Tianchi Ren, Ilona Lavender, Peter Coombs, Dee Nandurkar
{"title":"Sonographic risk stratification of FDG-avid thyroid nodules using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System","authors":"Tianchi Ren, Ilona Lavender, Peter Coombs, Dee Nandurkar","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13712","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13712","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increasing usage of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for detection and monitoring of malignancy has led to an increase in incidental detection of thyroid nodules. Nodules that demonstrate increased avidity for 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-<span>d</span>-glucose (FDG) have been shown to carry a high incidence of malignancy and warrant further investigation. At present, there has been limited research on the risk stratification of FDG-avid thyroid incidentalomas. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ACR TIRADS classification in the risk stratification of such nodules.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected retrospectively for FDG-avid thyroid incidentalomas over a 10-year period. Nodules were characterised using the TIRADS classification and, subsequently, underwent fine-needle aspirate cytology. Cytological findings were classified using the Bethesda reporting system. Non-diagnostic samples (Bethesda class I) were excluded. The remaining samples were divided into two groups: benign (Bethesda class II) or suspicious for malignancy/malignant (Bethesda class III or above).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty-six percent of low-risk nodules and 45% of high-risk nodules were malignant, respectively (<i>P</i> = 0.516). The sensitivity and specificity of TIRADS for detection of malignant nodules were 56% and 54%, respectively. There were no malignant TIRADS 1 or 2 nodules. The absence of any suspicious sonographic features had a 1.0 negative predictive value.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>FDG-avid nodules classified as TIRADS 1 or 2 or have no suspicious ultrasound features have a 0% incidence of malignancy and thus may not require further assessment with fine-needle aspirate cytology (FNA) when detected incidentally. FDG-avid nodules that are TIRADS 3 or above should undergo FNA regardless of size due to the high risk of malignancy and poor sensitivity of the TIRADS classification system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 5","pages":"516-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abstracts – ANZSNR ASM 2024","authors":"Bianca Heggelund","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13654","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13654","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 4","pages":"e1-e5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recurrence in lobular carcinoma of the breast: A 14-year review","authors":"Nathan Burns, Anita Bourke","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13715","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13715","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The two most common types of breast cancer are invasive or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive or infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) (Pestalozzi <i>et al</i>., <i>J. Clin. Oncol.</i>, 26, 2008, 3006). Between 5% and 15% of invasive breast carcinomas are lobular carcinomas (Pestalozzi <i>et al</i>., <i>J. Clin. Oncol.</i>, 26, 2008, 3006; Dossus and Benusiglio, <i>Breast Cancer Res</i>., 17, 2015, 37; Braunstein <i>et al</i>., <i>Breast Cancer Res. Treat</i>., 149, 2015, 555). The paucity of data relating to recurrence rates of lobular cancers prompted this study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective cohort study of all cases of lobular breast carcinoma reported to the Western Australia Cancer Registry with the clinical and pathological details between 2000 and 2014.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 2463 subjects with a total of 2526 events of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. 11/2463 (0.45%) subjects met criteria for local recurrence of invasive lobular breast cancer, with an incidence of 1 in 224.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There are clinical implications for the management and follow-up for patients with a diagnosis of lobular cancer of the breast. Due to the low recurrence rate, now, the standard practice in our institution does not offer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of the follow-up for ILC patients. Other centres should establish local recurrence rates to aid development of appropriate management protocols.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 5","pages":"523-529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas B McCullum, Aysenur Karagoz, Cem Dede, Raul Garcia, Fatemeh Nosrat, Dr Mehdi Hemmati, Dr Seyedmohammadhossein Hosseinian, Andrew J Schaefer, Dr Clifton D Fuller, the Rice/MD Anderson Center for Operations Research in Cancer (CORC), MD Anderson Head and Neck Cancer Symptom Working Group
{"title":"Markov models for clinical decision-making in radiation oncology: A systematic review","authors":"Lucas B McCullum, Aysenur Karagoz, Cem Dede, Raul Garcia, Fatemeh Nosrat, Dr Mehdi Hemmati, Dr Seyedmohammadhossein Hosseinian, Andrew J Schaefer, Dr Clifton D Fuller, the Rice/MD Anderson Center for Operations Research in Cancer (CORC), MD Anderson Head and Neck Cancer Symptom Working Group","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13656","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13656","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The intrinsic stochasticity of patients' response to treatment is a major consideration for clinical decision-making in radiation therapy. Markov models are powerful tools to capture this stochasticity and render effective treatment decisions. This paper provides an overview of the Markov models for clinical decision analysis in radiation oncology. A comprehensive literature search was conducted within MEDLINE using PubMed, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Only studies published from 2000 to 2023 were considered. Selected publications were summarized in two categories: (i) studies that compare two (or more) fixed treatment policies using Monte Carlo simulation and (ii) studies that seek an optimal treatment policy through Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). Relevant to the scope of this study, 61 publications were selected for detailed review. The majority of these publications (<i>n</i> = 56) focused on comparative analysis of two or more fixed treatment policies using Monte Carlo simulation. Classifications based on cancer site, utility measures and the type of sensitivity analysis are presented. Five publications considered MDPs with the aim of computing an optimal treatment policy; a detailed statement of the analysis and results is provided for each work. As an extension of Markov model-based simulation analysis, MDP offers a flexible framework to identify an optimal treatment policy among a possibly large set of treatment policies. However, the applications of MDPs to oncological decision-making have been understudied, and the full capacity of this framework to render complex optimal treatment decisions warrants further consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 5","pages":"610-623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1754-9485.13656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natalie Layden, Genevieve Sesnan, Meredith Kessell, Mireille Hardie, Donna Taylor
{"title":"Stereotactic biopsy with contrast-enhanced mammography: the initial Australian experience","authors":"Natalie Layden, Genevieve Sesnan, Meredith Kessell, Mireille Hardie, Donna Taylor","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13663","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13663","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) and MRI detect ‘contrast-only’ lesions (COLs) occult on standard breast imaging (ultrasound and conventional mammography). Until recently, MRI was the only reliable method of biopsy. This study presents the first Australian experience with CEM-guided biopsy (CEMBx) and the lessons learnt.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A prospective audit of the first 15 consecutive patients who underwent CEMBx for COLs was performed. Indications for contrast imaging, patient and lesion characteristics, procedural details, radiation dose and pathology data were collected.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The 15 women were aged 37–81 years (mean 59 years). Indications for contrast imaging were problem solving (<i>n</i> = 3), moderate risk screening (<i>n</i> = 2), cancer staging (<i>n</i> = 9) and symptoms (<i>n</i> = 1). The COLs were non-mass (<i>n</i> = 14), mass (<i>n</i> = 1) and an enhancing asymmetry (<i>n</i> = 1). For one patient, two lesions were sampled during the same event. All lesions enhanced and were successfully sampled followed by marker clip insertion. Most biopsies (87.5%) were performed with the breast in cranio-caudal compression using a horizontal approach. Procedural duration ranged from 13 to 33 min (mean 22 min). Radiation dose was similar to standard stereotactic biopsy. Post-biopsy hematomas occurred in three patients, none required intervention. Clip displacement occurred in three cases. Core biopsy histopathology results were benign (<i>n</i> = 8), malignant (<i>n</i> = 7) and a borderline breast lesion (BBL) (<i>n</i> = 1). Patient satisfaction rates were high. Imaging follow-up is ongoing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CEMBx is a quick, safe and reliable alternative to MRIBx to sample COLs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 4","pages":"393-400"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1754-9485.13663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert N Finnegan, Alexandra Quinn, Jeremy Booth, Gregg Belous, Nicholas Hardcastle, Maegan Stewart, Brooke Griffiths, Susan Carroll, David I Thwaites
{"title":"Cardiac substructure delineation in radiation therapy - A state-of-the-art review.","authors":"Robert N Finnegan, Alexandra Quinn, Jeremy Booth, Gregg Belous, Nicholas Hardcastle, Maegan Stewart, Brooke Griffiths, Susan Carroll, David I Thwaites","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.13668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delineation of cardiac substructures is crucial for a better understanding of radiation-related cardiotoxicities and to facilitate accurate and precise cardiac dose calculation for developing and applying risk models. This review examines recent advancements in cardiac substructure delineation in the radiation therapy (RT) context, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current level of knowledge, challenges and future directions in this evolving field. Imaging used for RT planning presents challenges in reliably visualising cardiac anatomy. Although cardiac atlases and contouring guidelines aid in standardisation and reduction of variability, significant uncertainties remain in defining cardiac anatomy. Coupled with the inherent complexity of the heart, this necessitates auto-contouring for consistent large-scale data analysis and improved efficiency in prospective applications. Auto-contouring models, developed primarily for breast and lung cancer RT, have demonstrated performance comparable to manual contouring, marking a significant milestone in the evolution of cardiac delineation practices. Nevertheless, several key concerns require further investigation. There is an unmet need for expanding cardiac auto-contouring models to encompass a broader range of cancer sites. A shift in focus is needed from ensuring accuracy to enhancing the robustness and accessibility of auto-contouring models. Addressing these challenges is paramount for the integration of cardiac substructure delineation and associated risk models into routine clinical practice, thereby improving the safety of RT for future cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140957851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endometriosis MRI: Atypical cases, pitfalls and mimics","authors":"Sian Chin, Yu Xuan Kitzing, Juan Quesada, Glen Lo","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13670","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13670","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endometriosis is a common but often underdiagnosed chronic gynaecological disease. Endometriosis mimics other diagnoses both clinically and radiographically, presenting a diagnostic challenge. Endometriosis can be categorised as superficial pelvic endometriosis, deep invasive endometriosis (DIE) or endometrioma. Endometrioma and DIE, including polypoid endometriosis, can masquerade as invasive neoplasms. Endometriosis can be misdiagnosed in less common locations or during pregnancy. Ultrasound is the initial investigation for endometriosis; however, MRI is advantageous in providing a larger field of view for increased detection of nodules as well as distinguishing malignancy with greater certainty. This review highlights endometriosis mimics, pitfalls and atypical cases on MRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 4","pages":"427-433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1754-9485.13670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140957853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grading lumbar foraminal stenosis – Interrater agreement of radiologists and radiology trainees before and after education of a standardised grading scale","authors":"James Bender, Tobi Kojeku, Eliza Preece","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13669","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13669","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lumbar foraminal stenosis is a key contributor to low back pain. Imaging, particularly MRI, is commonly used in the assessment of foraminal stenosis, contributing to treatment planning. The adoption of a standardised grading system to try and improve inter-rater agreement is thought to be of importance. Our study aims to assess the variability of grading lumbar foraminal stenosis amongst reporting doctors, determine whether education about a validated grading scale increases agreement, and determine if these changes persist over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A single-site study involving MRI reporting registrars/radiologists was performed. Participants were shown select MRI images and asked to grade the degree of stenosis in each on a 4-point scale. Subsequently, they were educated about Lee et al's grading system and asked to re-grade the cases 1 and 6 weeks later. The level of agreement was calculated using Gwet's AC1 coefficient and Krippendorff's Alpha.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The baseline level of agreement was substantial (AC1 = 0.71). This decreased to a moderate level of agreement post-intervention (AC1 = 0.575 at 1-week, <i>P</i>-value 0.033 and AC1 = 0.598 at 6 weeks, <i>P-</i>value 0.012). A grading of severe stenosis was 21% more likely 6 weeks post-education.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The baseline agreement at our institution was substantial, thought to be due to the single-centre nature of the study. Moderate agreement was achieved after education regarding the Lee et al.'s scale, in-line with other studies, with changes maintained at 6 weeks, showing retention of the scale parameters. Grading of severe stenosis was more common post intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 5","pages":"511-515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feasibility and safety of direct percutaneous embolization of lymphopseudoaneurysm for postoperative lymphatic leakage","authors":"Mizuki Ozawa, Miyuki Sone, Shunsuke Sugawara, Chihiro Itou, Shintaro Kimura, Yasuaki Arai, Masahiko Kusumoto","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13666","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1754-9485.13666","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The treatment strategy for refractory postoperative lymphatic leakage is controversial. While the utility of direct percutaneous embolization of lymphopseudoaneurysm has been investigated, only a few reports on this topic exist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical and clinical feasibility and safety of direct percutaneous embolization of lymphopseudoaneurysm for refractory postoperative lymphatic leakage. This case series included six consecutive patients who underwent direct percutaneous embolization of lymphopseudoaneurysm for refractory postoperative lymphatic leakage. Technical success (successful percutaneous approach and injection of NBCA glue to the lymphopseudoaneurysm), clinical success (unnecessity of percutaneous drainage tube of the lymphatic leakage), treatment duration (the duration from the treatment to the achievement of clinical success) and procedure-related complications were mainly evaluated. Direct percutaneous embolization of the lymphopseudoaneurysm using NBCA glue was successfully performed in all cases. Clinical success was achieved in five of the six cases (83%). The mean treatment period was 9 days for the cases with clinical success. No major complications occurred postoperatively. In conclusion, direct percutaneous embolization of lymphopseudoaneurysm may become a feasible and safe treatment option for cases of refractory postoperative lymphatic leakage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"68 4","pages":"457-461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xingzhou Liulu, Poornima Balaji, Jeffrey Barber, Kasun De Silva, Tiarne Murray, Andrew Hickey, Timothy Campbell, Jill Harris, Harriet Gee, Verity Ahern, Saurabh Kumar, Eric Hau, Pierre C Qian
{"title":"Radiation therapy for ventricular arrhythmias","authors":"Xingzhou Liulu, Poornima Balaji, Jeffrey Barber, Kasun De Silva, Tiarne Murray, Andrew Hickey, Timothy Campbell, Jill Harris, Harriet Gee, Verity Ahern, Saurabh Kumar, Eric Hau, Pierre C Qian","doi":"10.1111/1754-9485.13662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.13662","url":null,"abstract":"Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) can be life‐threatening arrhythmias that result in significant morbidity and mortality. Catheter ablation (CA) is an invasive treatment modality that can be effective in the treatment of VA where medications fail. Recurrence occurs commonly following CA due to an inability to deliver lesions of adequate depth to cauterise the electrical circuits that drive VA or reach areas of scar responsible for VA. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is a non‐invasive treatment modality that allows volumetric delivery of energy to treat circuits that cannot be reached by CA. It overcomes the weaknesses of CA and has been successfully utilised in small clinical trials to treat refractory VA. This article summarises the current evidence for this novel treatment modality and the steps that will be required to bring it to the forefront of VA treatment.","PeriodicalId":16218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}