Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis最新文献

{"title":"Higher Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Was Higher Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Comparing Higher LDL-C in Nine Years Follow Up: Cohort Study.","authors":"Sangmo Hong,&nbsp;Kyungdo Han,&nbsp;Jung Hwan Park,&nbsp;Sung Hoon Yu,&nbsp;Chang Beom Lee,&nbsp;Dong Sun Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.164","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) may be equivalent to or superior to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, studies comparing the predictive values of LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels for CVD have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and CVD using a large-scale population dataset from the National Health Information Database (NHID).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of 3,866,366 individuals ≥ 20 years, from 2009 to 2018, using the NHID. The participants were divided into LDL-C and non-HDL-C quartiles. The outcome variables included stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and both. All outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis while controlling for baseline covariates (age, sex, smoking, drinking, regular exercise, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and statin use).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 9.1 years of mean follow-up, stroke was diagnosed in 60,081 (1.55%), MI in 31,234 (0.81%), and both stroke and MI in 88,513 (2.29%) participants. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients in the highest non-HDL-C quartile demonstrated that these patients had a higher risk of stroke (HR, 1.254; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.224-1.285), MI (HR, 1.918; 95% CI, 1.853-1.986), and both (HR, 1.456; 95% CI, 1.427-1.486) compared with participants in the lowest quartile. These were higher than the HRs for patients in the highest LDL-C quartile for stroke (HR, 1.134; 95% CI, 1.108-1.160), MI (HR, 1.601; 95% CI, 1.551-1.653), and both (HR, 1.281; 95% CI, 1.257-1.306).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our large population study, higher non-HDL-C levels were associated with CVD than LDL-C levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3d/3b/jla-12-164.PMC10232221.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unbalanced Redox With Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Se-Jin Jeong,&nbsp;Goo Taeg Oh","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precise redox balance is essential for the optimum health and physiological function of the human body. Furthermore, an unbalanced redox state is widely believed to be part of numerous diseases, ultimately resulting in death. In this review, we discuss the relationship between redox balance and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In various animal models, excessive oxidative stress has been associated with increased atherosclerotic plaque formation, which is linked to the inflammation status of several cell types. However, various antioxidants can defend against reactive oxidative stress, which is associated with an increased risk of CVD and mortality. The different cardiovascular effects of these antioxidants are presumably due to alterations in the multiple pathways that have been mechanistically linked to accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation, macrophage activation, and endothelial dysfunction in animal models of CVD, as well as in <i>in vitro</i> cell culture systems. Autophagy is a regulated cell survival mechanism that removes dysfunctional or damaged cellular organelles and recycles the nutrients for the generation of energy. Furthermore, in response to atherogenic stress, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidized lipids, and inflammatory signaling between cells, autophagy protects against plaque formation. In this review, we characterize the broad spectrum of oxidative stress that influences CVD, summarize the role of autophagy in the content of redox balance-associated pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to target CVD by stimulating autophagy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"132-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dd/0b/jla-12-132.PMC10232220.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Calcification.","authors":"Sang-Ho Woo,&nbsp;Dae-Yong Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Hoon Choi","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accumulation of calcium in atherosclerotic plaques is a prominent feature of advanced atherosclerosis, and it has a strong positive correlation with the total burden of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic calcification usually appears first at the necrotic core, indicating that cell death and inflammatory processes are involved in calcification. During atherosclerotic inflammation, various cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, nascent resident pericytes, circulating stem cells, or adventitial cells, have been assumed to differentiate into osteoblastic cells, which lead to vascular calcification. Among these cell types, vascular smooth muscle cells are considered a major contributor to osteochondrogenic cells in the atherosclerotic milieu. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the osteochondrogenic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaques.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"106-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ed/85/jla-12-106.PMC10232217.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Stratification of Cardiovascular Disease according to Age Groups in New Prevention Guidelines: A Review.","authors":"Kwang-Il Kim","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.96","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.96","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, most cardiovascular risk prediction models have included age as an independent risk factor. There is much evidence that effective management of cardiovascular risk factors improves clinical outcomes even in older adults. However, there are concerns that intensive treatment for older adults increases the risk of adverse events. For hypertensive patients, intensive blood pressure reduction with combination therapy increases the risk of syncope, acute kidney injury, and falls. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy among older patients with diabetes increases the risk of hypoglycemia or cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that a balanced approach for older adults is required to increase the benefits and decrease the risk of side effects. In contrast to older people, the estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk in young and healthy individuals is low. However, the lifetime cardiovascular risk in these patients is actually high. The 2021 European Society of Cardiology guideline on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice has been published. It proposed a different risk stratification and recommendation for treatment according to age group, based on the concept of avoiding undertreatment in young people and overtreatment in older persons. Although the guideline recommends age-dependent risk stratification, risk categories should not be applied to the mandatory initiation of drug treatment. In all age groups, other factors such as lifetime cardiovascular risk, treatment benefit and harm, comorbidities, frailty, and patient preferences should be considered when managing patients for primary prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f9/31/jla-12-96.PMC10232216.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Chung-Yen Chen,&nbsp;Ta-Chen Su","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) who contract coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tend to have a worse prognosis and more severe cardiovascular side effects. COVID-19 vaccines, which are intended to prevent COVID-19, may also potentially reduce the severity and complications (including cardiovascular sequelae) of COVID-19, especially in patients with a history of CVD. However, there have also been reports of cardiovascular side effects from COVID-19 vaccines of various brands and types. The purpose of this study is to review the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines in relation to CVD. In this thorough review of the most current evidence on the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines, we present information about the characteristics of cardiovascular complications. Most of the evidence focuses on myocarditis or pericarditis, which are most strongly associated with mRNA vaccines and predominantly occur in young males within days of receiving the second dose. Meanwhile, post-vaccination myocardial infarction is more common in older males, and the first dose of adenoviral vector vaccines appears to play a greater role in this complication. This information may guide us in formulating alternative options and implementing targeted surveillance. Gaining more knowledge about the potential benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines will improve our ability to make informed decisions and judgments about the balance of these factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 2","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/4c/jla-12-119.PMC10232218.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9621358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Molecule Imaging of Membrane Proteins on Vascular Endothelial Cells.","authors":"Jiseong Park,&nbsp;Siwoo Jin,&nbsp;Juhee Jang,&nbsp;Daeha Seo","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.58","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transporting substances such as gases, nutrients, waste, and cells is the primary function of blood vessels. Vascular cells use membrane proteins to perform crucial endothelial functions, including molecular transport, immune cell infiltration, and angiogenesis. A thorough understanding of these membrane receptors from a clinical perspective is warranted to gain insights into the pathogenesis of vascular diseases and to develop effective methods for drug delivery through the vascular endothelium. This review summarizes state-of-the-art single-molecule imaging techniques, such as super-resolution microscopy, single-molecule tracking, and protein-protein interaction analysis, for observing and studying membrane proteins. Furthermore, recent single-molecule studies of membrane proteins such as cadherins, integrins, caveolins, transferrin receptors, vesicle-associated protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 1","pages":"58-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6d/08/jla-12-58.PMC9884557.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Management in Korean People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Consensus Statement.","authors":"Ye Seul Yang, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Min Kyong Moon","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.12","DOIUrl":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes is an important treatment target as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the primary treatment goal for dyslipidemia is to control low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), achieving this goal remains suboptimal according to recent studies. It is important to set the target goal for LDL-C control based on an accurate risk assessment for CVD. Here, we summarize the latest evidence on lipid management in patients with diabetes and present a consensus of the Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis on the treatment goals of LDL-C according to the duration of diabetes, presence of CVD, target organ damage, or major cardiovascular risk factors. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CVD, an LDL-C goal of <55 mg/dL and a reduction in LDL-C level by 50% or more from the baseline is recommended. For the primary prevention of CVD in patients with T2DM with a duration of diabetes ≥10 years, major cardiovascular risk factors, or target organ damage, an LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is recommended. In patients with T2DM with a duration of diabetes <10 years and no major cardiovascular risk factors, an LDL-C goal of <100 mg/dL is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 1","pages":"12-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/15/bf/jla-12-12.PMC9884550.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10688893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Umbrella Reviews as a Useful Evidence-Based Practice.","authors":"Geun Joo Choi,&nbsp;Hyun Kang","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The umbrella review (UR) is a novel methodological approach that has been established to address the ever-expanding research volume of published systematic reviews. In this study, we examined the rationale underlying URs, the concepts and goals of URs, and their applicability in clinical settings. Additionally, we briefly assessed the process of conducting URs and discussed the current challenges in this regard. URs are used to integrate, evaluate, and synthesize the findings of related systematic reviews. By organizing and summarizing the abundant information in accordance with the level of evidence, URs can serve as a useful methodological tool and provide appropriate entry points to clinicians or decision-makers in the medical field. Considering the availability of many suitable interventions for specific conditions in a broad field, URs can enable evidence-based decision-making and offer a broad perspective for the resolution of issues in healthcare by summarizing the evidence and providing directions on a variety of topics. URs are clearly contributing to the management of the deluge of evidence in evidence-based medicine. However, despite the availability of several directions for conducting URs, some points of confusion persist, especially when determining the certainty of evidence. Therefore, advanced guidelines for the appropriate performance of URs are required to provide more reliable evidence through URs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 1","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/04/24/jla-12-3.PMC9884555.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Dyslipidemia 2: LDL-C and Lp(a).","authors":"Kyung An Kim,&nbsp;Hun-Jun Park","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). There are abundant and unequivocal data to indicate that low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are a cause of ASCVD. Reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by medical therapy such as statins, ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have proven to significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. However, for many reasons, many patients are not able to achieve LDL-C levels recommended by guidelines on currently available therapies. This has led to the development of new drugs lowering LDL-C, such as inclisiran, bempedoic acid, and evinacumab, in the hope of reducing cardiovascular (CV) risk. Drugs targeting lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) also have a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis, with genetic studies having established that 20%-30% of the human population inherits plasma Lp(a) levels in the atherogenic range. In this paper, we will review the recent progress made in the approaches to LDL-C and Lp(a) therapeutic modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 1","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/86/e9/jla-12-37.PMC9884549.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Paradoxical Association Between Lipid Levels and Incident Atrial Fibrillation According to Statin Usage: A Nationwide Cohort Study.","authors":"Hyo-Jeong Ahn,&nbsp;So-Ryoung Lee,&nbsp;Eue-Keun Choi,&nbsp;Seung-Woo Lee,&nbsp;Kyung-Do Han,&nbsp;Soonil Kwon,&nbsp;Seil Oh,&nbsp;Gregory Y H Lip","doi":"10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.73","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with a lower risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). Statin use might exert confounding effects on the paradoxical associations; however, the relationships that distinguish statin users from non-users have not been thoroughly evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From the Korean National Health Insurance Database, we included 9,778,014 adults who underwent a health examination in 2009. The levels of TC and LDL-C at the health examination were categorized into quartile values of the total study population. We grouped the study population into statin users and non-users and investigated the associations between TC, LDL-C, and the risk of incident AF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the total population, 867,336 (8.9%) were taking statins. During a mean follow-up of 8.2 years, inverse associations of TC - AF and LDL-C - AF were observed; higher levels of TC and LDL-C were associated with the lower risk of AF in the total population. Overall, statin users showed higher AF incidence rate than non-users, but the inverse associations of TC - AF and LDL-C - AF were consistently observed irrespective of statin usage; adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval was 0.81 (0.79-0.84) for statin users and 0.81 (0.80-0.83) for non-users in the highest TC quartile, and 0.84 (0.82-0.87) for statin users and 0.85 (0.84-0.86) for non-users in the highest LDL-C quartile (all <i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The paradoxical relationship between lipid levels (TC and LDL-C) and the risk of AF remains consistent in both statin users and non-users.</p>","PeriodicalId":16284,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis","volume":"12 1","pages":"73-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/19/jla-12-73.PMC9884554.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}