Pakistan Journal of Social Research最新文献_第2页

UNDERSTANDING BAYES’ THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATION IN JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING 理解贝叶斯定理及其在司法决策中的应用

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1096

N. Majeed, Amjad Hilal, T. Rani

{"title":"UNDERSTANDING BAYES’ THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATION IN JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING","authors":"N. Majeed, Amjad Hilal, T. Rani","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1096","url":null,"abstract":"The Bayes’ theorem is a mathematical formula to gauge and describe the probability of an event by employing prior knowledge and evidence relevant to the event. The objective of the present study was to understand the Bayesian theorem and its application in judicial trials by deploying doctrinal research methodology. After consulting authoritative writings of prominent researchers and judicial decisions, study found that the Bayesian Probability in legal context used in odds version, likelihood ratio and in the form of Bayesian networks. The study also found that the application of the theorem in judicial proceedings was controversial since various researchers condemned, and numerous analysts advocated its application in real time court cases. Moreover, the study found that the theorem has been and advocated to be used to measure the probative force of statistical and non-statistical evidence, and to infer the causes of any event by observing its effects. It is expected that the present study will enable the legal fraternity to understand the working mechanism and various uses of Bayes’ theorem in legal context. Keywords: Application of Bayesian theorem, Bayesian Probability, Judicial decisions, Uses of Bayesian theory in judicial trials.","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127927773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN 外商直接投资对经济增长的影响:巴基斯坦的时间序列分析

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1162

Muhammad Waqas, Aqsa Awan

{"title":"IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN","authors":"Muhammad Waqas, Aqsa Awan","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1162","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to determine the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in the case of Pakistan by using the annual data from 1973-2021. The three independent variables are foreign direct investment, inflation, and trade while gross domestic product (GDP) is the dependent variable. The unit root test results explore that all variables are integrated at first difference. The Johansen cointegration technique examines both short- and long-term relationships. The study found log run as well as short run relationship among variables. All variables are integrated at first difference, based on the outcomes of the first unit root test. The Johansen cointegration method is used to investigate both the short-term and long-term connections. The findings suggest that while inflation negatively correlates with GDP, trade and foreign direct investment have a favorable (positive) effect on economic expansion. The policy recommendation is that only some foreign investment sectors benefit Pakistan's economy due to the different characteristics of developing and developed countries. The Government may give incentives to foreign investors, give cheap raw materials, and make better economic policies that are fruitful for foreign investors. The Government may reduce the taxes directly and indirectly and give subsidies. Keywords: Economic Growth, Inflation, Trade, FDI","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135922595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

SMALL DAMS AND SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT: A CASE STUDY OF POTOHAR, PAKISTAN 小型水坝与社会赋权:巴基斯坦potohar的案例研究

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1176

Amna Afzal, Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry

{"title":"SMALL DAMS AND SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT: A CASE STUDY OF POTOHAR, PAKISTAN","authors":"Amna Afzal, Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1176","url":null,"abstract":"Small dams are vital infrastructures that can be used to address water scarcity issues, promote sustainable agriculture practices and improve rural livelihoods. In Pakistan, where agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population, the construction of small dams has been identified as a means of providing irrigation water to farmlands and improving the socio-economic status of rural communities. This paper focuses on the impact of small dams on social empowerment in the Potohar region of Pakistan. Locale of the study was Potohar Plateau of Pakistan which includes Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Data were collected from the encroachment areas of ten dams. Data of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries were collected through a structured tool. Data shoes the participation of farmer with different education groups, type of their family, marital status, cultivated land, and social empowerment. Data represents that participant reported four different levels of social empowerment, in which higher level of empowerment was reported by 65.0 percent. In addition, data shows that social empowerment is not dependent with the utilization of dam water. And regression analysis between respondent’s and social empowerment shows p values 0.485, and that is less than value of alpha. So, we conclude that social empowerment is found in the areas under study but that is not linked with small dam utilization. And study further suggest to explore the key indicators of social empowerment in Potohar. Keywords: small dams, social empowerment, Potohar Plateau, Potohar Pakistan","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135922600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ROLE OF COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES AND FAMILY STRUCTURE AS DETERMINANTS OF AGGRESSION IN PAKISTANI ADOLESCENTS 认知情绪调节策略和家庭结构在巴基斯坦青少年攻击行为中的作用

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1131

Umera Rauf, Syed Mazhar Ali Kazmi, Ayesha Arooj Rafi

{"title":"ROLE OF COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES AND FAMILY STRUCTURE AS DETERMINANTS OF AGGRESSION IN PAKISTANI ADOLESCENTS","authors":"Umera Rauf, Syed Mazhar Ali Kazmi, Ayesha Arooj Rafi","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1131","url":null,"abstract":"While cognitive emotion regulation strategies are viewed as mental approaches which impact emotionality and decision making of individuals, they are also viewed as mechanisms for controlling the level of aggression. This purpose of the present study was to assess the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies as well as family structure with regard to impacting aggression in Pakistani adolescents. A sample of 300 (150 belonging to joint and 150 belonging to nuclear families) adolescents (aged 13-18 years) was recruited from schools in urban and rural areas of Pakistan. The participants completed questionnaires assessing cognitive emotion regulation strategies, family structure, and aggression levels. SPSS 21.0 and associated interventions were used for data analysis. reappraisal and refocus on planning had a significant negative association with physical and verbal aggression. However, cognitive emotional regulation strategies including self-blame, others blame, catastrophizing and other disruptive strategies were positively associated with physical and verbal aggression. It was also found that adolescents raised in nuclear family system used more disruptive strategies including rumination, catastrophizing, self-blame, others blame along with higher levels of verbal aggression and hostility while adolescents belonging to joint family systems used acceptance, positive refocusing, putting into perspective along with having a higher emphasis on planning which further allowed them to minimize their aggression. Keywords: family structure, joint family and aggression, nuclear family and aggression, cognitive emotional regulation strategies, hostility, anger","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133840541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EMPLOYEE TURNOVER IN FAST MOVING CONSUMABLE GOODS COMPANIES OF PAKISTAN 巴基斯坦快速消费品公司的员工流动率

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1095

Sobia Iqbal, Tehmina Faisal

{"title":"EMPLOYEE TURNOVER IN FAST MOVING CONSUMABLE GOODS COMPANIES OF PAKISTAN","authors":"Sobia Iqbal, Tehmina Faisal","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1095","url":null,"abstract":"One of the primary concerns for scholars and business organizations is Employee Turnover (ET), which has become a challenging topic for managers and organizations due to its association with high costs of recruiting, developing, and training new employees and its potential to cause severe repercussions in achieving organizational goals. This study aimed to identify the factors that influence ET in Fast Moving Consumable Goods Companies (FMCGs) in Pakistan. To achieve this, the study designed a theoretical framework and conducted a literature review on Compensation and Benefits, Leadership, Career Opportunities, Culture, and Employee Turnover. The study assessed the relationship and impact of independent variables (Compensation and Benefits, Leadership, Career Opportunities, and Culture) on the dependent variable (Employee Turnover) using a survey questionnaire administered to 280 respondents through convenience sampling. SMART PLS was used to analyze the data. The study found that among the selected variables, only Compensation and Benefits had a significant impact on Employee Turnover in FMCG Companies in Pakistan. Keywords: Employee Turnover (ET), Compensation and Benefits (CB), Leadership (L), Career Opportunities (CO), and Culture and Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG).","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114843509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF CLOTH BRANDING ADVERTISEMENTS ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR: INSIGHTS FROM INSTAGRAM 调查布料品牌广告对消费者购买行为的影响:来自instagram的洞察

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1149

S. Shahzad, T. Fatima

{"title":"INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF CLOTH BRANDING ADVERTISEMENTS ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR: INSIGHTS FROM INSTAGRAM","authors":"S. Shahzad, T. Fatima","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1149","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper investigates the relationship between advertising frequency, buying motivation, and buying behavior in the context of Instagram, employing the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. A sample of (N=300) Instagram users was analyzed using snowball sampling. The results reveal that increased exposure to brand advertisements on Instagram affects consumers' motivation to make a purchase. However, Instagram users are more likely to be motivated to buy when exposed to a higher frequency of influencer advertising. Furthermore, it demonstrates the significant impact of buying motivation on actual buying behavior accounting for 48.7% of the variance. These findings contribute to the existing literature on social media marketing and provide valuable insights for marketers and advertisers looking to enhance their strategies on Instagram. The key takeaway from the study is that prioritizing influencers should be of utmost importance for marketers aiming to boost sales through their Instagram marketing efforts. Keywords: Instagram advertisement, Influencer advertisement, Buying motivation, Buying behavior.","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114992728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

LIVING ON THE EDGE OF ACTUAL AND DIGITAL CULTURE. PEOPLE’S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DIGITAL AND ACTUAL CULTURE 生活在现实文化和数字文化的边缘。人们对数字文化和现实文化的看法

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1090

Muhammad Aftab, Muzamal Tariq

{"title":"LIVING ON THE EDGE OF ACTUAL AND DIGITAL CULTURE. PEOPLE’S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DIGITAL AND ACTUAL CULTURE","authors":"Muhammad Aftab, Muzamal Tariq","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1090","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conduct on the actual culture and digital culture, that actual culture is the way of life through different methods, we interact with other members of society and the actual culture historically run from generation to generation and exists in society in various forms. Digital culture is the culture, which we see through different electronic gadgets and in cyberspace, which is connected through technology advancement and digital culture exists due to phenomena of digitalization and digital culture provides many facilities which makes life easy and efficient in these days. The qualitative research method was used in this research and the data were collected through interview guide by targeting 10 male and 10 female participants and their subjective point of views were used in the data analysis in which we make themes that help to highlight the variation in responses. The study revealed that life of each individual is different due to various factors. The actual and digital culture have advantages and disadvantages as well depending upon how you adopt it and life should have limited consumption of digital culture, actual culture of life is entirely different as compared to digital culture. Keywords: Culture, Digital culture, Modern culture, Digital Society, Digitalization, Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116166565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE FIRM PERFORMANCE: MODERATING ROLE OF FIRM SIZE 资本结构对企业绩效的影响:企业规模的调节作用

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1120

Tabassum Riaz, I. Rasool, N. Abbas

{"title":"IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE FIRM PERFORMANCE: MODERATING ROLE OF FIRM SIZE","authors":"Tabassum Riaz, I. Rasool, N. Abbas","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1120","url":null,"abstract":"The primary aim of the research was to explore the influence of capital structure based on the business performance in context to the moderating role of firm size. In consideration of the main aim of the study, the objectives of the research were to comprehend the notion of the impact of capital structure on the firm performance with regards to the moderating role of firm size, to examine the factors affecting the capital structure on the firm performance in context to the moderating role of firm size, to determine the relationship of capital structure on the firm performance considering the moderating role of firm size, to address recommendations with accordance to capital structure on the firm performance: moderating role of firm size. Secondary data collection method has been utilised to attain the fresh and unique findings. In this context, data has been collected from the annual reports of the Pakistan commercial banks from the years 2011 till 2020. The banks included as Allied Bank Limited, Askari Bank Limited, Habib Bank Limited, MCB Bank Limited, Meezan Bank Limited, Faysal Bank Limied, United Bank Limited, Silk Bank Limited, National Bank of Pakistan and Bank Al-Habib Limited. For such concern, data has been collected in respective to the independent and dependent variables including ROE, ROA, total asset, total debt and equity. It has been validated that the firm performance is largely dependent on the firm capital structure specifically in terms of debt and equity. As the independent variables total equity and debt has been resulted as the significantly correlated with the dependent variable ROE and ROA. Whilst the moderating variable total asset also has the significant impact on the dependent variables. Key Words: ROE , ROA , Capital Structure","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117081134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UKRAINE TRAGEDY: REVANCHIST AGGRESSION OR IDEOLOGICAL COMBAT 乌克兰悲剧:复仇主义侵略还是意识形态斗争

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1097

Saiyid Khusro Iqbal, Syeda Shahnila Khusro, Basil Saiyid

{"title":"UKRAINE TRAGEDY: REVANCHIST AGGRESSION OR IDEOLOGICAL COMBAT","authors":"Saiyid Khusro Iqbal, Syeda Shahnila Khusro, Basil Saiyid","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1097","url":null,"abstract":"Ukraine prospective admission into a 74 year old military alliance NATO and NATO’s eastward growing footprints were considered by Russian government as threat to its national security and of the region so they preempted, and on 24 February 2022 invaded Ukraine, thus creating a fiasco which now has turned into an uncontrollable bloodstained and infra structure demolishing battlefield at the crossroads of transcontinental Russia and East European Ukraine, despite international controlled peace efforts & mediation. Although Ukraine, being the part of former Soviet Union, has strong economical, political and cultural ties with Russia but due to Russian invasion such close ties are turning to animosity and bitter relations which are likely to be carried forward to the coming generations of Russians and Ukrainians. Recently on 17 March 2023 the Hague seated International Criminal Court (ICC) declared Vladimir Putin, the Russian President, as a war criminal to issue an arrest warrant. The ICC believes on the basis of available witnesses and evidence that Russia got into multiple war crimes at Ukraine, including but not limited to unlawful deportation of children from Ukraine to Russia. This clash gives a signal that to support Ukraine the US dominated west is at crossroad with Russia by helping Ukraine through sophisticated war heads and financial aid. Deplorably, the revanchist aggression has turned into ideological combat between Russia and Europe on the battle ground of Ukraine. Consequently, the world seems transforming into multipolar world. Keywords: NATO, Ukraine, Russia, Euro-Atlantic Security, International Criminal Court (ICC), Global Mediation, Crimea Annexation.","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128521391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DRUG USAGE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES 大学生吸毒:前因与后果的实证研究

Pakistan Journal of Social Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1219

M. A. U. Rehman, Qurat Ul Ain Saboor, Nikita Christina Robin Pate

{"title":"DRUG USAGE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES","authors":"M. A. U. Rehman, Qurat Ul Ain Saboor, Nikita Christina Robin Pate","doi":"10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1219","url":null,"abstract":"The study focuses on the drug abuse among students after getting exposure at university level. As the drug mafia realized the situation and drug dealers made it a business to supply drugs to the students at the educational institutions especially the universities. The study explores that at cases it is due to lack of awareness, some students just try it for fun and then it becomes hard to get over the addiction of drugs. Thus ultimately, such drug addiction leaves a good fraction of society's workforce crippled. The study is explorative in nature, in which existing state of drug abuse has been described and then also explored various causes. Thus, hypotheses were developed and gauged with the help of survey questionnaires. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-contrived environment with minimal researchers’ interference. The unit of analysis is students studying in universities of metropolitan cities. Data analysis shows that neither economic nor the social psychological consequences of the drug use be denied. Drug addicts get a colossal social set back because nobody is found ready to accept it. Entrance of the drug user is the critical point of this study. Additionally, the study provides insight that most drug addicts emerge due to the family situation and social pressures. Keyword: Sustainable learning, management, drug abuse, university students, challenges.","PeriodicalId":157320,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Social Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128943143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0