The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck最新文献_第3页

Luck As Risk 运气就是风险

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-16

F. Broncano-Berrocal

{"title":"Luck As Risk","authors":"F. Broncano-Berrocal","doi":"10.4324/9781351258760-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351258760-16","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to explore the hypothesis that luck is a risk-involving phenomenon. I start by explaining why this hypothesis is prima facie plausible in view of the parallelisms between luck and risk. I then distinguish three ways to spell it out: in probabilistic terms, in modal terms, and in terms of lack of control. Before evaluating the resulting accounts, I explain how the idea that luck involves risk is compatible with the fact that risk concerns unwanted events whereas luck can concern both wanted and unwanted events. I turn to evaluating the modal and probabilistic views and argue, firstly, that they fail to account for the connection between risk and bad luck; secondly, that they also fail to account for the connection between risk and good luck. Finally, I defend the lack of control view. In particular, I argue that it can handle the objections to the probabilistic and modal accounts and that it can explain how degrees of luck and risk covary. 4th of July of 1943, 11:07 pm. A Consolidated B-24 Liberator takes off from Gibraltar Airport. It carries Władysław Sikorski, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile. Sixteen seconds after takeoff the aircraft crashes into the sea. Sikorski dies along with ten other people. The pilot, Flight Lieutenant Eduard Prchal, survives. Later investigations of this World War II event failed to pin down the specific cause of the accident, but it is believed that the elevator system of the aircraft was jammed. Prchal’s efforts to move the stick of the steering mechanism were all in vain. He could not pull up and the plane lost height quickly. Inevitably, it ended in the waters of the Strait of Gibraltar. Prchal’s lucky survival and events alike suggest that there is a close connection between luck and risk. For a lot of risk is involved in taking off in an aircraft whose elevator system is jammed, and a lot of luck is involved if that risk is materialized, the aircraft crashes and yet one survives against all odds. Indeed, cases of this sort give prima facie reason to think that luck is a risk-involving phenomenon. In this paper, I aim to explore this hypothesis. Here is the plan. In §1, I will take a closer look at the luck as risk hypothesis in the light of the parallelisms between both phenomena and introduce three ways to spell it out: in probabilistic","PeriodicalId":158662,"journal":{"name":"The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121149962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Positive Psychology And Luck Experiences 积极心理学和幸运经历

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-34

M. Smith, Piers Worth

引用次数: 1

Luck 运气

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-1

Ian M. Church, R. J. Hartman

引用次数: 0

Anti-Luck Epistemology Anti-Luck认识论

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-26

Tim Black

引用次数: 1

Denying Moral Luck 否认道德运气

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-20

M. J. Zimmerman

引用次数: 4

Luck and Skepticism 运气和怀疑

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-28

J. Greco

引用次数: 0

Modal Accounts of Luck 运气的模态描述

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-11

D. Pritchard

引用次数: 6

Theology And Luck 神学与运气

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-40

J. Wessling

引用次数: 1

Luck and Libertarianism 运气和自由主义

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-22

L. Ekstrom

引用次数: 0

John Stuart Mill on Luck and Distributive Justice 约翰·斯图亚特·密尔论运气与分配正义

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.4324/9781351258760-8

Piers Norris Turner

{"title":"John Stuart Mill on Luck and Distributive Justice","authors":"Piers Norris Turner","doi":"10.4324/9781351258760-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351258760-8","url":null,"abstract":"When and why are inequalities unjust? Luck egalitarians have argued that, as a matter of distributive justice, the focus should be on eliminating inequalities resulting from bad brute luck rather than those resulting from personal choice. G.A. Cohen, for instance, writes that his “animating conviction” with respect to distributive justice is that “an unequal distribution whose inequality cannot be vindicated by some choice or fault or desert on the part of (some of) the relevant affected agents is unfair, and therefore, pro tanto, unjust” (Cohen 2008: 7).1 Luck egalitarianism makes personal responsibility the key factor affecting the justice or injustice of an unequal distribution of goods. It recognizes that in the course of pursuing our life plans, we may voluntarily choose to work more or less to earn certain goods, and we may benefit more or less from taking calculated risks. But it also emphasizes that a great many inequalities are traceable to factors beyond even our partial control, such as the wealth of one’s parents or one’s natural endowments, and that the influence of these factors on our opportunities and outcomes should be eliminated. Luck egalitarianism has come under fire from relational egalitarians like Elizabeth Anderson (1999; 2010) and Samuel Scheffler (2003; 2005) who argue that, by focusing on responsibility and luck, it loses sight of the core egalitarian justice concern. This core concern, as Anderson puts it, is to resist oppression and to establish a community of social equals (Anderson 1999: 288-289). Because luck egalitarianism, as a matter of distributive justice, allows in principle both extreme poverty and invasive or stigmatizing judgments of personal responsibility for those who have made bad choices, it threatens those individuals’ ability to function as free and equal members of the moral community. The point is not just that ne’er-do-wells and criminals retain their basic moral rights. It is that honest, hardworking people who find themselves unable to provide for themselves (e.g., simply because their reasonable calculated risks did not work out) may then be publicly scrutinized for their failures before being provided aid. Relational egalitarians argue that whatever inequalities we allow, they must not undermine people’s social dignity.2","PeriodicalId":158662,"journal":{"name":"The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Luck","volume":"13 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120897977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3