Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Antidepressant therapeutic strategies and health care utilization in patients with depression.","authors":"Phuong Tran, Susan dosReis, Eberechukwu Onukwugha, Haeyoung Lee, Julia F Slejko","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1455","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with depression who do not respond to initial antidepressant may switch to a different antidepressant, add a second antidepressant, or add an atypical antipsychotic. Previous studies comparing these strategies' efficacy and safety reported conflicting results, and the impact of these strategies on subsequent health care utilization is unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare health care utilization between individuals with depression who switched antidepressants, added a second antidepressant (ie, combination), or added an atypical antipsychotic (ie, augmentation) following their initial antidepressant.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used a 25% random sample of the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus for Academics health plan claims database. The study cohort included individuals aged 10-64 years who newly initiated an antidepressant at any point from January 2016 to December 2020. New use was defined as no evidence of an antidepressant in the 180 days preceding the antidepressant dispensing. Individuals had to have a depression diagnosis and a treatment change in the 180 days following the initial antidepressant. The index date was the date of the first observed antidepressant change, which was defined as a switch, combination, or augmentation. Health care utilization, measured as the number of outpatient visits, any all-cause hospitalization, and any emergency department (ED) visit, was assessed in the 180 days after the index date. Negative binomial regression models evaluated the rate ratio of the number of outpatient visits. Logistic regression models estimated the odds ratio of a hospitalization, and modified Poisson regression estimated the relative risk of an ED visit. Models were adjusted for demographics, clinical characteristics, and previous health care utilization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 3,847 individuals with depression who had the first treatment change following the initial antidepressant, we identified 2,418 (62.9%) who switched, 1,268 (33.0%) who combined, and 161 (4.2%) who augmented their antidepressant. The augmentation group had a significantly higher rate of outpatient visits than the combination group (adjusted rate ratio = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04-1.25). There was no statistically significant difference in hospitalizations or ED visits between the switch and augmentation vs combination groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Augmentation comprised 4% of our antidepressant cohort but had higher outpatient health care utilization than those who combined treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1455-1466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentration of spending and share of specialty drug spending in Medicare Part D over a 10-year period.","authors":"Shu Niu, Laura E Happe, Sumaya Abuloha, Mikael Svensson","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1355","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2021, Medicare Part D gross prescription drug spending amounted to $216 billion, a number that has more than doubled over the last 10 years. Spending in Medicare Part D is concentrated on a small number of drugs, and spending on specialty drugs has increased in recent years. However, the extent to which concentration in Part D spending has changed over time and the drivers of this change have not been described.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To quantify the time trends in Medicare Part D spending and utilization, the concentration of spending, and the share of spending accounted for by specialty drugs from 2012 to 2021.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this repeated cross-sectional study, we used data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Part D Drug Spending Dashboard to investigate the time trends in total gross spending, prescriptions claims, and the average cost of a prescription claim for Part D drugs. We assessed the concentration based on the share of total gross spending and prescriptions by the drugs with the top 1%, 5%, and 10% of the highest spending and Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. In addition, we stratified our analyses by specialty and nonspecialty drugs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over the last 10 years, total gross drug spending in Medicare Part D increased by 103.5%, with a compounded annual growth rate of 8.2%. This change was driven by both increases in prescription claims and price increases of existing drugs to a similar degree. The concentration of spending intensified, with the top 1% of drugs accounting for an escalating share of total spending (from 31.4% to 41.1%). Over the 10-year study period, these top-spending drugs accounted for 5.6% of prescriptions but 34.6% of spending. Lorenz curves and increased Gini coefficients similarly showed that a smaller number of drugs accounted for increased spending over the study period. Specialty drug spending increased by 566.5%, with a compounded annual growth rate of 23.5%. The share of total spending on specialty drugs increased from 21.7% in 2012 to 71.1% in 2021. In 2021, specialty drugs accounted for 6.2% of prescriptions but 71.1% of total spending.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Medicare Part D gross drug spending became increasingly more concentrated from 2012 to 2021, which was especially pronounced for specialty drugs. Increases in prices for specialty and other brand-name drugs will likely continue to drive gross spending upward. Although the Inflation Reduction Act provisions will likely reduce net spending on selected drugs, other policy changes may be warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1355-1363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating estimated health care resource utilization and costs in patients with myelofibrosis based on transfusion status and anemia severity: A retrospective analysis of the Medicare Fee-For-Service claims data.","authors":"Aaron T Gerds, Joseph Tkacz, Laura Moore-Schiltz, Jill Schinkel, Kelesitse Phiri, Tom Liu, Boris Gorsh","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.24050","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.24050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Myelofibrosis (MF) is a rare but aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm that commonly affects older patients, with a mean age of onset of older than 60 years. At least a third of patients with primary MF are anemic at diagnosis, and nearly all patients become anemic over time; approximately half require red blood cell transfusions within a year of diagnosis. Anemia and transfusion dependence are leading negative prognostic factors for overall survival and are associated with diminished quality of life and increased health care-related economic burden in patients with MF.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe baseline characteristics, health care resource utilization (HCRU), and costs as a function of transfusion status and anemia severity in patients diagnosed with MF among the US Medicare Fee-For-Service (FFS) population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with MF appearing in the 100% Medicare FFS database enrolled between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2020. Patients were segmented into hemoglobin level cohorts (no, mild, moderate, and severe anemia) and transfusion status cohorts (transfusion independent [TI], transfusion requiring [TR], or transfusion dependent [TD]). Across cohorts, demographics and disease characteristics were assessed at baseline; per patient per month all-cause HCRU and medical and pharmacy costs were reported during follow-up. All results were summarized descriptively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The transfusion status cohort (N = 1,749) included TI (n = 980), TR (n = 559), and TD (n = 210) patients; the anemia severity cohort (N = 365) included patients with no (n = 100), mild (n = 128), moderate (n = 99), and severe (n = 38) anemia. On average, TR and TD patients or those with moderate or severe anemia had numerically higher Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index scores than those who were TI or had mild or no anemia. TR and TD cohorts reported numerically greater all-cause outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department utilization vs the TI cohort. All-cause costs were numerically higher in the TD and TR cohorts vs the TI cohort ($14,655 and $14,249 vs $8,191). Incremental increases in HCRU and costs were also observed with increasing anemia severity. All-cause medical and pharmacy costs for no, mild, moderate, and severe anemia cohorts were $4,689, $7,268, $10,439, and $13,590, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This retrospective analysis of the US Medicare FFS database descriptively evaluated patients by transfusion status and anemia severity and showed that costs and HCRU were numerically lower for patients with transfusion independence compared with those with transfusion dependence. Similar trends were seen when comparing patients based on anemia status, with numerically lower HCRU and cost observed with decreasing anemia severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1395-1404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imetelstat for anemia in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: A summary from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review's California Technology Assessment Forum.","authors":"Shahariar Mohammed Fahim, Jeffrey A Tice, Linda Luu, Josh J Carlson, Marina Richardson, Belen Herce-Hagiwara, Ronald Dickerson, Daniel A Ollendorf","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1479","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1479","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1479-1485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1487","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1487","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Area deprivation index impact on type 2 diabetes outcomes in a regional health plan.","authors":"Taylor N Laffey, David Marr, Ashley Modany, Molly McGraw, Tavvy Mounarath, Andrew Bryk, Nicholas Christian, Chester Good","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1375","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rates of attainment of high-quality diabetes care have been shown to be lower for those living in more disadvantaged and rural areas. Diabetes management relies on access to care and is impacted by physical, social, and economic factors. Area deprivation index (ADI) is one way to quantify geographic disparities in aggregate. We aimed to investigate how ADI impacts outcomes in members with type 2 diabetes enrolled in a large, regional health plan.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evalute clinical and economic objectives. Clinical objectives included the percentage of members who achieved hemoglobin A1c (A1c) goal level of 7% or less, the percentage of members who received comorbidity-focused therapies, noninsulin diabetes medication adherence, and the frequency and type of health care services used. Economic outcomes included per member per month differences in total cost of care, pharmacy cost, medical cost, and diabetes-associated cost.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective review of pharmacy and medical claims included 8,814 adult members with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes enrolled in an integrated health plan during calendar year 2021. To be included, members were required to be at least 18 years of age, reside in Pennsylvania, and have continuous enrollment for 2 years prior to type 2 diabetes diagnosis. State-level ADI data were derived for each member and applied to the Census block group on file in the administrative claims data. The study population deciles were grouped into ADI quintiles for analysis. Multivariable regression models and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the association between ADI and outcomes while controlling for confounding variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no statistically significant differences between any ADI quintile for achievement of A1c goal or receipt of comorbidity-focused therapy. Significant differences were identified between ADI quintiles 1 (least deprived) and 5 (most deprived) for obtainment of at least 1 A1c test during calendar year 2021 (72% vs 56%, <i>P</i> < 0.01) and adherence to noninsulin diabetes medications (70% vs 62%, <i>P</i> < 0.01). Significant differences were also identified for all-cause inpatient, outpatient, and unplanned health care service utilization. The difference in per member per month all-cause total cost of care was on average $363.50 less for those living in ADI quintile 1 vs those in quintile 5 (<i>P</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant differences were identified between ADI quintiles 1 and 5 for noninsulin diabetes medication adherence, frequency of A1c test claims, all-cause health care service utilization, and total cost of care. There were no statistically significant differences between ADI quintiles for achievement of A1c goal or receipt of comorbidity-focused therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1375-1384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient perceptions of their experience with comprehensive medication reviews: A framework for continued quality improvement.","authors":"Melissa Castora-Binkley, Shalini Selvarajah, Mariana Felix, Patrick J Campbell, Heather Black, Terri Warholak, David R Axon","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1385","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A comprehensive medication review (CMR) is an annual service offered to eligible Medicare Part D beneficiaries as a component of the Medication Therapy Management program. However, little is known about the most meaningful aspect of CMRs from the patient's perspective. This information is necessary to help improve the service.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct concept elicitation interviews with patients who recently received a CMR to guide quality improvement efforts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Those who recently received a telephonic CMR were invited to participate in semistructured interviews to provide their insights on the CMR service. An interview guide was used and contained the following 6 key questions (with additional probing questions) exploring: (1) overall experience, (2) medication knowledge, (3) concerns, (4) management, (5) satisfaction, and (6) experience. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interviews were conducted with 42 patients and resulted in the identification of themes related to the CMR service that were most meaningful to patients. The resulting framework contained 3 themes related to the content of the CMR (eg, medication review), the characteristics of the pharmacy professional (eg, professionalism), and the interaction during the CMR (eg, the telephonic experience). Intrinsic patient factors (eg, prior experiences) were also identified as important to contextualize patients' experiences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The framework provides concrete examples of the need for continued quality improvement of the CMR service and can be illustrated using the structure-process-outcome model. Patient perspectives should be accounted for in future quality improvement activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1385-1394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the burden of illness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in a large managed care population: The ETHEREAL Study.","authors":"Michael Charlton, Ivy Tonnu-Mihara, Chia-Chen Teng, Ziqi Zhou, Feven Asefaha, Rakesh Luthra, Amy Articolo, Anthony Hoovler, Chioma Uzoigwe","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.24106","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.24106","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH; formerly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) is the inflammatory form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). MASH is a progressive disease associated with increased risk for many hepatic and extra-hepatic complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, the requirement for liver transplantation, and cardiovascular (CV)-related and kidney-related complications. It is important to understand the clinical and economic burden of MASH.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess and compare the clinical and economic burdens of MASH in adults with the non-MASH population in a real-world setting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This observational, retrospective study used the Healthcare Integrated Research Database (HIRD), which contains health care claims data for commercially insured and Medicare Advantage health plan members across the United States. All-cause, CV-related, and liver-related medical costs and health care resource utilization were evaluated in patients with at least 2 diagnoses of MASH during the patient identification period (October 1, 2016, to April 30, 2022) and compared with a non-MASH cohort 1:1 matched on age, Quan Charlson Comorbidity Index, region of residence, and health plan type and length of enrollment. Generalized linear regression with negative binomial and γ distribution models were used to compare health care resource utilization and medical costs, respectively, while controlling for confounders. Covariate-adjusted all-cause, CV-related, and liver-related hospitalization rate ratios and medical cost ratios were assessed and compared for the MASH and matched non-MASH cohorts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 18,549 patients with MASH were compared with 18,549 matched patients in the non-MASH cohort. After adjusting for covariates, MASH was associated with significantly higher rates of hospitalization and higher medical costs compared with the non-MASH cohort. When compared with the non-MASH cohort, patients with MASH had 1.22 (95% CI = 1.15-1.30; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001) times higher rates of all-cause hospitalization, 1.13 (95% CI = 1.03-1.24; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.008) times higher rates of CV-related hospitalization, and 7.22 (95% CI = 4.91-10.61; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001) times higher rates of liver-related hospitalization. Similarly, all-cause medical costs were 1.26 (95% CI = 1.22-1.30; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001) times higher, CV-related medical costs were 1.66 (95% CI = 1.59-1.73; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001) times higher, and liver-related medical costs were 7.79 (95% CI = 7.42-8.17; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001) times higher among patients with MASH.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Compared with those of the non-MASH cohort with similar age, Quan Charlson Comorbidity Index, health plan, region of residence, and duration of enrollment, patients with MASH had significantly higher all-cause, CV","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1414-1430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142348304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a human papillomavirus vaccination clinical program in a commercially insured population.","authors":"Karli Pelaccio, Millie Mo, Allison Olmsted, Kelly DeJager","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1405","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.12.1405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV) results in 37,000 new cancers each year. HPV-attributable cancers are preventable through vaccination with the completion of the HPV series encouraged by age 13 years. Public uptake has been lower than expected. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM) implemented clinical programs to address low vaccination rates.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the proportion of adolescent members who completed the HPV vaccine series before vs after implementation of clinical programs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective, observational study of BCBSM commercial medical claims for members aged 9 to younger than 14 years. Data were divided accordingly: (A) pre-intervention (2019), (B) academic detailing (2022), and (C) academic detailing and provider incentive (2023). Years 2020 and 2021 were excluded to avoid impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome compared the proportion of members who completed the HPV vaccine series for Cohorts B and C compared with Cohort A. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of members who completed the first dose, the time between the dose due date and when the dose was received, average age at series completion, and dose 1 and 2 completion by month. Data were assessed using chi-square and independent t-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Member baseline characteristics were similar, with the majority aged 11 to younger than 13 years, male, White, and having an urban residence. For Cohorts A, B, and C, the proportion of HPV series completers were 15.3%, 15.2%, and 15.2%, respectively. The proportion of those who received only 1 dose was 15.8%, 15.6%, 15.5%, respectively. Cohorts B and C completed the series later compared with Cohort A, with the remaining time until due date as follows: 38 days (Cohort A), 8 days (Cohort B), and 4 days (Cohort C). Compared with Cohort A, Cohorts B and C had more members who received doses 1 and 2 more than 1 year apart: 8.1% (Cohort B) and 8.4% (Cohort C) compared with 6.3% (Cohort A). The average age of series completion was 12 years. August was the most popular month to receive doses 1 and 2 across all cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The difference observed between cohorts for the proportion of members who completed the series was not statistically significant. Cohorts B and C completed the series later compared with Cohort A, and a higher proportion received doses 1 and 2 more than 1 year apart. Although the years 2020 and 2021 were not included, lasting impact from the pandemic may have influenced study results; however, BCBSM's efforts may have mitigated the impact of the national decrease seen in HPV vaccination among in-state members.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1405-1413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health care costs among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma treated with ixazomib or daratumumab in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in the United States.","authors":"Sikander Ailawadhi, Mu Cheng, Maral DerSarkissian, Jonathan Dabora, Melanie Young, Stephen J Noga, Selina Pi, Melody Zhang, Azeem Banatwala, Mei Sheng Duh, Dasha Cherepanov","doi":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.24085","DOIUrl":"10.18553/jmcp.2024.24085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Available treatments for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) include multiclass triplet regimens such as lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Rd backbone) plus ixazomib (proteasome inhibitor [PI]; I) or daratumumab (monoclonal antibody; D). Although prior real-world studies compared PI-Rd triplets, this research extends those findings by comparing health care costs of a PI-based and a monoclonal antibody-based triplet, IRd and DRd, in patients with RRMM in the United States.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe and compare all-cause and MM-related health care costs in patients with RRMM treated with IRd vs DRd.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective longitudinal study used fully adjudicated US claims data from IQVIA PharMetrics Plus (January 1, 2015, to September 30, 2020) and included adult patients who initiated IRd or DRd as second line of therapy (LOT) or later. Index date was the treatment initiation date for each LOT; baseline was 6 months pre-index. MM-related and all-cause costs per patient per month were assessed during follow-up (2020 US dollars). For MM-related costs, treatment administration costs were excluded from outpatient (OP) costs and instead summed with pharmacy costs. Costs were compared using 2-part models and generalized linear models. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for imbalances in baseline confounders across treatment groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 265 patients who initiated IRd or DRd were included in this analysis, contributing to 276 distinct LOTs (IRd: n = 153; DRd: n = 123). Baseline characteristics were similar between IRd and DRd cohorts after applying inverse probability of treatment weighting. Weighted (ie, adjusted) mean monthly MM-related total costs were significantly lower for the IRd cohort compared with the DRd cohort (-$8,141; <i>P</i> < 0.001). Total MM-related medical (-$4,764; <i>P</i> < 0.001), OP (-$3,152; <i>P</i> < 0.001), and pharmacy and OP treatment administration costs (-$3,563; <i>P</i> = 0.017) were also significantly lower for the IRd cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When comparing patients with MM in the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus commercial insurance database, which reflects the payer perspective, significant cost savings were observed for patients treated with IRd vs DRd owing to lower OP and pharmacy costs. These findings may help inform real-world treatment and reimbursement decisions for patients with RRMM.</p>","PeriodicalId":16170,"journal":{"name":"Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy","volume":"30 12","pages":"1431-1441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}