ERN: Altruism (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Promises Undone: How Committed Pledges Impact Donations to Charity","authors":"T. Fosgaard, A. Soetevent","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3173585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173585","url":null,"abstract":"The declining use of cash in society urges charities to experiment with digital payment instruments in their off-line fund raising activities. Cash and card payments differ in that the latter do not require individuals to donate at the time of the ask, disconnecting the decision to give from the act of giving. Evidence shows that people who say they will give mostly do not follow through. Our theory shows that having people to formally state the intended amount may alleviate this problem. We report on a field experiment the results of which show that donors who have pledged an amount are indeed more likely to follow through. The firmer the pledge, the more closely the amount donated matches the amount that was pledged. 45% of all participants however refuses to pledge. This proves that donors value flexibility over commitment in intertemporal charitable giving.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122806817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maintaining Public Trust: The Influence of Transparency and Accountability on Donor Response to Fraud","authors":"Erica E. Harris, Christine M. Petrovits, Michelle H. Yetman","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3021543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3021543","url":null,"abstract":"All organizations, including charities, are vulnerable to the risk of losses due to fraud. Using a sample of 562 nonprofit organizations that report an asset diversion between 2008 and 2011, we examine whether fraud disclosures are relevant to donors’ giving decisions. We find, all else equal, the disclosure of an asset diversion is associated with a significant decrease in contributions. Our evidence suggests that the negative donor response is attenuated for organizations with stronger corporate governance. In addition, we find that providing pertinent information about the diversion mitigates the negative response. Donors appear to respond to content of the fraud disclosures, including the fraud amount, the ability of the organization to recover its losses, and the identity of the perpetrator. Overall, our results are consistent with a high level of donor sophistication in understanding the qualitative information on the IRS Form 990 and highlight the value of transparency when problems occur.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117190508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Givers of Great Dinners Know Few Enemies: The Impact of Household Food Sufficiency and Food Sharing on Low-Intensity Inter-Household and Community Conflict in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Naureen Fatema, Shahriar Kibriya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3666535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3666535","url":null,"abstract":"Our study establishes a linkage between household level food sufficiency and food sharing with the reduction of low intensity micro level conflict using primary data from 1763 households of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. We collect categorized experiences of household and community level disputes and altercation information, along with food sufficiency and food sharing data from communities of North Kivu. Based on previous academic work we formulate two primary research questions. First, we ask if food sufficient households are less likely to engage in low intensity individual and community level conflict. Next, we ask if there are heterogeneous effects of food sufficiency on interhousehold and community level conflict, conditional on food sharing. Using propensity score matching, we find that household food sufficiency status reduces probability of conflict with other households and groups within the community by an average of around 10 percentage points. However, upon conditioning on food sharing behavior, we find that food sufficient households that share their food reduce their probability of conflict by 13.8 percentage points on average while the effects disappear for households who do not share their food. We conclude that food sufficiency reduces low intensity interhousehold and community conflict only in the presence of such benevolence. Our results hold through a rigorous set of robustness checks including doubly robust estimator, placebo regression, matching quality tests and Rosenbaum bounds for hidden bias. While most literature studies information on violent conflict, our effort focuses on various facets of interhousehold and community conflicts that until now have been mostly unexplored. Our findings show that food sufficiency cannot reduce social altercations unless accompanied by benevolent behavior. As such, our approach can offer new insights to development researchers and practitioners with measuring and studying low intensity household and community conflict.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124757681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependency Traps in Self‐Targeting Food Aid Programs","authors":"Jaime patricio Hurtubia Torres, J. Neitzel","doi":"10.1111/rode.12320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12320","url":null,"abstract":"We present an economy of farmers where food aid is warranted due to poverty traps triggered by nonconvex production sets. We model a food-aid intervention as a dynamic game between a food-aid manager and the farmers in a context of asymmetrical information. The food-aid manager is motivated by a relief objective and targets farmers suffering the poverty trap. The food-aid manager uses a self-targeting mechanism by providing the aid through a food wage in exchange for participation in the intervention's activities. Guided by the relief objective and targeting constraint, he fixes the food wage equal to the reservation wage of the farmers not suffering the poverty trap. Dependency traps will then happen every time there is a considerable technological and nutritional gap between farmers who are in and out of the poverty trap. When there is a gap, poor farmers earn more working for the reservation wage of the well-off farmers than by working in their own farm. Dependency can be overcome only if the food-aid program allows farmers to upgrade their productive technologies and catch up with those farmers who are out of the poverty trap.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134122277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giving Once, Giving Twice: A Two-Period Field Experiment on Narrow Framing in Charitable Giving","authors":"M. Adena, S. Huck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2972035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2972035","url":null,"abstract":"Do donors examine a single ask to donate in isolation or do they consider that other and future asks may come along? In the first year of our field experiment, we vary whether or not potential donors are informed that the ask will be repeated in the following year. This information has dramatic effects on the amount given: if present, donations fall by around 40%. This indicates strong support for the prevalence of narrow framing which benefits the fundraiser. In the second year of our experiment we show that previous non-donors behave as if expecting future calls, regardless of whether they have been explicitly told or have simply observed two subsequent asks, that is, they are de-biased through learning. Finally, we document that donors from year 1 tend to give the same amount again in year 2 which generates a long-run effect of initial narrow framing on donation amounts.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126941901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Confidence and Noncognitive Skills for Post-Baccalaureate Academic and Labor Market Outcomes","authors":"Weiwei Chen, Wayne A. Grove, A. Hussey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2940431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2940431","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly researchers include information about noncognitive abilities in their analyses of similar people’s educational choices and subsequent labor market outcomes. We contribute to this literature by considering the dual roles of confidence in one’s abilities and noncognitive skills and characteristics in predicting several subsequent MBA program and employment outcomes among a sample of GMAT test takers, with a focus on identifying possible gender differences in these relationships. Self-reported noncognitive skills correlate similarly for men’s and women’s managerial, earnings and employment satisfaction outcomes. In contrast, though, distinct gender differences emerge regarding perceptions of one’s mathematical and verbal ability—with confidence in quantitative ability especially associated with men’s and confidence in verbal ability mainly associated with women’s outcomes. Non-linearity analysis reveals that lower earnings are correlated with men who have low confidence in their quantitative ability and with women who have high confidence in their verbal ability.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130096206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Social Preferences.","authors":"Mathias Ekström","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2939501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2939501","url":null,"abstract":"Christmas is when people are expected to act selflessly for the well-being of others, but are people actually more altruistic at this time of the year? Responding to this question poses a challenge because of the confounding factors of charitable tax breaks, reciprocity motives, direct social pressure and persuasive campaigns for giving that are more prevalent in December. In this paper, I use a unique solicitation situation where these factors are eliminated. Using nine years of data and more than 50 million individual giving decisions, I provide three main results. First, the month of December is associated with an 18 percent increase in the proportion of donors, thereby providing strong support to the notion of seasonal social preferences. Second, exploiting a reform that changed the price of giving, I find that this December effect is equivalent to a 42 percent discount on charitable giving. Finally, half of the December increase in generosity persists into January before returning to the baseline in February.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122222567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Homeomorphism Theorem for the Universal Type Space with the Uniform Topology","authors":"M. Hellwig","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2871310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2871310","url":null,"abstract":"Kolmogorov’s extension theorem provides a natural mapping from the space of coherent hierarchies of an agent’s first-order, second-order, etc. beliefs to the space of probability measures over the exogenous parameters and the other agents' belief hierarchies. Mertens and Zamir (1985) showed that, if the spaces of belief hierarchies are endowed with the product topology, then this mapping is a homeomorphism. This paper shows that this mapping is also a homeomorphism if the spaces of belief hierarchies are endowed with the uniform weak topology of Chen et al. (2010) or the universal strategic topology of Dekel et al. (2006), both of which ensure that strategic behaviour exhibits desirable continuity properties.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"36 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120976421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Value of Mortality Risk Reductions. Pure Altruism - A Confounder?","authors":"D. Gyrd-Hansen, T. Kjaer, J. Nielsen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2913464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2913464","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines public valuations of mortality risk reductions. We set up a theoretical framework that allows for altruistic preferences, and subsequently test theoretical predictions through the design of a discrete choice experiment. By varying the tax scenario (uniform versus individual tax), the experimental design allows us to verify whether pure altruistic preferences are present and the underlying causes. We find evidence of negative pure altruism. Under a coercive uniform tax system respondents lower their willingness to pay possibly to ensure that they are not forcing others to pay at a level that corresponds to their own - higher - valuations. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that respondents perceive other individuals' valuations to be lower than their own. Our results suggest that public valuations of mortality risk reductions may underestimate the true societal value because respondents are considering other individuals' welfare, and wrongfully perceive other people's valuations to be low.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114832878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Heuristics and Social Roles: Intuition Favors Altruism for Women But Not for Men","authors":"David G. Rand, Victoria L. Brescoll, J. Everett, V. Capraro, Hélène Barcelo","doi":"10.1037/xge0000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000154","url":null,"abstract":"Are humans intuitively altruistic, or does altruism require self-control? A theory of social heuristics, whereby intuitive responses favor typically successful behaviors, suggests that the answer may depend on who you are. In particular, evidence suggests that women are expected to behave altruistically, and are punished for failing to be altruistic, to a much greater extent than men. Thus, women (but not men) may internalize altruism as their intuitive response. Indeed, a meta-analysis of 13 new experiments and 9 experiments from other groups found that promoting intuition relative to deliberation increased giving in a Dictator Game among women, but not among men (Study 1, N = 4,366). Furthermore, this effect was shown to be moderated by explicit sex role identification (Study 2, N = 1,831): the more women described themselves using traditionally masculine attributes (e.g., dominance, independence) relative to traditionally feminine attributes (e.g., warmth, tenderness), the more deliberation reduced their altruism. Our findings shed light on the connection between gender and altruism, and highlight the importance of social heuristics in human prosociality.","PeriodicalId":159232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Altruism (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121790984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}