Journal of Innate Immunity最新文献

{"title":"Identification of Immune Candidate Genes in Post-Sepsis Syndrome: Linking Innate Immunity to Long-Term Autoimmune Responses.","authors":"Yuying Zhou, Tingjun Wang, Yecheng Li, Yunxi Yang, Sai Ma, Yibin Sun, Wen Lu, Yu Zhou","doi":"10.1159/000547279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000547279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Post-Sepsis Syndrome (PSS) is marked by persistent immune dysregulation, leading to long-term complications that overlap with autoimmune responses. Uncovering key immune-related candidate genes during PSS recovery can enhance our understanding of immune mechanisms involved in post-sepsis complications and inform targeted therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analyze the GSE46955 dataset containing 24 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples: 8 from the sepsis stage, 8 from the recovery phase, and 6 from healthy controls. Use the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Further explore key genes and pathways in sepsis recovery through protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 537 DEGs were identified, showing significant expression differences between sepsis and healthy controls. CD4, C1QA, and HLA-DRA were key hub genes in the PPI network, with increased expression in recovery samples, indicating roles in immune regulation. CD4 silencing worsened sepsis and reduced survival in mice, while CD4 overexpression improved outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings highlight immune candidate genes that could serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in PSS, shedding light on the prolonged immune responses underlying sepsis recovery. These insights support the development of interventions targeting immune dysregulation in PSS, potentially applicable to other autoimmune conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Recognition of Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigens by the Pattern Recognition Molecules MBL and Ficolins of the Complement System.","authors":"Kirstine Mejlstrup Hymøller, Lisa Crone, Steffen Thiel, Thierry Hennet","doi":"10.1159/000547441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000547441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The complement system plays a crucial role in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. When activated, a proteolytic cascade leads to pathogen destruction. It is initiated via the recognition of foreign structures by three pathways: the classical, the lectin, and the alternative. This study focuses on the lectin pathway and the role of four pattern recognition molecules (PRMs), mannan-binding lectin, H-ficolin, L-ficolin, and M-ficolin, in the recognition of microbial patterns and the initiation of complement activation. These PRMs bind to specific carbohydrate structures; each PRM has unique ligand specificities. We investigated the PRM interactions with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Utilizing a microarray of 120 distinct LPS structures, the study aims to map the diversity of PRM-LPS interactions and assess their role in complement activation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings reveal that all four PRMs preferentially bind to the O-antigens of LPS, rather than lipid A or the core oligosaccharide, contradicting previous suggestions. Each PRM displayed distinct binding patterns to different LPS structures, although some overlaps were observed. These interactions were partially confirmed with whole bacteria. MBL binding to E. coli O30 and O126, as well as H-ficolin binding to E. coli O108 led to complement activation on the bacterial surface.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The application of a wide array of LPS structures expands and clarifies the spectrum of bacterial glycoconjugates that interact with PRMs, known to activate the complement system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation as partners in crime in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.","authors":"Aleksandar Janev, Daša Zupančič, Peter Veranič, Tadeja Kuret","doi":"10.1159/000546901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder, characterized by chronic pain, increased urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Currently, no therapeutic option consistently provides long-term relief for all IC/BPS patients, likely due to the largely unknown mechanisms underlying the disease's development and progression. IC/BPS is considered a multifactorial disorder with a complex pathobiology that ultimately leads to unresolved inflammation, bladder dysfunction, and pain. Recent research has highlighted chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting from either increased production of reactive oxygen species or their inadequate elimination, as a significant feature of IC/BPS. The frequent co-occurrence of IC/BPS with other chronic diseases characterized by prolonged oxidative stress and subtle chronic inflammation, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic psychological stress, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome, suggests a common underlying pathogenic pathway. In this review, we summarize key findings suggesting that oxidative stress and chronic inflammation play a part in the onset and progression of IC/BPS. We explore how oxidative stress contributes to IC/BPS through various mechanisms, including damage to bladder urothelial cells and mitochondria, the activation of innate immune signaling pathways, which together create a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic options and novel drug candidates with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which could modulate regulatory pathways involved in disease development and provide long-term efficacy in IC/BPS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TLR9 Downregulation in Breast Cancer: Its Role in Tumor Immunity, Inflammatory Response, and Cellular Senescence.","authors":"Emily Sible, Gregory Weitsman, Salome Amouyal, Guillaume Roblot, Marie Marotel, Rémi Pescarmona, Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare, Cheryl Gillett, Amie Ceesay, Alexia Gazeu, Marie Cecile Michallet, Christophe Caux, Francois-Loic Cosset, Umaima Al Alem, Tony Ng, Uzma Ayesha Hasan","doi":"10.1159/000545527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is primarily expressed in human dendritic and B cells and recognizes double-stranded DNA motifs from pathogens to initiate an inflammatory response. Recent studies have revealed TLR9's involvement beyond its conventional role in the immune response, notably during the tumorigenesis of various cancers such as head and neck, cervical, and ovarian cancers. In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis demonstrated significantly lower TLR9 levels in breast cancer tumors compared to normal breast tissue epithelium. This downregulation was also observed in several transformed breast cancer cell lines compared to untransformed breast epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, MDA-MB-361 breast cancer cells expressing exogenous TLR9 exhibited reduced colony growth and an increase in senescence marker IL-6, pro- inflammatory cytokine CCL2, CXCL1 chemokine; and growth factor GM-CSF. These findings support TLR9's regulatory role in mitigating breast cancer and highlight its critical connection between the innate immunity and tumor cell growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA Viruses, Toll-Like Receptors, and Cytokines: The Perfect Storm?","authors":"Sophia K Stegeman, Olena Kourko, Heather Amsden, Isabella E Pellizzari Delano, John E Mamatis, Madison Roth, Che C Colpitts, Katrina Gee","doi":"10.1159/000543608","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543608","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The interactions between viruses and the host immune response are nuanced and intricate. The cytokine response arguably plays a central role in dictating the outcome of virus infection, balancing inflammation, and healing, which is crucial to resolving infection without destructive immunopathologies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Early innate immune responses are key to the generation of a beneficial or detrimental immune response. These initial responses are regulated by a plethora of surface bound, endosomal, and cytoplasmic innate immune receptors known as pattern recognition receptors. Of these, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of cytokines during virus infection. Recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as viral proteins and/or nucleotide sequences, the TLRs act as sentinels for the initiation and propagation of immune responses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key messages: &lt;/strong&gt;TLRs are important receptors for initiating the innate response to single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses like influenza A virus (IAV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue virus, and Ebola virus. Infection with these viruses is also associated with aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to a harmful cytokine storm response. Herein we discuss the connections between these ssRNA viruses, cytokine storm, and the roles of TLRs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The interactions between viruses and the host immune response are nuanced and intricate. The cytokine response arguably plays a central role in dictating the outcome of virus infection, balancing inflammation, and healing, which is crucial to resolving infection without destructive immunopathologies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Early innate immune responses are key to the generation of a beneficial or detrimental immune response. These initial responses are regulated by a plethora of surface bound, endosomal, and cytoplasmic innate immune receptors known as pattern recognition receptors. Of these, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of cytokines during virus infection. Recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as viral proteins and/or nucleotide sequences, the TLRs act as sentinels for the initiation and propagation of immune responses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key messages: &lt;/strong&gt;TLRs are important receptors for initiating the innate response to single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses like influenza A virus (IAV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue virus, and Ebola virus. Infection with these viruses is also associated with aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to a harmful cytokine storm response. Herein we discuss the connections between these ssRNA vir","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"126-153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates Resist Complement-Mediated Lysis by Inhibiting the Complement Cascade and Improperly Depositing MAC.","authors":"Michal Magda, Wendy Boschloo, Serena Bettoni, Derek Fairley, Thomas A Russo, Christian G Giske, Chaitanya Tellapragada, Suzan H M Rooijakkers, Kristian Riesbeck, Anna M Blom","doi":"10.1159/000543664","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543664","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised hosts. The complement system is a critical mechanism of innate immunity that protects the human body from bacterial infections. Complement activation leads to the deposition of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which can directly lyse gram-negative bacteria. However, A. baumannii has developed evasion mechanisms to protect itself from complement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Complement deposition was investigated by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Soluble MAC formation was assessed by ELISA. Bacterial serum resistance was determined by the SYTOX Green Assay. Galleria mellonella was used as an infection model. Genome sequencing revealed virulence genes carried by isolates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;We examined clinical isolates of A. baumannii and found 11 isolates with MAC deposition and 5 isolates without deposition. Trypsinization of MAC-positive isolates significantly reduced MAC, indicating incorrect insertion, consistent with a lack of lysis of these strains. MAC-negative isolates inhibited alternative pathway activation and were significantly more serum-resistant. These strains were also more virulent in a G. mellonella infection model. Whole genome sequencing revealed that MAC-negative isolates carried more virulence genes, and both MAC-negative and MAC-positive A. baumannii significantly differed in capsule type. Importantly, a correlation was observed between complement inhibition and capsule type (e.g., capsule locus KL171) of MAC-negative bacteria, while the capsule type (e.g., KL230) of MAC-positive A. baumannii was associated with increased sensitivity to MAC-mediated lysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our findings suggest a relationship between capsule type, complement resistance, and host virulence in A. baumannii.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised hosts. The complement system is a critical mechanism of innate immunity that protects the human body from bacterial infections. Complement activation leads to the deposition of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which can directly lyse gram-negative bacteria. However, A. baumannii has developed evasion mechanisms to protect itself from complement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Complement deposition was investigated by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Soluble MAC formation was assessed by ELISA. Bacterial serum resistance was determined by the SYTOX Green Assay. Galleria mellonella was used as an infection model. Genome sequencing revealed virulence genes carried by isolates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;We examined clinical isolates of A. baumannii and found 11 isolates with MAC deposition and 5 isolates without deposition. Trypsinization of MAC-positive isolates signif","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"112-125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000545776","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545776","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":"17 1","pages":"287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAPN1 Promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Infection by Interacting with TFEB and Inhibiting Autophagy.","authors":"Yueming Wu, Miaomiao Chen, Hua Chen, Liuhua Pan, Jing Zhao, Shunnan Sun, Ning Zhang, Junlong Xu","doi":"10.1159/000543244","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543244","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Autophagy-lysosome pathways play a crucial role in the intracellular killing of pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which acute lung injury (ALI) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affects the autophagy-lysosome pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;ALI mouse models were induced by lipopolysaccharide and P. aeruginosa strain K (PAK). Lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for observation. Flow cytometry was used to analyze bacteria and inflammatory cell infiltration. ELISA was performed to measure inflammatory factor levels. Transmission electron microscopy evaluated autolysosome quantity. Western blot detected levels of related proteins. Immunofluorescence evaluated LC3 expression, and the localization of TFEB in cells was observed. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments confirmed the interaction between CAPN1 and TFEB. qRT-PCR measured capn1 and tfeb expression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Mouse experiments revealed that PAK infection led to the suppression of autolysosomes in mouse lung tissue, along with increased CAPN1 expression and decreased TFEB in the lung tissue of PAK-induced pneumonia mice. CAPN1-deficient mice could reverse the impact of PAK infection on autolysosomes in mouse lung tissue. These findings were further verified by cell experiments. At a mechanistic level, CAPN1 can interact with TFEB after PAK infection and prevent its entry into the nucleus, thereby inhibiting the autophagolysosomal pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;CAPN1 promotes PAK-induced ALI by inhibiting the autophagy-lysosome pathway by targeting TFEB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Autophagy-lysosome pathways play a crucial role in the intracellular killing of pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which acute lung injury (ALI) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affects the autophagy-lysosome pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;ALI mouse models were induced by lipopolysaccharide and P. aeruginosa strain K (PAK). Lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for observation. Flow cytometry was used to analyze bacteria and inflammatory cell infiltration. ELISA was performed to measure inflammatory factor levels. Transmission electron microscopy evaluated autolysosome quantity. Western blot detected levels of related proteins. Immunofluorescence evaluated LC3 expression, and the localization of TFEB in cells was observed. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments confirmed the interaction between CAPN1 and TFEB. qRT-PCR measured capn1 and tfeb expression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Mouse experiments revealed that PAK infection led to the suppression of autolysosomes in mouse lung tissue, along with increased CAPN1 expression and decreased TFEB in the lung tissue of PAK-induced pneumonia mice. CAPN1-deficient mice could reverse the impact of PAK infection on autolysosomes in mouse lung tissue. These fin","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":"17 1","pages":"176-197"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11906175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Characterization of Novel ELISAs for the Specific Quantification of the Factor H-Related Proteins 2, 3, 4, and 5.","authors":"Mara van Rossum, Bert R J Veuskens, Mieke C Brouwer, Gerard van Mierlo, Laura Lucientes-Continente, Elena Goicoechea de Jorge, Barbara Uzonyi, Alexandra T Matola, Mihály Józsi, Günter Müller, Anita M Meter-Arkema, Felix Poppelaars, Diana Pauly, Richard B Pouw, Erik J M Toonen","doi":"10.1159/000545139","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The complement system's alternative pathway relies on factor H (FH) for immune homeostasis. Next to FH, a group of highly similar proteins was described known as the FH-related (FHR) proteins. The FH protein family includes FH, factor H-like protein 1, and five FHR proteins (FHR-1 to -5). The exact function of the FHRs is still unknown, necessitating further research. However, the lack of highly specific assays has hindered studying their role in health and disease. This study aimed to develop novel ELISAs for reliably and specifically quantifying levels of the FHRs in human blood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Novel FHR-specific antibodies were generated. Positive hybridoma clones were taken to monoclonality, verified for target specificity via ELISA and Western blot, and antibody pairs were selected for further ELISA development. During development, ELISAs were characterized and validated for specificity, stability, accuracy, and reproducibility, among others.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Monoclonal antibodies specific for FHR-2, -3, -4, or -5 were generated. Using these antibodies, four ELISAs were developed capable of quantifying FHR levels in an accurate and robust manner. Each assay showed high target specificity, good analyte recovery and strong reproducibility between replicates, test runs, and test laboratories.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These assays enable specific and accurate quantification of FHR-2, -3, -4, and -5 in human blood. They facilitate large-scale screening of patient cohorts in a standardized manner and contribute to understanding the role of the FHRs in health and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"226-243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12048131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qilian Jiechang Ning Alleviates TNBS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice and Segatella copri Outer Membrane Vesicle-Triggered Inflammation in Colon Epithelial Cells via the Caspase-1/11-GSDMD Pathways.","authors":"Jinyang Hu, Junjie Niu, Shisheng Jiang, Yuhua Wu","doi":"10.1159/000545394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Qilian Jiechang Ning (QJN), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has demonstrated potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aims to investigate the mechanism of QJN in the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Segatella copri (S. copri)-induced colon epithelial cells and UC mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were utilized to assess the morphology and size of OMVs. Inflammation markers and tight junction protein levels in HCoEpiCs induced by OMVs were monitored using ELISA and western blot. QJN was administered to intervene in HCoEpiCs treated with S. copri OMVs. Additionally, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced mouse models were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of QJN on UC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>S. copri OMVs treated with QJN demonstrated a significant reduction in particle size, protein concentration, and LPS content. In HCoEpiCs, QJN effectively decreased the expression of inflammation-inducing cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α) and proinflammatory proteins (GSDMD-N, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved Caspase-1, cleaved Caspase-4) triggered by S. copri OMVs, while enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin). In the UC mouse models, QJN significantly reduced the Disease Activity Index (DAI), improved colon length, lowered LPS levels, ameliorated colonic tissue damage, and inhibited Caspase-1- and Caspase-11-dependent inflammatory responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>QJN can alleviate S. copri-OMV-induced inflammatory response in colonic epithelial cells and reduce symptoms of UC in mouse models by modulating the Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":16113,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Innate Immunity","volume":"17 1","pages":"262-276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12077867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}