Digestive Endoscopy最新文献

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Severe Gastric Atrophy Can Potentially Increase the Risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 严重的胃萎缩可能增加患食管鳞状细胞癌的风险。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1111/den.70076
Masaki Murata, Mitsushige Sugimoto
{"title":"Severe Gastric Atrophy Can Potentially Increase the Risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","authors":"Masaki Murata, Mitsushige Sugimoto","doi":"10.1111/den.70076","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70076","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145727629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Green Endoscopy 绿色的内窥镜检查。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1111/den.70080
Robin Baddeley, Bu' Hussain Hayee
{"title":"Green Endoscopy","authors":"Robin Baddeley,&nbsp;Bu' Hussain Hayee","doi":"10.1111/den.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>“Green Endoscopy” is now a worldwide movement that has captured the energy and imagination of the endoscopy community. It describes the effort to lessen the environmental impact of clinical practice by altering equipment, clinical pathways, and purchasing. While many suggestions or recommendations have been put forward, there is still much to be done in order to understand and regulate these attempts, to avoid unintended consequences and further environmental harm. This review highlights current thinking as well as fundamentals of environmental science and analysis, pertaining to our rapidly growing field.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145727512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Significance of White Opaque Substance in Superficial Nonampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumors 白色不透明物质在浅表非壶腹十二指肠上皮肿瘤中的意义。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1111/den.70075
Hikaru Kuribara, Naomi Kakushima, Hiroyuki Hisada, Dai Kubota, Yuko Miura, Hiroya Mizutani, Daisuke Ohki, Chihiro Takeuchi, Seiichi Yakabi, Keiko Niimi, Yousuke Tsuji, Junichi Nawa, Tetsuo Ushiku, Nobutake Yamamichi, Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
{"title":"Significance of White Opaque Substance in Superficial Nonampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumors","authors":"Hikaru Kuribara,&nbsp;Naomi Kakushima,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Hisada,&nbsp;Dai Kubota,&nbsp;Yuko Miura,&nbsp;Hiroya Mizutani,&nbsp;Daisuke Ohki,&nbsp;Chihiro Takeuchi,&nbsp;Seiichi Yakabi,&nbsp;Keiko Niimi,&nbsp;Yousuke Tsuji,&nbsp;Junichi Nawa,&nbsp;Tetsuo Ushiku,&nbsp;Nobutake Yamamichi,&nbsp;Mitsuhiro Fujishiro","doi":"10.1111/den.70075","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>White opaque substance (WOS) is an endoscopic finding related to histological grade among superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs). However, the significance of WOS distribution and chronological changes is unknown.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Images of two different esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) examinations before treatment for SNADETs were evaluated for the chronological change of WOS distribution. WOS distribution was classified into None, Partial, Whole and Marginal according to the degree of WOS. The frequency of chronological change and their relationship to lesion characteristics, including histological grade and epithelial subtypes (intestinal or gastric), were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 187 lesions, 27 were gastric-types and 160 were intestinal-types, 130 were low-grade adenoma (LGA) and 57 were high-grade adenoma or adenocarcinoma. The median interval between the EGDs was 49 days. Chronological change was more frequently observed in intestinal-types compared with gastric-types (26% vs. 5%, <i>p</i> = 0.01). Gastric-types mostly showed None WOS with no chronological change. Univariate analysis showed that tumor diameter of 10 mm or smaller, intestinal-type, interval between EGD, and LGA were related to chronological change. Multivariate analyses showed that intestinal-type and LGA were significant factors (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The most frequent change was None to Marginal (33%) among intestinal-type lesions with chronological change of WOS distribution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study revealed that WOS easily changes among LGA, especially in small intestinal-type lesions. As WOS is a variable finding, diagnosing histologic grade and epithelial subtypes of SNADETs should be based not only on the distribution of WOS, but also on a comprehensive assessment, including white-light endoscopy and image-enhanced endoscopy with magnification.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predissection Surface Clip Traction: A Simple and Effective Traction Method Without Trimming for Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection 解剖前表面夹牵引:一种简单有效的无需修剪的结肠内镜下粘膜下剥离牵引方法。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1111/den.70073
Yoshinori Horikawa, Koichi Hamada, Naoto Tamai
{"title":"Predissection Surface Clip Traction: A Simple and Effective Traction Method Without Trimming for Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection","authors":"Yoshinori Horikawa,&nbsp;Koichi Hamada,&nbsp;Naoto Tamai","doi":"10.1111/den.70073","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Watch a video of this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145679354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Usefulness of a Gel-Mixed Contrast Agent for Gastrointestinal Fluoroscopic Imaging and Stent Placement 凝胶混合造影剂在胃肠道透视成像和支架置入中的作用。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1111/den.70072
Yuki Kawasaki, Jun Ushio, Haruhiro Inoue
{"title":"Usefulness of a Gel-Mixed Contrast Agent for Gastrointestinal Fluoroscopic Imaging and Stent Placement","authors":"Yuki Kawasaki,&nbsp;Jun Ushio,&nbsp;Haruhiro Inoue","doi":"10.1111/den.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Watch a video of this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145672588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
WEO Position Statement on Telementoring in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy WEO关于胃肠内窥镜远程监控的立场声明。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/den.70060
Shivakumar Vignesh, Shivangi Kothari, Lars Aabakken, Michael Mwachiro, Akutu Munyika, Purnima Bhat, Douglas Faigel
{"title":"WEO Position Statement on Telementoring in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","authors":"Shivakumar Vignesh,&nbsp;Shivangi Kothari,&nbsp;Lars Aabakken,&nbsp;Michael Mwachiro,&nbsp;Akutu Munyika,&nbsp;Purnima Bhat,&nbsp;Douglas Faigel","doi":"10.1111/den.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Telemedicine is a broad term that encompasses all aspects of utilizing information and communication technologies to provide health services at distant sites. The primary goal of telementoring is the education and training of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopists particularly in areas where there is a shortage of endoscopy trainers. Telementoring in GI endoscopy can help to provide teaching and skills training both in simulator-based learning, and endoscopic skills training in the context of patient care. This position statement aims to outline the role of telementoring within GI endoscopy, offering a general model for the introduction and evaluation of a telementoring program that incorporates both simulators for junior trainees and skills training for practicing endoscopists. We hope to highlight its utility and implementation in remote locations. WEO recognizes that telementoring is valuable to expand access to high-quality endoscopy training especially in parts of the world where there is a shortage of endoscopy trainers and this document can serve as a guide in the planning and implementation of telementoring programs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cancer Incidence in Japanese Patients With Long-Segment Barrett's Esophagus—Japan Nationwide 10-Year Prospective Cohort Study 日本长段Barrett食管患者的癌症发病率——日本全国10年前瞻性队列研究
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/den.70070
Norihisa Ishimura, Nobuyuki Matsuhashi, Junko Fujisaki, Takao Endo, Tomoyuki Koike, Akira Dobashi, Kenro Kawada, Ryu Ishihara, Kazuhiro Matsueda, Ken-Ichi Mukaisho, Takahisa Furuta, Yuji Amano, Kenta Watanabe, Ken Haruma, Shinji Tanaka, Haruhiko Ogata, Yoshikazu Kinoshita, Katsunori Iijima
{"title":"Cancer Incidence in Japanese Patients With Long-Segment Barrett's Esophagus—Japan Nationwide 10-Year Prospective Cohort Study","authors":"Norihisa Ishimura,&nbsp;Nobuyuki Matsuhashi,&nbsp;Junko Fujisaki,&nbsp;Takao Endo,&nbsp;Tomoyuki Koike,&nbsp;Akira Dobashi,&nbsp;Kenro Kawada,&nbsp;Ryu Ishihara,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Matsueda,&nbsp;Ken-Ichi Mukaisho,&nbsp;Takahisa Furuta,&nbsp;Yuji Amano,&nbsp;Kenta Watanabe,&nbsp;Ken Haruma,&nbsp;Shinji Tanaka,&nbsp;Haruhiko Ogata,&nbsp;Yoshikazu Kinoshita,&nbsp;Katsunori Iijima","doi":"10.1111/den.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) arising in patients with long-segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE) in Japan remains to be elucidated. This study aims to investigate the incidence of EAC in Japanese LSBE cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a multicenter prospective cohort study involving 32 hospitals throughout Japan. Consecutive patients with Barrett's esophagus with a maximal length of ≥ 3 cm were prospectively enrolled. The study was initiated in June 2011, and the eligible cases were scheduled to undergo subsequent annual endoscopies for 10 years, concluding in December 2021. The cancer incidence was calculated with 95% confidence intervals and expressed as %/year of follow-up.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The initial registry comprised 343 participants. After excluding 16 cases with prevalent EAC and 60 cases with &lt; 1 year of follow-up, a total of 267 cases with LSBE were followed up for 1–10 years (58.0 ± 35.5 months), making the total patient-years 1290.4. During the observation period, 13 new EACs were identified, leading to an estimated EAC incidence of 1.01 (0.57–1.73)%/year. All the incident EAC cases were diagnosed as early cancers. Individuals who developed EAC demonstrated a higher prevalence of ever smoking (76.9% vs. 33.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.002) compared to those who did not.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This prospective, 10-year follow-up study revealed a substantial EAC incidence in Japanese LSBE cases, 1.01 (0.57–1.73)%/year, similar to values reported in Western countries. This result is a significant indicator for developing effective endoscopy surveillance for Japanese LSBE. UMIN000016043.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145650129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction to First Report From the International Evaluation of Endoscopic Classification Japan NBI Expert Team: International Multicenter Web Trial 对日本NBI专家组内镜分类国际评价第一份报告的修正:国际多中心网络试验。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/den.70068
{"title":"Correction to First Report From the International Evaluation of Endoscopic Classification Japan NBI Expert Team: International Multicenter Web Trial","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/den.70068","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Y. Saito, T. Sakamoto, E. Dekker, et al. “First report from the International Evaluation of Endoscopic classification Japan NBI Expert Team: International multicenter web trial,” <i>Digestive Endoscopy</i> 36, no. 5 (2024): 591–599.</p><p>The affiliation for authors A.P. and H.M. (affiliation 16) was incorrect. It should have read: “University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/den.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145650174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Argon Plasma Coagulation for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Carcinoma Using an Ultrathin Endoscope With a Transparent Hood 透明罩超薄内镜下氩等离子凝固治疗导管内乳头状黏液癌。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/den.70069
Kazuki Hirano, Kosuke Maehara, Tsunao Imamura
{"title":"Argon Plasma Coagulation for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Carcinoma Using an Ultrathin Endoscope With a Transparent Hood","authors":"Kazuki Hirano,&nbsp;Kosuke Maehara,&nbsp;Tsunao Imamura","doi":"10.1111/den.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Watch a video of this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145650137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Underwater Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection via Continuous Irrigation Method for a Colorectal Tumor Involving the Appendiceal Orifice 连续灌洗法水下内镜下粘膜下清扫术治疗累及阑尾口的结直肠肿瘤。
IF 4.7 2区 医学
Digestive Endoscopy Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/den.70071
Takahiro Muramatsu, Masakatsu Fukuzawa, Takao Itoi
{"title":"Underwater Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection via Continuous Irrigation Method for a Colorectal Tumor Involving the Appendiceal Orifice","authors":"Takahiro Muramatsu,&nbsp;Masakatsu Fukuzawa,&nbsp;Takao Itoi","doi":"10.1111/den.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1111/den.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for lesions extending into the appendiceal orifice remains technically challenging due to limited accessibility and risks of perforation or appendicitis [<span>1</span>]. Although techniques such as traction methods [<span>2</span>] and tapered hoods [<span>3</span>] have been reported, a standardized strategy has not yet been established. Herein, we report successful underwater ESD (UESD) [<span>4</span>] for a colorectal tumor involving the appendiceal orifice using the continuous irrigation method (CIM) [<span>5</span>], which provides improved visualization and facilitates precise mucosal incision and submucosal dissection by generating water pressure (Video S1). A 47-year-old woman underwent colonoscopy following positive fecal occult blood test results. The procedure revealed a flat, isochromatic lesion measuring 35 mm (type 0-IIa) in the cecum (Figure 1a–c). The lesion was suspected to be a sessile serrated lesion (SSL) and extended into the appendiceal orifice (Figure 1d). ESD was planned using a small-caliber tapered conical hood to improve access to the appendiceal orifice. After lesion marking (Figure 2a), mucosal incision began on the appendiceal side. However, bleeding and bubbles obscured the endoscopic view; therefore, CIM was initiated. CIM rapidly cleared the visual field and utilized water pressure to effectively separate the lesion from the appendiceal orifice, facilitating accurate incision (Figure 2b–d). Circumferential incision and subsequent submucosal dissection were successfully completed under stable visualization provided by CIM (Figure 2e–l). The procedure lasted 91 min.</p><p>The pathological diagnosis was SSL. CIM is a simple approach that improves visualization by clearing air bubbles and bleeding during UESD. Additionally, CIM supports mucosal incision and submucosal dissection through the water pressure effect and facilitates hemostasis via temporary compression, thus enabling safe and efficient en bloc resection of lesions involving the appendiceal orifice.</p><p>Takahiro Muramatsu wrote and edited the manuscript. Takahiro Muramatsu approved the manuscript. Takahiro Muramatsu, Masakatsu Fukuzawa, and Takao Itoi reviewed the literature and revised the manuscript for intellectual content.</p><p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p><p>Informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this report.</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":159,"journal":{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12746209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145650132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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