Management Agencies and Advocates

Managers and managing agencies assume that they have authority to changes the language practices and belief of others; advocates and advocacy groups realise they need to persuade others to change. Examples from India are cited. Language academies are usually advocates; the Quechua Academy proved to be quite unsuccessful, and the Hebrew Language Academy had quite limited effects. Under totalitarian governments, language management is more easily enforceable, as illustrated by Soviet and PRC policies. The advocacy groups supporting Māori revitalization persuaded community and government to help. Language reformers are generally advocates, proposing changes in spelling and grammar.