depending on the purpose. This paper undertakes the verification of temperature analysis method, which is based on the tests of whole machine assembly and its parts during their operation widely known as passive thermography. Another raised issue is defectoscopic study which aim is to detect structural defects by non-destructive testing (NDT) active thermography. Several types of sandwich and composite materials were selected, and on the basis of the test results the limitations and possibilities of thermography in the field of active thermography were concluded. The last application considered in this study is the use of thermography for aerodynamic testing, i.e. verification transition point, laminar to turbulent layer on the aerodynamic profile.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127699652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESTIMATING ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS RESULTING FROM THE JUSTIFICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT IN POLAND","authors":"W. Gis, E. Menes, J. Waśkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1217448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217448","url":null,"abstract":"Taking into account the depletion of crude oil resources, as well as progressive climate changes, requires both in the short and the long term a radical restructuring of the EU’s transport system. Among the measures designed to ensure attaining objectives of transport policy there are, among the others, proposals such as: gradual phasing-out of the conventionally-powered cars from the cities by the 2050 and transferring in the same time horizon, 50% of passenger transport over medium distances and the freight one over long distances, from the roads over to other modes of transport. New technologies for vehicles and traffic management will be the key to decreasing pollutants emissions form transport. The method of estimating environmental benefits resulting from the expected development of hydrogen technology in the road transport in Poland. The results of the adopted scenario of the expert forecast by the 2050 of the development of the fleet of cars equipped with hydrogen supplied fuel cells diving along the Polish roads, forecasts of the mileages of these vehicles. Predicted consumption of petroleum originated fuels by the vehicles being replaced by electric vehicles equipped with fuel cells. Estimating the emissions of pollutants by the said car fleet. The costs not incurred, related to the air pollution by gases and dust emitted from combustion engines of cars and buses as a result of the development of hydrogen technology in Poland in the selected forecast years, calculated based on the rates in force in Poland. These costs estimated based on the indicators published by the European Commission.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115412299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of passenger streams and service quality of an urban transport company","authors":"K. Markowska","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1217244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217244","url":null,"abstract":"Passenger transport companies increasingly aim to implement passenger transport services of improved efficiency and effectiveness by raising the comfort of travel and ensuring passenger satisfaction by increasing quality of their service. The comfort of the journey is seen as security, punctuality, efficiency and friendly passenger service. The analysis and evaluation of the quality of passenger transport services allow to specify the time of travel, comfort, punctuality, availability of public transport links and the costs of transport services provided. The passenger streams and assessment of the urban transport services quality covered by this study allow for indication of problems in the researched area and suggestion of improvements in the transport services. The development of urban transport is subject to the increasing number of population, expansion of cities and constant technical progress. Expansion of cities and large number of citizens are closely linked to the urban transport allowing for the citizens’ mobility by various means of public transport. Carriage operations are repeatedly grouped according to travel direction, scale of demand for transport, the scope and length of the carriage, stability of transport needs or required transport speed.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"2010 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129138048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test bench and simulation research on hydrodynamic torque converter for different input signals","authors":"M. Woźniak, K. Siczek, Z. Pawelski","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1217304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217304","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the experimental research and simulating results of a ZM130 hydrodynamic torque converter under steady and unsteady working conditions with an external step signal and sinus on turbine’s shaft on a modified test bench. The mathematical model of torque converter was described by the one-dimensional flow theory with variable loss coefficients. The character of received equations from test bend showed by linearized transmittance functions with variable coefficients. For test bend object identification researches will be used an Identification Toolbox from a mathematical code in Matlab, which enables to create transfer functions as a linear model from measurements data as they got the highest correctness level with input signal (as they get the best correction level with input signal on the pump ́s shaft). This mathematical model for dynamic loads will be verified by experimental tests. The aim of the carried out studies was determination the effect of sampling time decreasing on the quality of measured parameters. Results of present investigations were compared with those obtained earlier, but for the same input signals .It is possible to affirm that proposed theoretical model imitates the change of dynamic parameters, and the same the property of the torque converter. Researches led on the test bend with extortion input torque sinus signal on the turbine’s shaft confirmed correctness of this model.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"82 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115736236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental research on the dynamic loads in military vehicles","authors":"P. Rybak, W. Borkowski, J. Wysocki","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1217272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217272","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129678883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF THE DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING ON JET FUEL","authors":"S. Slavinskas, Valentina Vilutien, J. Žemaitis","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1137434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1137434","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on bench testing results of a four-stroke, four-cylinder, direct-injection, naturally aspirated diesel engine operating on the normal 95vol% (class C) diesel fuel + 5vol% RME (DF), F-34 jet fuel (JF) and jet fuel F-34 treated with the cetane improver (JF+0.12vol%). The purpose of the research is to investigate the availability to use of military F-34 jet fuel for land-based direct injection diesel engine powering and examine the effect of F-34 fuel and F-34 fuel treated with 0.12vol% 2-ethylhexyl nitrate on the autoignition delay, combustion, engine performance, emissions and smoke opacity of the exhausts. The peak in-cylinder gas pressure generated from JF and JF+0.12vol% is lower by 4.3% and 2.8% at 1400 min –1 speed, and 2.5% and 5.7% at 2200 min –1 speed compared to that 86.6 MPa and 82.5 MPa of the normal diesel. At rated 2200 min –1 speed, the use of treated jet fuel leads to smoother engine performance under all loads and the maximum cylinder pressure gradient lowers by 9.4% as against that 15.9 bar/deg of base diesel. The minimum brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) for F-34 and treated F-34 fuels decreases by 4.8% and 3.5% at 1400 min –1 speed and increases by 2.7% and 3.7% at 2200 min –1 speed compared to 249.5 g/kWh and 251.8 g/kWh values of base diesel. Maximum NO emissions produced from fuels JF and JF+0.12vol% decrease by 11.5% and 7.0% at 1400 min –1 , and 17.1% and 17.3% at 2200 min –1 speed compared to 1705 ppm and 1389 ppm emanating from the normal diesel. Maximum CO emissions produced from jet fuel JF and JF+0.12vol% decrease by 39.3% and 16.8% compared to that 4988 ppm produced from base diesel running at 1400 min –1 speed. At 2200 min -1 speed, the ecological effect of using fuel F-34 fuel decreases and the CO sustains over the whole load range at the same level and increases by 2.5% and 3.0% with regard to the normal diesel operating under high load. The HC emission also is lower by 78.3% and 58.8% for low and high loads compared to 230 ppm and 1820 ppm of the normal diesel running at 1400 min –1 speed. The smoke opacity generated from fuels JF and JF+0.12vol% sustains at lower levels over the all load range with the maximum values decreased by 14.6% and 8.1% with regard to 94.9% of the normal diesel operating at 1400 min –1 speed. The test results show that military F-34 fuel is a cleaner-burning replacement of diesel fuel and suggests fuel economy with reduced all harmful species, including NO, NO 2, NO x, CO, HC, and smoke opacity of the exhausts.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130954346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WEAR CUMULATING PROCESS FOR FRICTION PAIR IMPLEMENTED BY FIRST ORDER RECURRENCES","authors":"K. Wierzcholski","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1134116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1134116","url":null,"abstract":"Wear determination engages a major part of our efforts in considered numerous tribology problems including animal teeth and joints, human joints, cams, piston, rings, tires, brakes, dirt seals, belts, shoes, fabrics, electrical contacts, tape and CD reader heads and others. At times it seems after numerous observation, that the rate of progress in the knowledge of wear is very slow. Modern design activities are mostly concern in the wear cumulative values determination rather than the wear values determination in successive time units of friction nods during the operation time. Therefore, presented paper determines in analytical way the cumulative wear values of friction nods after specified finite and infinite units of operation time. Therefore are considered the convergences and divergences of wear value cumulative processes for various friction nods. The kind of friction nods depends on type of wear process propagation. Such propagation is described in this paper by the recurrence first order equation. Mentioned equation is formulated with constant or variable parameters. This parameters are determined by virtue of experimental measurements and depend on: bearing materials properties, environmental conditions, roughness of cooperating surfaces, vibration effects, electrical conductivity of materials, hardness of materials, deformations mode of cooperating surfaces, temperature, air humidity, kind of the friction, sliding velocity, loading of the friction nod and others. The range of wearing influence components and devices is endless. Therefore, this paper presents the methods of solutions of numerous specific class of ordinary non-homogeneous recurrence equations of first order with variable coefficients occurring in hydrodynamic theory of bearing especially micro-bearing wear problems. The obtained solutions are examined by means of the UOS operator. The examples presented in this paper determine the abrasive wear cumulative values of micro-bearing system after the indicated time units of operating time. Moreover, after infinite time units of micro-bearing operation are considered the convergences and divergences of the obtained sums of cumulative wear process.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132603218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION ENGINES OF VEHICLES BY USING BIOMETHANE","authors":"J. Merkisz, W. Gis","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1134065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1134065","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses generally the possibility of reduction carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions from internal combustion engines of vehicles by using biomethane. The road transport in Europe almost fully depends on fossil fuels. Diversification of the road transport fuels will be a key attribute for road transport in the coming years. Purified biogas is one of alternative renewable fuels. Actually, in Poland biogas is used for generating electricity and heat. In some countries (for example in Sweden), upgraded biogas to natural gas quality (biomethane) is used as a vehicle fuel too. In this paper estimated biogas production potential in Baltic See Region countries: Poland and Sweden. It was one of the purposes of European Project Baltic Biogas Bus, and it is taken into account in European Project More Baltic Biogas Bus realized presently. Comparative studies of exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides from city buses powered by diesel and CNG engine were carried out. The study was conducted under real traffic conditions in southern Polish city Rzeszow. Due to the lack in-service city buses with emission level Euro V in Rzeszow, comparative studies of this type of city buses powered by diesel and CNG engine was conducted in SORT I test. Determined mean values of road emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides in g/km for the city buses operated in Rzeszow. Estimated value of the total road emissions in the case that would be replaced half the fleet of city buses (40 CNG buses and about 35% of the diesel engine powered buses, meet Euro III emission standard) by the CNG-powered (biomethane) city buses, complying with Euro V (EEV) emission standard.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124890621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH ON FOUR GASOLINE CARS","authors":"J. Czerwiński, P. Comte, A. Mayer","doi":"10.5604/12314005.1134054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1134054","url":null,"abstract":"The invisible nanoparticles (NP) from combustion processes penetrate easily into the human body through the respiratory and olfactory ways and carry numerous harmful health effects potentials. NP count concentrations are limited in EU for Diesel passenger cars since 2013 and for gasoline cars with direct injection (GDI) since 2014. The limit for GDI was temporary extended to 6 x 1012 #/km. Nuclei of metals as well as organics are suspected to significantly contribute especially to the ultrafine particle size fractions, and thus to the particle number concentration. In the present paper, some results of investigations of nanoparticles from four gasoline cars – an older one with MPI and three never with DI – are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe and in CVS-tunnel. The results show that the older vehicle with MPI emits high particle count concentrations. The size distributions of this vehicle are decisively bimodal with high numbers in nuclei mode. The emissions of the newer vehicles with DI show sometimes no typical uniform shape of particle size distributions and are at lower level, than for the older vehicle. There is no visible nuclei mode and the ultrafine particle concentrations below 10 nm are insignificant. Some of the newer, low-emitting vehicles show at constant speed operation a periodical fluctuation of the NPemissions. Increased NP-emissions at cold start were confirmed.","PeriodicalId":165563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129583916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}