Journal of Medical Economics最新文献

{"title":"The indirect costs of five cancers in Egypt: years of life lost and productivity costs.","authors":"Karim Abdel Wahab, Ahmed Hassan, Ahmed Morsi, Sneha Amritlal, Anne Meiwald, Robert Hughes, Aimée Fox, Goran Bencina, Bernadette Pöllinger","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2024.2435750","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2024.2435750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Egypt, there were 150,578 new cancer cases and 95,275 cancer deaths in 2022, indicating a substantial burden on patients and the healthcare system. The analysis aims to support decision-making related to investments in cancer prevention and new treatments, by highlighting the economic burden associated with five types of cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The human capital approach was used to estimate productivity losses from premature mortality due to liver, lung, breast, bladder, and cervical cancer in Egypt in 2019 by calculating years of life lost (YLL), years of productive life lost (YPLL), and present value of future lost productivity (PVFLP). Mortality data were sourced from the World Health Organization (WHO), while life expectancy, retirement age, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and labor force participation rates were obtained from the World Bank. Income data, such as annual earnings and minimum wage were sourced from the Wage Indicator database. Deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) assessed the sensitivity of results to input variations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2019, Egypt had a total of 45,114 deaths, from liver, lung, breast, cervical, and bladder cancers, resulting in a productivity loss of $430,086,636. Liver cancer led to the most male deaths (17,745) and breast cancer to the most female deaths (6,754), with PVFLP of $232,663,468 and $130,745,592, respectively. The five cancers resulted in 551,336 YLL and 235,415 YPLL in Egypt. The total PVFLP was estimated at $217,224,178 for females and $212,862,458 for males, with a total PVFLP/death of $9,533. The DSA showed that the PVFLP was most sensitive to changes in the retirement age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, there is a substantial economic burden relating to premature cancer mortality in Egypt, highlighting that policies and treatment advances to decrease cancer are working, however, there is need for continuous prioritization of awareness programs, cancer screening and treatment advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-utility analysis of empagliflozin for heart failure in the Philippines.","authors":"Precious Juzenda Montilla, Camilo Oliver Aquino, Elaine Cunanan, Patrick James Encarnacion, Helen Ong-Garcia, Elmer Jasper Llanes, Diana Dalisay Orolfo, Chito Permejo, Mary Joy Taneo, Anthony Russell Villanueva, Dante Salvador, John Añonuevo","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2024.2447180","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2024.2447180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Empagliflozin confers cardioprotective benefits among patients with heart failure, across the range of ejection fraction (EF), regardless of type 2 diabetes status. The long-term cost-effectiveness of empagliflozin for the treatment of heart failure (HF) in the Philippines remains unclear. This study aims to determine the economic benefit of adding empagliflozin to the standard of care (SoC) vs the SoC alone for HF in the Philippines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a Markov model, we predicted lifetime costs and clinical outcomes associated with treating HF in the Philippine setting. We used estimates of treatment efficacy, event probabilities, and derivations of utilities from the EMPEROR trials. Costs were derived from hospital tariffs and expert consensus. Separate analyses were performed for patients with left ventricular EF > 40%, categorized under mid-range ejection fraction or preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFpEF), and patients with left EF ≤ 40%, categorized under HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our model predicted an average of 0.09 quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gains among HFmrEF/HFpEF patients and HFrEF patients when empagliflozin was compared to SoC. The addition of empagliflozin in the treatment results in a discounted incremental lifetime cost of PHP 62,692 (USD 1,129.99) and PHP 17,215 (USD 308.67) for HFmrEF/HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of empagliflozin is PHP 198,270 (USD 3,570.72)/QALY and PHP 742,604 (USD 13,385.08)/QALY for HFrEF and HFmrEF/HFpEF, respectively.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>This study employed parameters derived from short-term clinical trial data, alongside metrics representative of Asian populations, which are not specific to the Philippine cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adding empagliflozin to the SoC in comparison to the SoC is associated with improved clinical outcomes and quality-of-life, at additional costs for both HFrEF and HFmrEF/HFpEF.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"157-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142915033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exclusive human milk diet: a challenging innovation in neonatal care.","authors":"Georgina N Marchiori, Elio A Soria","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2024.2445431","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2024.2445431","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"124-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Budget impact model of acellular tissue engineered vessel for the repair of extremity arterial trauma when autologous vein is not feasible.","authors":"Fulton F Velez, Ravi R Rajani, Daniel C Malone, Lucille A Sun, Lisa Bloudek, Kai Carter, Mary Panaccio, Laura E Niklason","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2469460","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2469460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To predict the budget impact of Symvess (Symvess is a trademark of Humacyte Global, Inc.) (acellular tissue engineered vessel-tyod [ATEV]) for extremity arterial trauma repair when autologous vein repair is not feasible.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The 3-year budget impact of adding ATEV as a repair option alongside autologous vein, prosthetic graft, and \"non-autologous other\" grafts was evaluated from the perspectives of a Level I trauma center and third-party commercial payers. Conduit-specific complication rates were obtained from two clinical studies for ATEV and from the published literature and analysis of the PROOVIT registry for other conduits. Costs were compared pre- and post-ATEV availability. Conduit-related costs and complications included conduit infections, amputations, vein harvest site infection, surgical re-interventions, rehabilitation after amputation, and 12-month post-discharge costs. Impact on operating room (OR) time and readmissions was evaluated. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate parameter uncertainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With introduction of ATEV, there was a 29.8% reduction in amputations and a 29.5% reduction in graft infections over 3 years. From a Level I trauma center perspective, seven patients were expected to receive an ATEV over 3 years, with cumulative cost savings of $80,650 (2.3% decrease). OR time would decrease by 8.6 h, and readmission-related costs would be reduced by 16.7% with ATEV availability. From the third-party commercial payer perspective, 35 patients were expected to receive ATEV, with a budget impact showing a savings of -$0.08 per member per month after 3 years. For trauma centers, sensitivity analysis showed that cost drivers were amputation risk associated with \"non-autologous other\" graft types and market share of autologous vein (short ischemia time).</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Uncertainty surrounding model parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ATEV was projected to be cost-saving over 3 years for both trauma centers and third-party payers due to reductions in the costs related to amputations and conduit infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"323-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse consequences of systemic corticosteroids use among a broad population of US adults with asthma: a real-world analysis.","authors":"Sandra Sze-Jung Wu, Michelle Vu, Omar Motawakel, Tim Bancroft, Karen Johnson, Rui Song, Phani Veeranki, Miguel J Lanz","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2477877","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2477877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Systemic corticosteroids (SCS) are used to manage asthma exacerbations. Among the broad population of patients with asthma, SCS-related risk of adverse events (AEs), health care resource utilization (HCRU), and costs remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used the Optum Research Database claims to identify adults with asthma from 1/1/2017 to 6/30/2022. The index date was the earliest SCS claim for SCS users; non-SCS users were randomly selected and adjusted proportionally to SCS users by index year. SCS use was measured during the first 12 months of follow-up. Inverse probability of treatment weighting balanced the two cohorts for selected baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. SCS users were further stratified into low, medium, and high dose sub-cohorts. SCS-related AEs were assessed up to 48 months, while HCRU and costs were assessed during the first 12 months of follow-up. A generalized linear model (GLM) analyzed follow-up costs by SCS exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 130,739 patients included 55,363 non-SCS users (42.3%), while 75,376 were SCS users stratified into 60,319 low-, 12,235 medium-, and 2,822 high-dose users. The mean age was 49.6 years; 61.8% were female and 68.9% were non-Hispanic White. SCS users had a significantly greater risk of new-onset acute and chronic SCS-related AEs, increasing incrementally with dose exposure (all <i>p</i> < .001) across numerous physiological systems. Follow-up HCRU and costs also rose incrementally with dose exposure (all <i>p</i> < .001). Compared with non-users, SCS-related costs were 1.43, 1.97, and 3.21 times higher among low-, medium-, and high-dose users, respectively. The adjusted GLM predicted a 9.9% cost increase per 100 mg of prednisone equivalents.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Retrospective administrative claims studies cannot randomize patients and may not capture all patient events.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among a broad population of adults with asthma, even low doses of SCS were associated with significantly increased risk of new-onset AEs, HCRU, and costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"413-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2494951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2025.2494951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of implementing 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the Romanian pediatric national immunization program.","authors":"Alin Preda, An Ta, Elizabeth Vinand, Veronica Purdel, Ana Maria Zdrafcovici, Aleksandar Ilic, Johnna Perdrizet","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2499333","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2499333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite the inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in the pediatric national immunization program (NIP) since 2017, Romania continues to face a substantial clinical, economic, and societal burden of pneumococcal disease. Higher-valent vaccines, such as 20-valent PCV (PCV20), offer broader serotype coverage versus the current standard of care (13-valent PCV; PCV13) with the potential to reduce disease burden. To test this, we conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of switching from PCV13 or a potential future comparator (15-valent PCV; PCV15), both under a 2 + 1 schedule, to PCV20 under a 3 + 1 schedule in the Romanian pediatric NIP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based, multi-cohort Markov model with a target population of children aged <2 years was utilized to estimate the cost and health impact of PCV20 versus lower-valent comparators over 10 years. The model adopted a Romanian societal perspective, encompassing both direct and indirect costs, with an annual cycle. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the model and its assumptions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the base-case analysis, PCV20 demonstrated dominance versus PCV13 and PCV15 (i.e. was more effective and less costly), with total predicted cost-savings of 79,123,267 and 206,623,098 Romanian Leu, respectively, plus reduction in pneumococcal disease cases by 246,245 and 223,914, respectively. The majority of sensitivity and scenario analyses of both pairwise comparisons were aligned with the base case.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this analysis indicate that PCV20 implementation into the Romanian pediatric NIP would greatly reduce pneumococcal disease burden and would be a cost-effective approach versus PCV13 or PCV15 from a societal perspective over 10 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"696-708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The patient journey and burden of disease in <i>Demodex</i> blepharitis in the United States.","authors":"Laura M Periman, Walter O Whitley, Sathi Maiti, James Mun, Anh N Ho, Bhagyashree Oak, Amod Athavale, Elizabeth Yeu","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2500224","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2500224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong><i>Demodex</i> blepharitis (DB) is a chronic eyelid disease caused by an infestation of <i>Demodex</i> mites. The objective of this chart audit study was to characterize the patient journey and burden of illness associated with DB from an eye-care provider's perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective medical data for patients with a confirmed diagnosis of DB were anonymously collected <i>via</i> ophthalmologists and optometrists in the US (collectively eye-care providers [ECPs]), in June-July 2022. Each eligible ECP completed a questionnaire and provided chart abstractions of 1-5 medical charts of patients with DB in an electronic case report form.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All ECPs (<i>N</i> = 61) were ophthalmologists or optometrists who worked primarily in office-based private practices (97%). Data from 192 medical charts of patients with an ECP-confirmed diagnosis of DB were abstracted and their demographics included 54% males and 71% Caucasians. The mean time (±SD) since diagnosis was 11 (±9.0) years. Over 40% of patients were not examined for DB at initial presentation, and the average time from initial presentation to a definitive diagnosis for DB was 6.5 months. After DB diagnosis and across the period of observation until the time of the study, patients had a mean (±SD) of 3.2 (±2.8) follow-up visits due to DB and continued to use multiple off-label prescription and over-the-counter therapies for symptom management.</p><p><strong>Limitation: </strong>Medical records may be incomplete or inconsistently reported and subject to recall bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The patient journey is lengthy with multiple challenges, including delay in DB diagnosis and recurring DB symptoms, underlining an urgent need for action to improve diagnosis and treatment of DB.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"734-742"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Number needed to treat (NNT) with pembrolizumab as an adjuvant therapy in resected patients with high-risk stage II (IIB and IIC) melanoma and its application to cost of preventing an event (COPE) in Mexico.","authors":"Victoria Wurcel, Mónica Rojas Rojas, Juan Urrego-Reyes, Daniela Medrano Rivera, Roberto Acevedo, Ruixuan Jiang, Shan Jiang, Shujing Zhang, Alfredo Caparros, Clemens Krepler, Mizuho Fukunaga-Kalabis, Nadine D Younan, Deepak Alexander, Robert Hughes, Georgie Weston","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2466365","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2466365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Melanoma, responsible for most skin cancer deaths globally, has mortality rates expected to double by 2040. Pembrolizumab is a highly selective antibody approved for melanoma treatment and other cancers. Despite new treatments for melanoma, high treatment costs and long approval times limit patient access to new therapies. To support decision-making regarding metastatic melanoma therapies, a model was developed to calculate the number needed to treat (NNT) and the cost of preventing an event (COPE) using KEYNOTE-716 (NCT03553836) data.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cost-per-responder model comparing the clinical and economic impacts of pembrolizumab versus best supportive care (BSC) was developed considering a 52.8-month follow-up for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. KEYNOTE-716 RFS and DMFS survival curves were used to calculate restricted mean survival time (RMST). The RMST was used to calculate NNT (NNT_RMST). The NNT_RMST calculates the NNT to result in a difference in mean survival time for a death or an event. NNT_RMST is subsequently used to quantify COPE outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NNT for RFS was 5.3, reflecting the number of patients needed to treat to gain the additional difference observed in the mean RFS for resected high-risk type II (IIB and IIC) melanoma patients treated with pembrolizumab. For DMFS, the NNT_RMST was 7.8. The estimated COPE to prevent an RFS or DMFS event was Mexican Peso (Mex $) 9,554,593 (2024) and Mex $13,961,427, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NNT values for RFS and DMFS data were both lower than the published average NNT value for current melanoma therapies. This demonstrated that fewer additional patients need to be treated in order to avoid a recurrence or a distant metastases event, compared to currently available melanoma therapies. The NNT and COPE highlight the clinical and economic impact of introducing pembrolizumab therapy for the treatment of patients in resected high-risk stage II melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"346-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: what are the differential costs compared to the general population?","authors":"Josep Darbà, Meritxell Ascanio","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2484073","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2484073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancer cases, is the fifth most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This study aims to analyse the differential costs of HCC-related hospital admissions compared to the general population in Spain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective multicenter study analyzed inpatient admissions from a Spanish national discharge database, covering 90% of hospitals between 2010 and 2022. HCC-related admissions were identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, while control admissions were selected from the general population in the same database without an HCC diagnosis. The direct hospitalization cost was included, covering medical examinations, procedures, medications, surgeries, personnel and equipment. Statistical methods, including nearest-neighbor matching, propensity score matching, and a generalized linear model, were used to estimate differential costs and to ensure comparability based on age, gender, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 199,670 HCC-related hospital admissions and 200,000 control admissions were analyzed. Most HCC-related admissions involved male patients (78%) aged 66-85 years, with an average CCI of 5.18. HCC-related admissions incurred significantly higher costs, with an estimated differential cost of €1,303.68 using GLM, €1,804.25 <i>via</i> propensity score matching, and €1,767.77 using nearest-neighbor matching. Total costs per HCC admission ranged between €1,000 and €31,000.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HCC-related hospital admissions impose a significantly higher economic burden due to the complexity of care. Given the high mortality and resource utilization, advancements in early detection, treatment, and cost-effective interventions are needed to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"471-478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}