Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry最新文献

{"title":"Do Laser and Light Activation Improve In-Office Dental Bleaching Outcomes? An Umbrella Review of Efficacy, Tooth Sensitivity, and Biological Safety.","authors":"Javier Basualdo Allende, Vanessa Campos-Bijit, Constanza Morales-Gómez, Leonardo Díaz, Valeria C Gómez, Eduardo Fernández","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To synthesize umbrella-level evidence on laser or light activation and photobiomodulation in in-office dental bleaching, including whitening efficacy, tooth sensitivity, and biological safety. Systematic reviews were searched in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library using terms related to dental bleaching, hydrogen peroxide, laser activation, light activation, and photobiomodulation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses evaluating in-office bleaching with optical activation or photobiomodulation were included. Outcomes were color change, tooth sensitivity, pulpal safety, and adverse effects. Methodological quality was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2, and certainty was judged through an umbrella-level certainty framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten systematic reviews published from 2007 to 2024 were included. Laser or light activation showed no consistent improvement in final whitening efficacy compared with nonactivated protocols. Sensitivity was not reduced and was less favorable in some high-energy protocols. Photobiomodulation reduced post-bleaching sensitivity across placebo-controlled randomized trials without impairing color change. Safety findings were mainly parameter-dependent, especially regarding intrapulpal temperature during high-energy activation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Laser or light activation did not improve final whitening efficacy. Photobiomodulation reduced post-bleaching sensitivity without reducing whitening efficacy. High-energy activation showed parameter-dependent thermal concerns.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Current evidence does not support the routine use of laser activation to improve bleaching outcomes, whereas photobiomodulation represents a sensitivity-reducing adjunct for susceptible patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Dimensional Accuracy of Provisional Laminate Veneers Designed Using Two Digital Smile Design Platforms and Fabricated by Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing.","authors":"Murat Feriz, Zeliha Şanıvar Abbasgholizadeh, Yılmaz Umut Aslan, Yasemin Özkan","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate and compare the two-dimensional (2D) accuracy of provisional laminate veneer restorations designed using two digital smile design platforms and fabricated through additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques within a standardized digital workflow.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study included 25 participants for whom provisional laminate veneer restorations were digitally designed for the maxillary anterior region using two digital smile design platforms. Each digital design was subsequently fabricated using two manufacturing methods, additive manufacturing (stereolithography-based printing) and subtractive manufacturing (milling), resulting in a total of 600 restorations. Standardized clinical photography protocols, including consistent camera positioning, fixed shooting distances, controlled lighting conditions, standardized patient positioning, and intraoral scanning protocols, were applied for data acquisition. Linear measurements were obtained from virtual designs and corresponding fabricated restorations. Measurement reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate dimensional deviations and the effects of the software platform and fabrication method (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant differences were identified between virtual designs and fabricated restorations; however, the magnitude of these deviations remained small. The manufacturing method demonstrated a greater influence on dimensional discrepancies than the digital smile design software platform. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two software platforms when standardized digital workflow conditions were applied. Measurement reliability analysis revealed high intraclass correlation coefficients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The fabrication method significantly influenced the 2D accuracy of provisional laminate veneer restorations, with additively manufactured restorations demonstrating smaller deviations in linear measurements compared to milled restorations. No significant difference was observed between the digital smile design software platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147816148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Delayed Photoactivation and Touch-Cure Mechanism on the Polymerization Kinetics of a Universal Resin Cement.","authors":"Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti, Anna Caroliny Detogni, Dayane de Oliveira, Mateus Garcia Rocha, Jean-François Roulet","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70102","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the effect of the touch-cure mechanism of Scotchbond Universal Plus adhesive system and different light-curing delay periods on the polymerization kinetics of RelyX Universal dual-cure resin cement (URC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The resin cement, alone or combined with the adhesive system, was light cured after 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 min of delay, or left without light (control). Degree of conversion (DC; n = 3) and maximum polymerization rate (Rp_max; n = 3) were measured and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With adhesive, DC significantly increased at 10- and 15-min delays, and also in the control, while without adhesive, no difference was observed among delays. The lowest DC occurred in the control of both conditions. Rp_max was significantly reduced at dark cure and at 20 min delay (without adhesive), at dark cure, and at 15- and 20-min delays (with adhesive). The adhesive further reduced Rp_max at 10- and 15-min delays.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ten and 15-min light-curing delays enhanced DC and Rp_max of URC, particularly with Scotchbond Universal Plus. Even without light, the adhesive-cement interaction promoted effective polymerization.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"1017-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146132143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Esthetic Biological Contour (EBC) Concept 2.0: How to Manage Each Zone of the Implant Restoration Emergence Profile.","authors":"Jonathan Esquivel, Ramon Gomez Meda, Franz J Strauss, Markus B Blatz","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Dental implants are at a biological disadvantage compared to natural teeth due to differences in the peri-implant mucosal architecture. Proper design of the prosthetic implant components plays an essential role in maintaining stable hard and soft tissues around implants. The Esthetic Biological Contour (EBC) zones have been described as a structured framework for understanding and managing the peri-implant emergence profile. Appropriate morphology, material selection, and surface treatment within each zone can enhance both esthetic and biological outcomes. This article illustrates a zone-by-zone guide for the design and management of the emergence profile of implant restorations, integrating esthetic, mechanical, and biological principles.</p><p><strong>Clinical considerations: </strong>Emergence profile design depends on multiple factors, including the three-dimensional position of the implant and the volume and quality of peri-implant soft tissues. A comprehensive understanding of how prosthetic decisions influence peri-implant health is essential for minimizing the risk of biological and esthetic complications.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>A well-designed emergence profile promotes the long-term stability of the peri-implant tissues and directly influences the esthetic and biological success of implant therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"930-940"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145856882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Chlorinated Water on the Color Stability of Different Resin Composites: An In Vitro Comparative Study.","authors":"Mahsa Farahmandpour, Mohammad Reza Malekipour, Farzaneh Shirani, Mostafa Farajzadeh","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70096","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the effect of chlorinated water on the color stability of different resin composites, simulating prolonged exposure experienced by frequent swimmers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty disk-shaped samples of microhybrid (Arabesk Top), nanohybrid (Grandio) and Ormocer-based (Admira Fusion) composites (n = 20) were prepared. Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups, immersed in either chlorinated (≈3.5 ppm) or distilled water. Spectral reflectance was measured at baseline, 2 weeks, and 2 months using a Datacolor 600 spectrophotometer, and CIE L*a*b* coordinates were calculated using the 2° standard observer. Color stability was assessed with CIEDE2000 (ΔE ₀₀) and the Whiteness Index for Dentistry (WI_D). Two-way MANOVA analyzed the effects of composite type, storage medium, and their interaction with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc tests (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All ΔE ₀₀ and ΔWI_D values were below the acceptability thresholds, though several exceeded perceptibility. Composite type and storage medium significantly influenced ΔE ₀₀ and ΔWI_D (p < 0.05) with interactions. Overall, at 2 weeks, Admira (p < 0.001) and Grandio (p = 0.008) showed greater ΔE ₀₀ in chlorine; Admira exhibited higher ΔWI_D in chlorine than control (0-2 m p = 0.001; 2 w-2 m p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chlorinated water caused greater short-term discoloration in the Ormocer-based composite, whereas the nanohybrid showed superior long-term stability. The microhybrid composite presented progressive ΔE ₀₀ increase with highest ΔWI_D.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"991-999"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145944561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in the Laminate-Veneer Workflow: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Accuracy, Efficiency, and Esthetic Predictability.","authors":"Osama Hajeer, Amal Hasan","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70100","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly incorporated into restorative and esthetic dentistry; however, their reliability across the complete laminate-veneer workflow remains uncertain.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To systematically evaluate the accuracy, efficiency, and esthetic predictability of AI-based systems applied to color prediction, margin-line detection, computer-aided design (CAD) automation, and esthetic simulation in laminate-veneer procedures.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to May 2025 in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. In vitro, in silico, and clinical studies applying AI or machine-learning models to any step of the laminate-veneer workflow and reporting quantitative outcomes were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for compatible outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using PROBAST-AI, QUADAS-AI, and ROBINS-I, and the certainty of evidence was graded using the GRADE framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. AI-based color-prediction models demonstrated a pooled mean color deviation (ΔE₀₀) of 1.85 (95% CI, 1.70-2.00), remaining below the clinical perceptibility threshold, with shade-classification accuracy reaching 97.9% (96.3%-99.0%). Automated margin-line detection achieved a pooled Dice similarity coefficient of 0.947 (0.931-0.963) and a mean deviation of 72 μm (55-89 μm), values within accepted laboratory tolerance. AI-assisted CAD systems significantly reduced design time (Hedges g = -2.10 [-2.90 to -1.30]; p < 0.001) without compromising morphological accuracy. Clinical and perceptual studies showed moderate-to-high concordance between AI-predicted and actual esthetic outcomes, although patient preference varied. The certainty of evidence was moderate for margin-line accuracy and design-time efficiency and low for color and esthetic prediction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AI applications enhance efficiency and maintain clinically acceptable accuracy throughout the laminate-veneer workflow. Despite promising results, larger clinical datasets, external validation, and standardized reporting are required before routine clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"1072-1081"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145912064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal Dental Adhesives Containing Zinc Oxide and Copper Nanoparticles Improve Interface on Caries-Affected Dentin After 2 Years: In Vitro Study.","authors":"Mario Felipe Gutiérrez, Romina Aliaga-Gálvez, Romina Ñaupari-Villasante, Eduardo Fernández, Alessandro D Loguercio","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70095","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effect of adding zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles (ZnO/CuNp) into universal adhesives (UAs) on resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL), and presence of ZnO/Cu within the hybrid layer on caries-affected dentin, both at baseline (T0) and after 2 years of water storage (T2).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>ZnO/CuNp (0% [control]; 5/0.1 and 5/0.2 wt%) were added into Prime&Bond Active (PBA) and Ambar Universal (AMB). Ninety-six extracted human third molars were used. After microbiological induction of caries-affected dentin, UAs were applied in both etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes, followed by composite build-up. Specimens were sectioned to obtain resin-caries-affected dentin bonded sticks for μTBS, NL, and chemical characterization of the hybrid layer for Cu and Zn detection at T0 and T2. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ZnO/CuNp had no effect on μTBS at T0 (p > 0.05) but improved μTBS at T2, compared to control (p < 0.05). Both UAs showed a significant decrease in μTBS over time (p < 0.05), except PBA with ZnO/CuNp in etch-and-rinse mode. NL was significantly lower in ZnO/CuNp-containing UAs at both time points (p < 0.05), though all groups showed increased NL over time. ZnO/CuNp remained detectable in the hybrid layer at T2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adding ZnO/CuNp to UAs decreased adhesive interface degradation on caries-affected dentin, likely due to their presence within the hybrid layer even after 2 years.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>ZnO/Cu nanoparticles into UAs could enhance the stability of adhesive restorations on caries-affected dentin by reducing interface degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"970-980"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145862987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Fractured Ceramic Restorations: Current Evidence and Best Practices-A Scoping Review.","authors":"Gabriela Almeida, Joana A Marques, Markus B Blatz, Rui I Falacho","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This scoping review aims to assess the effect of different protocols on the outcome of ceramic restoration repairs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An electronic search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase), up to July 31st 2025, with previously identified MeSH terms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 2423 records, title and abstract screening resulted in the exclusion of 2136 and 136 studies, respectively, while full-text analysis excluded another 37 articles. In addition, 10 records were not included, as full texts could not be obtained after requesting the authors. Twenty-two cross-references were added. Thus, 126 studies were included in this review. It is important to emphasize the methodological heterogeneity among studies. Bond strength was the most frequently evaluated outcome, followed by ultrastructural analysis, chemical analysis, color evaluation and mechanical properties.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In ceramic repair procedures, glass ceramics should be treated with a combination of hydrofluoric acid etching and silanization, while metal oxide ceramics demonstrate superior outcomes when air abrasion and an MDP-containing primer are employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"1032-1071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145863031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Transmucosal Contour on Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Dimensions: A Cross-Sectional Study in Posterior Single-Tooth Implants.","authors":"Seungwon Back, Jae-Seung Chang, Se-Wook Pyo, Sunjai Kim","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70106","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate how the transmucosal contour of posterior single-tooth implant crowns, fabricated with CAD-CAM abutments, influences peri-implant soft tissue dimensions using the profile angle and crown ratio concepts.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Digital scans of 58 posterior single-tooth implant crowns were analyzed to measure peri-implant soft tissue height, width, crown ratio, and profile angles. Pearson's correlation analysis and independent t tests were performed to assess relationships between morphological parameters and soft tissue dimensions, as well as differences by arch and implant position (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant negative correlations were found between both profile angle and crown ratio and the soft tissue height and width, particularly within the 1-2 mm region above the implant platform (r = -0.873 to -0.719, p < 0.05). Buccal tissue width was greater in the maxilla than in the mandible, while soft tissue height showed no arch-dependent differences. Similar patterns were observed on the lingual aspect.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The profile angle and crown ratio significantly associated with peri-implant soft tissue dimensions in posterior implant restorations. Larger profile angles and crown ratio, especially within the 1-2 mm coronal region, were closely associated with reductions in both soft tissue height and width. These findings demonstrate region-specific associations between crown contour morphology and peri-implant soft tissue dimensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"1023-1031"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Assessment of Gingival Health Following Various Rubber-Dam Retraction Techniques.","authors":"Ezgi Tüter Bayraktar, Elif Alkan, Ömer Birkan Ağralı, Bora Korkut","doi":"10.1111/jerd.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jerd.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the clinical effects of various rubber-dam retraction techniques on gingival health following anterior composite restorations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Ninety-six restorations were performed on 24 patients. Each patient received four restorations on maxillary incisors, and each incisor was subjected to a different retraction technique under rubber-dam isolation randomly (#212 clamp, Brinker-B4 clamp, single-loop self-ligating tie, and self-ligating tie-#212 clamp combination). Assessment parameters included plaque index, bleeding, probing depth, keratinized and attached gingiva width, gingival margin level, and attachment level. All were measured initially, immediately after, at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney-U, and Friedman tests were used for statistical analyses (< 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bleeding on probing was highest immediately after (p < 0.001). Attached keratinized gingiva decreased immediately after (p < 0.001), while relative gingival margin level significantly increased (p < 0.001). All parameters completely returned to baseline at 3 months recall (p ≥ 0.05). No significant differences were found among the retraction techniques (p ≥ 0.05) and between the thick and thin gingival phenotypes (p = 0.772).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rubber-dam retraction may cause temporary adverse effects in gingival health immediately after the restorations, which can completely reverse in 3 months. Besides, different retraction techniques presented similar effects. Gingival phenotype was not an influential factor.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Rubber dam retraction techniques may provide adverse effects on gingival health, whereas this effect might be temporary. Proper application of the retraction material, the surface finishing technique, and the retraction period might be the key factors in this regard.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":"941-954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145856938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}