{"title":"Education","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Schooling is a major factor in language management, and choice of language of instruction normally laid down by the state is central. There is considerable variety in school language practice. In early history, there were elite schools for scribes, but in Judea after the destruction of the Temple, Jewish communities were enjoined to teach literacy to all male children. Traditional Indian and medieval European schooling were both under the influence of religious leadership. Starting in the eighteenth century in Europe, economic and political pressure encouraged secular language policies that supported national identity and unity. This continued gap between home and school, which still affects nearly half the world’s children. School language policy is usually controlled by national governments which favour standard varieties over vernaculars, although there are many other stakeholders. Bilingual and multilingual education is proposed as one solution to the home-school gap.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127134768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: The Non-Linguistic Environment","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Language repertoires develop in various human habitats, a fact that makes geography, demography, birth order and population density relevant to the creation and expansion of individual and community linguistic repertoires. In the modern world, technological developments (such as television and the computer) have provided a wider environment for communication. At the same time, non-linguistic forces (war, civil unrest, climate change induced floods and droughts, poverty and corruption) interfere even with wise language policies.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124191862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Family and the Home","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"There are many kinds of family, so that generalization is difficult. The migration of families and individuals produces situations where the home variety is different from that of the new community, leading to conflict especially in cases of intermarriage. Diasporas produce language conflict, which adds to the pressure on individual and home language policies. The family, responsible for natural intergenerational language transmission, is a powerful force in language policy.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123984723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Nation State as Language Manager","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Most nations emphasize their claim to sovereignty by naming a national language in a constitution, but English dominant states take its primacy for granted. Many states have laws recognizing national and some other selected languages. Some empower agencies to enforce these preferences.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123994840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rethinking a Theory","authors":"B. Spolsky","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485463.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter sets out my current theory – practices, beliefs and management, on different levels and domains ranging from the individual to the nation, with implementation blocked by complexity and by natural and man-made non-linguistic obstacles. It then raises the question, should language be managed, considering cases like the PRC policy on the Uighurs and the effect on indigenous languages of modernization and standardization. It concludes with the continued need to rethink the model, noting the difficulty of finding evidence of success or failure.","PeriodicalId":161077,"journal":{"name":"Rethinking Language Policy","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127600164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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