{"title":"Comparison of Microstructure and Thermal Stability of Short Period X-Ray Multilayers","authors":"T. Nguyen, R. Gronsky, J. Kortright","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.tha3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.tha3","url":null,"abstract":"detail studies of x-ray multilayer microstructures and stability are essential to a complete understanding of these nano-scali metastable materials, and may lead to synthesis of multilayers of improved performance. The microstructures and phases inside the layers depend upon the period, and show different behaviors for different materials systems.1,2 Their response to thermal treatment likewise depends on the materials combinations and the period. In this project, the microstructures and their thermal stability of various period W/C, WC/C, Ru/C and Ru/B4C multilayers are investigated by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and x-ray diffraction.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115280810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Schlatmann, C. Lu, J. Verhoeven, E. Puik, M. J. V. Wiel
{"title":"Limits to Ion Beam etching of Mo / Si multilayer coatings","authors":"R. Schlatmann, C. Lu, J. Verhoeven, E. Puik, M. J. V. Wiel","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.pd6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.pd6","url":null,"abstract":"Recently ion beam etching of electron beam deposited metal layers on C has resulted in higher x-ray reflection coefficients1. In spite of the widely recognized importance of Mo/Si multilayer coatings for projection lithography, little work has been done to use the etching technique on multilayer mirrors made of this combination of materials. As Mo/Si multilayer mirrors of d-values greater than 12 nm. have already been made with reflectivities very close to the theoretical maximum2, our main interest is in multilayers with smaller d-values.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131772011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Wood, K. Parker, James Scholhamer, J. Mansfield
{"title":"X-Ray and TEM Analysis of small period W-Si and W-B4C multilayers","authors":"J. Wood, K. Parker, James Scholhamer, J. Mansfield","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc10","url":null,"abstract":"In recent reports of the manufacture and characterization of small period multilayers, researchers have utilized high resolution TEM and an analysis of Cu-Kα X-Ray data to interpret and explain variations of reflectivity from theoretical predictions. These theoretical analyses are based on a dynamical reflectivity calculation which incorporates the Debye-Waller factor to simulate layer/interface roughness. Using the same analysis techniques we have evaluated how layer roughness varies with d-spacing and film thickness for small period (15Å","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132483894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Andreev, N. I. Polushkin, N. Salashchenko, S. I. Shinkarev
{"title":"Stability of the Long Period Modulated Structures in Ordering Systems","authors":"S. Andreev, N. I. Polushkin, N. Salashchenko, S. I. Shinkarev","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc7","url":null,"abstract":"The anomalies in diffusion behavior of compositionally modulated structuresin ordering systems W/Sb and Co/Pt are discussed. There are stable subnanometer modulated structures in W/Sb alloys. It has allowed to construct normal incidence X-ray mirrors. Co/Pt alloys are characterised by arising of self-organizated modulated structures with d=3.8 - 4.2 nm.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134478062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Akhsakhalyan, A. Fraerman, Y. Platonov, N. Polushkin, N. Salashchenko
{"title":"Diffusion Behavior of Metal-Carbon Multilayers","authors":"A. Akhsakhalyan, A. Fraerman, Y. Platonov, N. Polushkin, N. Salashchenko","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc3","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of annealing on the X-ray optical characteristics of artificial multilayer structures composed of metal (Cr,Fe,Ni,Mo,Rh, W,Pt and others) and carbon is studied. To analyze the changes at annealing a small-angle X-ray diffraction was used. The observed X-ray reflectivity enhancement can be explained by the uphill diffusion of metal atoms.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132507168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. S. Rosen, D. Stearns, Viliardos, M. E. Kassner, S. Vernon
{"title":"Interdiffusion Kinetics in Mo/Si Multilayers","authors":"R. S. Rosen, D. Stearns, Viliardos, M. E. Kassner, S. Vernon","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.tha2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.tha2","url":null,"abstract":"Mo/Si multilayers (ML's) are attractive for x-ray optics due to the relatively high associated reflectivity. However, the reflectivity is known to decrease with the formation of diffuse interlayer regions resulting from interdiffusion at the Mo-Si interfaces [1-2]. Most of the previous studies have reported interdiffusion coefficients [1-5] and effective activation energies [2-4] over a range of temperature assuming that the interdiffusion coefficient is invariant with annealing time. At temperatures of 560-580 °C, hexagonal molybdenum-disilicide (h-MoSi2) grows with a square-root time dependence at the Mo-Si interface [6]. This suggests diffusion-limited growth with a time-invariant interdiffusion coefficient. However, at temperatures of 300-400 °C, the interlayer structure is known to change with annealing time from amorphous to crystalline [1-3], suggesting the possibility that the rate-controlling mechanism(s) for interdiffusion may also change with annealing time and/or temperature. Therefore, it is the objective of this study to perform a series of annealing treatments of Mo/Si ML's at temperatures lower than those previously reported to determine the Mo-Si interdiffusion kinetics as a function of time.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133867058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Zheludeva, M. Kovalchuk, N. Novikova, I. Bashelhanov, A. V. Shubnikov
{"title":"Study of ultra-thin films in multilayer structures by standing -waves and small- angle x-ray scattering techniques","authors":"S. Zheludeva, M. Kovalchuk, N. Novikova, I. Bashelhanov, A. V. Shubnikov","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc8","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional method for LSM parameters investigation uses small angle x-ray diffraction at λ=0.1nm. The parameters of interest have been determined by comparing the theoretical angular dependencies of reflectivity as a functions of these parameters with the experimental curves.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"94 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127983470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Troussel, D. Schirmann, S. Bac, R. Barchewitz, P. Boher
{"title":"Characterization of Etched Laminar Multilayer Amplitude Gratings in the Soft X-Ray Region","authors":"P. Troussel, D. Schirmann, S. Bac, R. Barchewitz, P. Boher","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.pd2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.pd2","url":null,"abstract":"The fabrication of lamellar multilayer gratings has permitted a number of results on the performances of these devices.(1)","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127677676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Windt, R. Kola, W. Waskiewicz, R. Hull, J. Griffith
{"title":"Stress, Morphology, and Optical Properties of Mo/Si X-Ray Multilayers","authors":"D. Windt, R. Kola, W. Waskiewicz, R. Hull, J. Griffith","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mb3","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its high X-ray reflectance (~60%) for wavelengths longer than the Si-L absorption edge near 125 Å, the Mo/Si X-ray multilayer (XML) system is now used in a diverse range of advanced applications, including soft X-ray projection lithography and X-ray astronomy. Consequently, the stability and the structural and optical properties of this system have been extensively studied [1-7]. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of sputter-deposited Mo/Si XMLs reveals that the Mo layers are polycrystalline, the Si layers amorphous, and the interface region composed of an amorphous mixture of Mo and Si. Further investigations have indicated that this interlayer material is, in fact, amorphous MoSi2. Thermal anneal studies have revealed the absence of solid-state amorphization, in spite of the presence of the amorphous alloy interfacial layers. Instead, the amorphous interlayers crystallize, and growth of the crystalline product, MoSi2 proceeds in the temperature range 275-550°C. At higher temperatures (600°C), the Mo5Si3 phase appears as well. However, at lower temperatures (<200°C), no structural or optical changes have thus far been reported.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116071827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Montcalm, B. Sullivan, H. Pépin, J. Dobrowolski
{"title":"XUV Mo/Si Multilayer Mirrors Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering","authors":"C. Montcalm, B. Sullivan, H. Pépin, J. Dobrowolski","doi":"10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1992.mc11","url":null,"abstract":"Mo/Si multilayer mirrors with a high reflectance at 132 Å were deposited using rf magnetron sputtering. The reflectance as a function of the deposition conditions was studied by varying both the argon partial pressure and the target power. To provide uniform coatings, the samples were rotated about their axis during deposition. In addition, the substrates could also be oscillated back and forth over the target giving rise to multiple passes during the deposition of each layer. With specially designed masks placed between the substrate and the target, this oscillation provides a further improvement in the uniformity. Furthermore, the multiple passes help average out any fluctuations in the deposition rate. Uniformity measurements of samples, made with and without the oscillations, will be presented.","PeriodicalId":164371,"journal":{"name":"Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122785984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}