{"title":"Conceptualizing the Commercialization of Human Milk: A Concept Analysis.","authors":"Heather Christine Rusi, Laurence Grummer-Strawn, Maryanne Tigchelaar Perrin, Tracie Risling, Meredith Lee Brockway","doi":"10.1177/08903344241254345","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241254345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Donor human milk is recommended when infants are unable to be fed their mother's own milk or require supplementation. For-profit companies use technologies to create human milk products for infants in the neonatal intensive care setting without consistent guidelines and regulatory frameworks in place. This commercialization of human milk is inadequately conceptualized and ill-defined.</p><p><strong>Research aims: </strong>The aim of this study is to conceptualize and define the commercialization of human milk and discuss the need for policy guidelines and regulations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using a concept analysis framework, we reviewed the literature on the commercialization of human milk, analyzed the antecedents and potential consequences of the industry, and developed a conceptual definition. The literature review resulted in 13 relevant articles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There has been a surge in the development and availability of human milk products for vulnerable infants developed by for-profit companies. Commercialized human milk can be defined as the packaging and sale of human milk and human milk components for financial gain. Factors contributing to the commercialization of human milk include an increased demand for human milk, and consequences include potential undermining of breastfeeding. The lack of guidelines and regulations raises concerns of equity, ethics, and safety.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The industry is rapidly growing, resulting in an urgent need for consistent guidelines and regulatory frameworks. If left unaddressed, there could be potential risks for donor milk banking, the future of breastfeeding, and infant and maternal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"392-404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laavanya Lokeesan, Elizabeth Martin, Yvette D Miller
{"title":"Establishing Methods to Assess Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Compliance Using the Global Standards and Women's Self-Reported Experiences.","authors":"Laavanya Lokeesan, Elizabeth Martin, Yvette D Miller","doi":"10.1177/08903344241252644","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241252644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Health Organization recommends assessing compliance with key clinical practices of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI; Steps 3-9) using birthing women's self-reports. Globally, compliance is mainly assessed using health staff reports, and the use of women's self-reports in selected countries has deviated from the Global Standards for the BFHI. Therefore, we aimed to provide insight into the appropriate method of incorporating women's self-reports in assessing compliance with Steps 3-9 of the BFHI. We developed questions and coding algorithms for assessing compliance with Steps 3-9 based on Global Standards for BFHI compliance, and implemented them via a cross-sectional survey of 302 women who gave birth to a live baby in Sri Lankan hospitals. Compliance with specific practices within each of Steps 3-9 and overall compliance with each step were described as percentages. Compliance with specific practices and each BFHI Step ranged from 15.9%-100% and 7.0%-100%, respectively. Our findings particularly emphasize the potentially enhanced usefulness and robustness of assessing all specific practices within BFHI key clinical steps and not focusing only on one practice within a step, to derive more useful health service guidance globally for capturing BFHI compliance and its impact on breastfeeding outcomes. This method could be translated across multiple settings globally. It would enable more specific identification of care advancements required by health services to improve the effectiveness of breastfeeding support and address the prevailing undervaluing and under-use of women's experiential data to evaluate and guide health service improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"405-412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141088153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breastfeeding Measurement - Teleological Considerations: Human Milk Collection for Research.","authors":"Kelley Baumgartel","doi":"10.1177/08903344241254827","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241254827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We discuss the evolution and composition of breast milk and briefly describe how mammalian evolution resulted in lactation, which played a crucial role in infant growth and development. We focus on three teleological factors that significantly contribute to breast milk composition: (1) biological sex at birth, (2) gestational age, and (3) circadian rhythms. We also explain how these factors lead to variability in human milk composition. We emphasize the importance of standardizing the definitions of \"preterm\" and \"term\" to accurately study the effects of gestational age on milk composition. Finally, we discuss the role of the circadian clock in regulating lactation and the impact of breast milk on fetal and infant sleep. Investigators may integrate these critical factors when designing a research study that involves the collection of breast milk samples. Teleological factors greatly influence milk composition, and these factors may be considered when designing a study that requires breast milk. We provide both the rationale and application of solutions to address these factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"356-362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"About Research: Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR).","authors":"Elizabeth Reifsnider","doi":"10.1177/08903344241257252","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241257252","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"352-355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141161920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infant Suck Strength Exam: Introduction of an Accessible Clinical Technique for Measuring Infant Suck at the Breast.","authors":"Ellen Chetwynd","doi":"10.1177/08903344241257227","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241257227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the core skills required in lactation support is understanding and correcting ineffective or painful breastfeeding. The behavior being corrected, however, occurs inside the infant's mouth, making it difficult to see and assess. When providing care in the field, we use standardized tools and digital suck exams. In research, instruments have been developed to measure infant suck strength with a pacifier, bottle, or at the breast using ultrasound. The aim of this article is to introduce a simple manual clinical technique to identify areas of weakness in an infant's suck and describe one treatment option that can be used to reduce weakness in the identified area. During the Infant Suck Strength Exam, the lactation support provider places a finger on the breast 2 to 4 cm from the edge of the infant's mouth at the upper and lower lip and then at both corners of the mouth, testing the strength of the suck in each of these four areas. To address any specific areas of weakness, the nursing parent can be taught to apply light skin traction back toward the chest wall at the affected area. This engages the suckling reflex and amplifies the strength of the infant's suck in that particular area. The traction applied should not indent the breast but rather just pull back on the skin. It should be applied with enough strength to challenge the infant without pulling the breast out. This is a teaching tool, and is typically only needed for a few weeks before the infant improves their nursing habits.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":"40 3","pages":"414-418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142017704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristina L Chamberlain, Rosann Edwards, Carolina Cardona Lopez, Jackie L Long-Goding
{"title":"LEAARC Association News: The Vital Role of Lactation Education in Maternal and Infant Health.","authors":"Kristina L Chamberlain, Rosann Edwards, Carolina Cardona Lopez, Jackie L Long-Goding","doi":"10.1177/08903344241253796","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241253796","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140956629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alanna Lakoff, Jadia Beckford, Catherine Charbonneau, Susan Lepine, Sarah L Lawrence
{"title":"Supporting Direct Breastfeeding for a Tracheostomy-Dependent Extremely Premature Infant: A Case Study.","authors":"Alanna Lakoff, Jadia Beckford, Catherine Charbonneau, Susan Lepine, Sarah L Lawrence","doi":"10.1177/08903344241254342","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241254342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The benefits of human milk for preterm infants are well documented. Complex medical conditions can limit the extremely premature infant's ability to breastfeed and to receive human milk directly, yet these vulnerable infants may benefit most from receiving it.</p><p><strong>Main issue: </strong>Extremely preterm infants are at risk for infections, digestive challenges, and chronic lung disease, and occasionally require a tracheostomy to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. There is a risk of aspiration when orally feeding a child with a tracheostomy. This case study describes a tertiary neonatal team supporting a family's direct breastfeeding goal in an extremely premature infant with a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring a tracheostomy.</p><p><strong>Management: </strong>Initially, the infant participant (born at 24 weeks and 3 days of gestation, with a birthweight of 540 g) was gavage fed with human milk. The interdisciplinary team collaborated with the family to guide the infant's feeding goals, providing positive oral stimulation with soothers, oral immune therapy, and frequent skin-to-skin contact to prepare for future oral feeding. Within a month of the tracheotomy procedure, oral feeding was initiated, and direct breastfeeding with the tracheostomy tubing in place was achieved at 50 weeks and 1 day of age as a primary source of nutrition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The open dialogue between the family and healthcare team was the foundation for trialing direct breastfeeding for an extremely premature infant with a tracheostomy. While direct breastfeeding of full-term infants with tracheostomies has been previously described in the literature, this is the first case study of an extremely premature infant with a tracheostomy transitioning to direct breastfeeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"419-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Art of Writing a Lactation Research Paper: Introducing New Author Directions at the Journal of Human Lactation.","authors":"Ellen Chetwynd","doi":"10.1177/08903344241257861","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241257861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"339-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Critical Review of Breastfeeding Instruments Derived From Self-Determination Theory.","authors":"Kelsie Barta","doi":"10.1177/08903344241252647","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241252647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the motivational factors that influence breastfeeding behavior is critical for addressing suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes. Self-determination theory has been used as a framework to understand these factors.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>The aim of this article is to identify and critically review breastfeeding instruments derived from self-determination theory and their subsequent uses in the literature.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This critical review was guided by Grant and Booth's typological description. Eligibility criteria included full-text, peer-reviewed original instrument development and validation articles, written in the English language without limitation to specific years. Articles describing the use of the eligible instruments were also included. There were 164 articles identified initially, and four instruments were included in the final sample. Finally, five articles, including subsequent uses of the instruments were critically analyzed and an overview, assessment of validation, and analysis of subsequent use of each instrument is presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All instruments examine the degree of autonomy underlying breastfeeding motivation. The extent and quality of validation varied. Two instruments have been used in subsequent studies; one was adapted and translated into Turkish and used in three other studies, and another was used in full in one subsequent use and in part in another study. Three of four were initially developed for prenatal administration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Instruments derived from self-determination theory hold promise in exploring the autonomy underlying breastfeeding motivations. Researchers who wish to use or adapt these instruments should consider the instruments' domains, validity, and administration. New measures are needed to explore other constructs from self-determination theory related to breastfeeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"363-373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developing an Instrument to Measure Public Health Nurses' Competence Related to Breastfeeding Beyond 12 Months.","authors":"Niina Pöyhönen, Oona Ojantausta, Marja Kaunonen, Katri Vehviläinen-Julkunen, Riikka Ikonen","doi":"10.1177/08903344241254343","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344241254343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health professionals need adequate competence to support breastfeeding beyond infancy. There is no established instrument to measure health professionals' competence regarding long-term breastfeeding. To respond to this shortcoming, the Long-Term Breastfeeding Competence Scale (LBCS) was developed.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>To develop and pilot an instrument that measures public health nurses' competence related to breastfeeding beyond 12 months in order to provide adequate breastfeeding counseling for families.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted as a cross-sectional online survey on public health nurses working in maternity and/or child health clinics. The relevance and clarity of the LBCS were assessed by an expert panel (<i>N</i> = 6). Public health nurses (<i>N</i> = 197) completed the LBCS, which consisted of a knowledge and skills dimension and an attitude dimension. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the study sample. The conceptual validity of the knowledge and skills dimension was assessed using the dichotomous Rasch analysis, and attitude dimension using the exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The distribution of the items was summarized by descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to expert panel evaluations, the LBCS was found to meet the requirements for relevance and clarity (S-CVI 0.90). The internal consistency of the instrument was at a good level (<i>α</i> = 0.796) and met the requirements set for a new instrument.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The LBCS is appropriate to determine public health nurses' competence related to breastfeeding beyond 12 months. The LBCS can be used to identify the need for education concerning breastfeeding beyond 12 months.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"434-444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141161923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}