Journal of Human Lactation最新文献

{"title":"Management of Mastitis in the Hospital Setting: An International Audit Study.","authors":"Lisa H Amir, Kelly P Coca, Marcia Juliana Mello Da Silva, Marcia Massumi Okada, Güliz Onat Demir, Busra Duran, Süleyman Kargin, Kübra Güllü, Lara Delic, Magdalena Dragicevic, Maria Rosenbauer, Mee-Har Michelle Ngan, Wirawan Jeong, Moni Rani Saha, Irena Zakarija-Grkovic","doi":"10.1177/08903344251338245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344251338245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breastfeeding is strongly promoted by health authorities, but there is little research on whether health professionals provide best-practice care for women experiencing mastitis/breast abscess.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>To explore management of mastitis/breast abscess in hospital emergency departments (EDs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records of patients presented to hospital EDs in Australia, Brazil, Croatia, Germany and Türkiye with lactational mastitis/abscess between 2017 and 2023 were reviewed. Demographic and clinical information (including symptoms, management, and investigations) was extracted and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 580 women with mastitis/breast abscess (646 Emergency Department presentations, mostly in the first 8 weeks postpartum) were identified during the study period. The majority of the women had symptoms of mastitis/breast abscess (breast pain, lump, and inflammation) for > 48 hours before presenting in the Emergency Department. In Australia, culture and sensitivity testing of milk was available for 44% (146/331) of presentations. <i>S. aureus</i> was the most common bacteria isolated (33%, <i>n</i> = 48), of which 6% (<i>n</i> = 3) were methicillin-resistant. The use of diagnostic ultrasound varied between sites, from 5% (3/65) in Croatia to 82% (40/49) in Germany. Breast abscesses were mostly managed by ultrasound-guided aspiration in Australia, whereas incision and drainage was standard care in Germany. Amoxicillin/clavulanate was most commonly prescribed in Croatia (57%, 31/54) and Türkiye (69%, 28/42), whereas flucloxacillin, cephalexin, or cefuroxime was primarily used in Australia (86%, 272/322), Brazil (62%, 66/106), or Germany (80%, 33/41), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The management of mastitis/breast abscess varied considerably between countries. International evidence-based guidelines for the management of lactational mastitis are urgently needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"8903344251338245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Adherence to Breastfeeding Recommendations in Mothers Treated With Antirheumatic and Antidepressant Medications.","authors":"Essi Whaites Heinonen, Diana L Johnson, Alec Todd, Christina D Chambers","doi":"10.1177/08903344251337384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344251337384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is recommended, but breastfeeding safety data is insufficient for several medications.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine if mothers treated with chronic medications are less likely to breastfeed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this secondary analysis, 6383 pregnant women in the MotherToBaby cohort recruited from the United States and Canada between 2010 and 2022 were included. Participants treated with antirheumatic medications (ARM), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and asthma medications during pregnancy were divided into two groups based on their medication use: continuers and discontinuers. Breastfeeding initiation, supplementation with commercial milk formula, and discontinuation of breastfeeding before 6 months were compared between those exposed and unexposed to medication use. Adjusted risk and hazard ratios (aRR, aHR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated with modified Poisson and Cox regressions adjusted for year, parity, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking, illicit drug use, race and ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample included 799 (12.5%) continuers and 475 (7.4%) discontinuers of ARM, 293 continuers (4.6%) and 63 (1.0%) discontinuers of SSRIs, and 217 (3.4%) continuers and 97 (1.5%) discontinuers of asthma medications. There were 4,439 (69.6%) participants who were unexposed to the study medications. Both ARM continuers and discontinuers were more likely to not breastfeed (aRRs 95% CI: 3.92 [3.03, 5.07] and 3.08 [2.19, 4.33]), to supplement (aRRs 95% CI: 1.12 [1.01, 1.26] and 1.25 [1.10, 1.43]) and stop breastfeeding before 6 months (aHRs 95% CI: 1.72 [1.29, 2.31] and 1.41 [0.92, 2.15]). SSRI continuers were more likely to supplement (aRR 95% CI: 1.26 [1.08, 1.47]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants treated with chronic medications, primarily ARMs, were less likely to breastfeed. Targeted lactation support for mothers with chronic illnesses is recommended along with development of breastfeeding safety data for these medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"8903344251337384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural Interpretations of Patients and Employees in an Organization Certified Through the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative: A Focused Ethnographic Study.","authors":"Keri Durocher, Kimberley T Jackson, Richard Booth, Panagiota Tryphonopoulos","doi":"10.1177/08903344251337375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344251337375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>When organizations are certified through the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, health care providers implement various policies that are intended to support long-term and exclusive breastfeeding. Despite the availability of evidence to support these policies, research findings are inconsistent in whether these goals are met. Exploring cultural interpretations through the lens of individuals within these organizations may reveal new evidence of breastfeeding experiences and needed support.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>To explore organizational cultural aspects of a Baby-Friendly certified organization from the perspective of patients and employees.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Researchers implemented a focused ethnography design in one certified organization in Ontario, Canada. One-to-one, semi-structured interviews were performed with two participant groups, including 10 patients and eight employees within intrapartum and postpartum care areas between 2023-2024. An inductive data analysis approach followed Roper and Shapira's framework, including (1) coding for descriptive labels, (2) sorting for patterns, (3) identification of outliers, (4) generalizing with constructs and theories, and (5) memoing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five core themes emerged from the data, including (1) knowledge is power, (2) community of support, (3) contextual considerations, (4) environment for breastfeeding, and (5) patient factors. Through narrative descriptions, these interrelated themes exhibit how patients and employees have experienced or provided care that is consistent with breastfeeding-supportive policies as well as additional gaps that may not be addressed through policy research.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results provide implications for breastfeeding support within an organization certified through the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Understanding cultural interpretations of breastfeeding can provide information for future education and interprofessional development.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"8903344251337375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hispanic Birthing Parents' Experiences With Lactation Support Received In-Hospital: A Quality Improvement Needs Assessment.","authors":"Cati G Brown-Johnson, Samantha M R Kling, Erika A Saliba-Gustafsson, Zakiyah K Williams, Julie Najar, Anna Sophia Lessios, Sonia Rose Harris, Kate A Shaw, Lisa M Goldthwaite, Jonathan G Shaw, Susan D Crowe","doi":"10.1177/08903344251321777","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251321777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human milk-feeding benefits infants and parents. Exclusive human milk (EHM) feeding is recommended for infants younger than 6 months; however, many U.S. infants do not receive this recommendation. Documented disparities exist between White and historically marginalized populations, including Hispanic/Latino parents.Quality Improvement Needs Assessment Aims:To explore Hispanic birthing parents' experiences with human milk-feeding and lactation support as part of a quality improvement needs assessment project, identifying barriers and facilitators during post-birth hospital recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected and triangulated three data sources for 37 interviews: (1) in-hospital observations that included opportunistic informal interviews, as well as telephone interviews with (2) English- and Spanish-language-preferring Hispanic birthing parents, and (3) pediatric clinician interviews (via snowball sampling recruitment). In-hospital observations were collected in March 2022 at a Northern California academic medical center. Interviews included birthing parents, physicians, nurses, clinical trainees, administrators, and lactation consultants. Telephone interviews occurred between March and May 2022. We used rapid and thematic analysis, subsequently mapping themes to the socioecological model as an organizing framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interpersonal growth opportunities were identified: trust-building through deep listening, better communication between patients and clinicians, particularly at night, and better cross-language understanding. At the hospital level, identified needs included supportive maternity care practices, lactation staff availability, and more perinatal lactation education and resources (e.g., iPads, pumps). Spanish-language-preferring patients reported needing better interpretation services.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This quality improvement project identified opportunities for improvement in relationships with patients, clinician communication, and training and physical resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"207-219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the Field - Designing Baby-Friendly Hospital Step 2 Training A Hospital Case Study.","authors":"Cassandra P Leahy","doi":"10.1177/08903344251319363","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251319363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maintaining Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) standards within a complex healthcare system presents unique challenges. This case study from a regional perinatal center in the northeast United States details the design and implementation of a program to address BFHI Step 2, which requires ongoing competency assessment and team member training to ensure breastfeeding support. The shift of BFHI competencies to continuous professional development introduced logistical challenges, compounded by staff turnover and budget constraints. To address these, the hospital team developed an in-house learning management system tailored to BFHI requirements. The learning management system offered modular, role-specific content, self-paced learning, and interactive assessments, ensuring adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Administrative tools supported compliance tracking and reviews of test results, which assisted with timely resolution of knowledge gaps. A hybrid approach, including in-person training and team meetings, further reinforced staff competence. This sustainable, integrated system fostered continuous learning, and enhanced staff preparedness toward supporting breastfeeding families.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"191-195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Breastfeeding Promotion in Maternity Hospitals Based on Specified International Recommendations-Experiences From Germany.","authors":"Merlin Blendermann, Nele Hockamp, Erika Sievers, Thomas Lücke, Mathilde Kersting","doi":"10.1177/08903344251318275","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251318275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The staff of maternity hospitals play an essential role in the start of breastfeeding. This study assessed specific aspects of breastfeeding promotion in German hospitals using the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>To identify specific hospital practices and structures that are in compliance with the recommendations and those that still need to be improved.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional survey and descriptive analysis was conducted in 109 German hospitals. This web-based questionnaire examined the structural conditions and usual handling of breastfeeding support. Recommendations were reported using sub-criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The implementation of the sub-criteria ranged from less than 25% to more than 90%. Hospitals were more likely to have a breastfeeding policy (85.3%, <i>n</i> = 93) than a breastfeeding coordinator (73.4%, <i>n</i> = 80). Immediate skin-to-skin contact after birth and early breastfeeding initiation were implemented more frequently after a vaginal (89.9%, <i>n</i> = 98 and 71.6%, <i>n</i> = 78) than after Cesarean delivery (45.9%, <i>n</i> = 50 and 54.1%, <i>n</i> = 59). Additional feeding of fluids was usually restricted to a medical indication (70.6%, <i>n</i> = 77), however, the decision to feed formula was rarely made by hospital staff alone (27.5%, <i>n</i> = 30). Large hospitals (> 1000 births/year) had a written breastfeeding policy and a breastfeeding coordinator more frequently than smaller hospitals (<i>p</i> < 0.01, Fisher's exact test).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of sub-criteria of WHO recommendations helped identify critical parts of breastfeeding promotion in hospitals, providing concrete starting points for targeted interventions. This differentiated approach could be promising for future analyses of breastfeeding promotion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"220-230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Cell Isolation From Human Milk Using Immunomagnetic Beads.","authors":"Noor Radhi, Ayamita Paul, Mariana Muelbert, Gergely Toldi","doi":"10.1177/08903344251316491","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251316491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is increasing interest in better understanding the immune cell composition of human milk and how these cells interact with neonatal immune development. However, consistent methods for immune cell isolation from human milk are lacking.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>Our aim was to systematically compare available cell isolation techniques to isolate T lymphocytes from human milk samples.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This repeated measures study design compared three cell isolation methods using human milk samples: (1) centrifugation, (2) immunomagnetic bead isolation, and (3) a combination of both methods. We assessed the proportion and viability of CD3+, CD4+, CD25+ and regulatory T cells using flow cytometry in isolated cells to compare the performance of these isolation methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Immunomagnetic separation is a feasible method to isolate T lymphocytes in human milk, similar to blood. It improves target cell enrichment and cell viability compared to centrifugation, which may be an advantage when the goal is to characterize rare cell types or when cells are further used in functional assays. No excess cell activation (CD25 positivity) was observed with the use of magnetic beads.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Immunomagnetic separation of human milk T lymphocytes may have advantages over centrifugation depending on the intended downstream use of cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11992638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Censorship in Science: Navigating Between Soft and Hard Constraints in Lactation Research.","authors":"Ellen Chetwynd","doi":"10.1177/08903344251325143","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251325143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"167-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship and Determinants of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Among Postpartum Mothers and Fathers in Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Roselyn Chipojola, Mega Hasanul Huda, Kaboni Whitney Gondwe, Nyanyiwe Masingi Mbeye, Shu-Yu Kuo","doi":"10.1177/08903344251318274","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251318274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breastfeeding self-efficacy among both mothers and fathers is critical in enhancing exclusive breastfeeding rates. However, the interrelationship between maternal and paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy and their determinants remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Research aims: </strong>We aimed to (a) investigate the relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy scores postpartum for mothers and fathers; (b) explore factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy in this group; and (c) examine determinants of combined self-efficacy scores among breastfeeding parents in Malawi.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study on postpartum mother-father couples at a tertiary maternity facility in central Malawi. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short-Form. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and health variables. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mothers demonstrated a higher score of self-efficacy (<i>M</i> = 55.7, <i>SD</i> = 6.5) in comparison to fathers (<i>M</i> = 50.2, <i>SD</i> = 11.9). A significant moderate positive correlation was identified between mothers' and fathers' breastfeeding self-efficacy (<i>r</i> = 0.32). Age, employment status, mode of birth, and practicing exclusive breastfeeding were significantly associated with maternal and paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Factors including advanced age, Cesarean delivery, and depressive symptoms emerged as significant determinants of combined breastfeeding self-efficacy scores among couples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Breastfeeding self-efficacy is highly correlated between mothers and fathers, with a relatively higher score in mothers. Importantly, sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychological determinants play a substantial role in influencing parental breastfeeding efficacy. This highlights the necessity of incorporating both mothers and fathers into future breastfeeding promotion strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"272-282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Practices in U.S. Hospitals Mitigate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding Continuation.","authors":"Jane Lazar Tucker, Kimberly Arcoleo, Diane DiTomasso, Brietta M Oaks, Howard Cabral, Thaís São-João","doi":"10.1177/08903344251319362","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08903344251319362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breastfeeding provides numerous benefits for mothers and infants, but there are disparities in breastfeeding rates by race and ethnicity in the United States.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>Our study aimed to identify the extent to which Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) key clinical practices during the birth hospitalization influenced breastfeeding success by race and ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study was a secondary analysis of the 2016 to 2019 National Pregnancy Risk Assessment Measurement System (PRAMS), a cross-sectional survey. Our sample included 60,395 mothers who initiated breastfeeding with healthy, term newborns. We examined the odds of breastfeeding to ≥ 10 weeks by percent of key clinical practices received and racial and ethnic group. Absolute racial differences were calculated to reflect the difference in breastfeeding rates by race and ethnicity overall, and stratified by percent of BFHI key clinical practices received.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BFHI key clinical practices were a significant predictor of breastfeeding at ≥ 10 weeks; receipt of progressively more key clinical practices resulted in higher odds of breastfeeding. Over 75% of mothers who received 100% of key clinical practices breastfed for at least 10 weeks across all racial and ethnic groups. Among mothers who received ideal breastfeeding care, disparities were eliminated; there were no statistically significant differences in rates of breastfeeding ≥ 10 weeks for Black non-Hispanic (adjusted absolute racial difference [aARD] -4.5, 95% CI [-9.5, 0.4]), Hispanic English-speaking (aARD -2.6, 95% CI [-6.6, 1.4]), or Hispanic Spanish-speaking (aARD 1.7, 95% CI [-5.2, 8.6]) mothers compared to White non-Hispanic mothers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a need to renew the push for universal adoption of BFHI by U.S. hospitals to address racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Lactation","volume":" ","pages":"283-293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}