{"title":"Military Language Policy and Management","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The military sets language policy to allow management at various levels, whether to give orders to lower ranks, agree on plans with allies, or spy on the enemy. Armies often teach significant languages.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114667664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some National Language Policies","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter gives details of language policy and management in nine regions: Singapore and Malaysia, East Africa, former Soviet nations, China and the Koreas, The European Union, India, Israel, Indonesia and Ireland.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124919860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Public Institutions for Communication, Culture, Religion, Health and Law","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Language policy at various levels is partly interrelated and partly independent. Media, radio, television, newspapers, and books illustrate literacy policy and also influence the status of varieties. Each religion can have its own favored sacred language, and often attempts to manage language use, banning heresy and obscenity. Access to health care can depend on language policy and is influenced by the gap between professional and lay speech. In the same way, the police force needs to be able to communicate with members of the public. Judges and lawyers have their own professional jargon and rules of communication.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115025332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Individual in Language Policy and Management","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Named languages, as defined by the International Standards Organization, are theoretically recognized by lack of comprehensibility by speakers of other varieties but turn out in practice to be decided politically rather than linguistically. The fact that multilingualism is so common suggests that we should deal with repertoires rather than languages. Varieties are supported by ideologies and beliefs in their economic or identity values. Even at the level of the individual speaker, this is true. The book starts with the individual, encouraged by the existence of self-management in Language Management Theory and even more by the example of a grandson who resisted his elder siblings’ shift to their school language.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133232600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imperialism and Colonialism","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In the ancient world, conquest had limited effects on language policy. With the spread of colonialism, imperial languages were spread, and plantation slavery produced pidgins and creoles. Language policy in Portuguese, French, Spanish and other empires required any schooling to be in the metropolitan language; although there was some use of local languages in British colonies, secondary and further education required English. Inertia and elite closure (the status of an educated elite) led many nations to continue colonial language policies after independence.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129814572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Treaties, Charters and Other Supranational Sources of Rights","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Although some linguists cite language rights, it seems wiser to speak of human rights including language choice. For the last two centuries, there have been arguments for the language rights of minority groups, now increasingly recognized in many countries and regions. The Council of Europe favoured language learning; the European Union protects its national languages and calls on its members to recognize selected local minority languages. Languages of immigrants and refugees are usually excluded.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"30 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120889278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endangerment and Language Shift","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"For several years, linguists have seen a parallel between species loss and language endangerment, fearing a rapid reduction in the number of distinct languages which they argue will reduce human knowledge of plants and other valued knowledge. Others suggest that shift is natural and evolutionary. The chapter gives details of minority languages in India, Vanuatu, Brazil, Nigeria, and the Russian Federation, providing support for the notion that stronger varieties threaten weaker. The appendix gives details of endangered languages in five countries.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"21 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123125760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neighbourhoods and the Workplace","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The neighborhood enters the home through young peers who are perhaps more influential than parents. Evidence of the common languages in the neighborhood are the public signs, but the spoken varieties are even more diverse. Choice of a neighborhood can be important in the future of children raised in it. Similarly, home language policy can be influenced by the prospects for employment. Various occupations set language proficiency requirements for hiring or otion, and some employers attempt to manage the language use of workers.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125837788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Management Agencies and Advocates","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Managers and managing agencies assume that they have authority to changes the language practices and belief of others; advocates and advocacy groups realise they need to persuade others to change. Examples from India are cited. Language academies are usually advocates; the Quechua Academy proved to be quite unsuccessful, and the Hebrew Language Academy had quite limited effects. Under totalitarian governments, language management is more easily enforceable, as illustrated by Soviet and PRC policies. The advocacy groups supporting Māori revitalization persuaded community and government to help. Language reformers are generally advocates, proposing changes in spelling and grammar.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124132100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Pressure and Neoliberalism","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Language ideology assigns values to specific languages, which establishes motivation for language shift towards powerful or global varieties. Languages are widely regarded as commodities, with monolingualism preferred to multilingualism. Economics is thus a major force in language management.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116478523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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