Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock最新文献

{"title":"Prolonged Hospital Stay in Elderly Blunt Colorectal Trauma: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis.","authors":"Musaed Rayzah","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_135_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_135_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding predictors of prolonged hospitalization in elderly colorectal trauma patients is crucial for resource allocation and prognostic counseling, yet the relative contributions of injury severity, surgical complexity, and patient frailty remain unclear. This study aims to identify factors associated with length of hospital stay in elderly patients with blunt colorectal trauma. This is a retrospective cohort study using the National Trauma Data Bank.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients aged ≥65 years with blunt colorectal trauma who survived were included. The primary outcome was hospital length of stay (LOS), analyzed as continuous and binary variables (prolonged vs. normal, defined as ≥75^th percentile). Covariates included age, frailty status, sex, injury severity score (ISS), mechanism of injury, and surgical intervention. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 287 elderly survivors (median age 72.0 years; 60.3% male), the median LOS was 12.0 days. Frailty distribution: 34.8% nonfrail, 40.1% prefrail, 25.1% frail. Motor vehicle accidents predominated (58.9%); 67.9% underwent surgery. ISS was the strongest predictor of continuous LOS (β =0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.63; <i>P</i> < 0.001) and prolonged stay (odds ratio = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.05-1.11; <i>P</i> < 0.001). Major colorectal surgery increased LOS (β = 6.71; 95% CI, 2.76-10.67; <i>P</i> < 0.001). Frailty status showed no significant association with either outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In elderly blunt colorectal trauma survivors, injury severity and surgical complexity were primary determinants of hospital LOS, while frailty status did not independently predict prolonged hospitalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 3","pages":"138-143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analgesia Administration in Severely Injured Pediatric Trauma Patients: A Comparison of General and Pediatric Emergency Departments.","authors":"Shada Abu Ahmed Joffeh, Yoav Carsenty, Nataliay Meltsin, Riham Abu Salah Shibli, Gilad Chayen, Ron Jacob","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_173_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_173_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The purpose of the study is to compare analgesia and sedation administration among pediatric major trauma patients managed in the pediatric emergency department (PED) versus the general emergency department (GED).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included pediatric trauma patients (<16 years) with an injury severity score (ISS) >15 treated at a single trauma center. Between 2013 and 2015, patients were managed primarily by surgeons in the GED; between 2019 and 2023, by pediatric emergency medicine physicians in the PED, following a 3-year transition period. Data on demographics, injury characteristics, pain assessment, and analgesia/sedation were extracted from the trauma registry and medical records. The primary outcome was analgesia administration rate. Secondary analyses compared provider type and analgesia rates between pediatric and adult trauma patients treated in the GED.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-three pediatric patients met inclusion criteria (GED: 36; PED: 37). ISS scores were similar (GED: 16 [interquartile range (IQR) 16-19.5] vs. PED: 17 [IQR 16-21], <i>P</i> = 0.16). Analgesia was administered to 48.6% of PED patients versus 33.3% in the GED (<i>P</i> = 0.18). Opioid use was 19% versus 13.8%, and sedative use was 21.6% versus 8.3%, respectively. Pain score documentation was more consistent in the PED. Children treated in the GED received significantly less analgesia than adults with similar ISS scores treated in the same department (33.3% vs. 78.3%, <i>P</i> < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Analgesia administration in severely injured children remained low across both emergency settings. While trends suggested improved management in the PED, findings may reflect broader changes in care over time, highlighting the ongoing need for standardized pain assessment and treatment protocols in pediatric trauma care.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 3","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Sarcopenia Associated with Worse Postoperative Outcomes following Emergency Laparotomy? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Faisal Abdulaziz AlGhamdi, Mubarak A Alkhudair, Saud A AlShehri, Nasser Abdulsalam AlJoaib, Muhammad Talha Maniya, Anusha Abdul Muqeet Farid, Umna Aziz, Abdulaziz M Saati, Mishal A Abu Melha, Talal R Aldukhayyil, Abdulaziz K AlNaimi, Bader K Alossaimi","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_93_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_93_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The association between sarcopenia and many postoperative outcomes is not well-established.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This meta-analysis aims to clarify the potential of sarcopenia to predict these postoperative outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAK databases was performed until November 2023 in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and their quality assessment was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The pooled analysis was done using a random-effects model with dichotomous outcomes expressed as odds ratio (OR) and continuous as weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 5879 patients, with 1690 diagnosed with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was shown to be significantly associated with increased risk of inpatient mortality (OR = 5.18, 95% CI: 1.04-25.68; <i>P</i> = 0.04), 30-day mortality (OR = 3.32, 95% CI: 2.02-5.46; <i>P</i> < 0.00001), 90-day mortality (OR = 4.24, 95% CI: 1.19-15.12; <i>P</i> = 0.03) and 1-year mortality (OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.25-5.12; <i>P</i> = 0.01). Sarcopenic was also associated with an increased risk of severe complications, cardiac complications, pulmonary complications, renal complications, postoperative infections, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay and the risk of unfavorable discharge. There was no significant association between sarcopenia and risk of leakage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our meta-analysis provided insights into sarcopenia and postoperative outcomes of emergency surgeries. We demonstrated the significant association between the presence of sarcopenia and the presentation of postoperative adverse outcomes and markers of worsened quality of recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 3","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ideal Trauma Transport Modality: Helicopter or Ground Ambulance? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Radean T Anvari, Audrey Amarachi Ojinnaka, Florence Odaka, Aman Sandhu, Lindsay Quinlan, Rahul Kashyap","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_20_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_20_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Trauma-related mortality remains a global concern, causing ~ 5 million deaths annually. Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) enable rapid transport to difficult-to-reach areas, potentially benefiting critical trauma patients. However, the survival advantage of HEMS over ground emergency medical services (GEMS) remains unclear. This systematic review evaluates the impact of HEMS versus GEMS on in-hospital trauma mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search (2014-2024) identified studies reporting trauma patient survival and emergency medical service (EMS) transport modality. Inclusion/exclusion screening used Rayyan and multiple reviewers. Secondary inter-facility and nontrauma transports were excluded. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, with additional analyses of injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and regional differences. Analysis was done using an inverse variance weighting method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 628 articles, 29 were included, covering 3,101,673 patients (602,068 HEMS, 3,158,152 GEMS). HEMS was linked to higher in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.53; <i>I</i> ² = 98.99%). HEMS patients had a higher mean ISS (14.42 vs. 10.21, <i>P</i> = 0.02) but similar GCS (<i>P</i> = 0.34). Day 1 and 30-day mortality showed no significant differences. For pediatrics (7 studies, 281,906 patients), HEMS was also associated with increased mortality (OR = 2.47; <i>P</i> = 0.001; <i>I</i> ² = 97.2%) and higher ISS (11.67 vs. 6.33, <i>P</i> = 0.11). Regional analysis showed higher HEMS mortality odds in North America but not in Asia, Europe, or the Middle East.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite its advantages, HEMS was associated with higher trauma mortality, suggesting selective use based on patient and regional factors. Further research should refine transport criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"89-97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient and Provider Satisfaction with BrainScope for Evaluation of Minor Head Injury.","authors":"Isabella Garra, Kate Gupta, Luke Borgese, Steven Ferrante","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_48_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_48_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>BrainScope (BSc) is an FDA-cleared noninvasive device utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning-derived brain algorithms of brain electric activity to assist clinicians in determining the likelihood of intracranial hemorrhage and need for head computed tomography (CT) after trauma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The objectives of this diagnostic implementation project are to measure patient and operator satisfaction, head CT utilization, and emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS). We enrolled a convenience sample of ambulatory patients ages 18-85 with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) within the preceding 72 h and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥13. A trained group of clinicians performed BSc diagnostic testing, recording patient demographics, injury time and cause, BSc results, and test performance time. Ease of device, patient prep, and patient satisfaction were recorded on 5-point Likert scales. Retrospective matched pairs of ED patients with mTBI and GCS ≥13 were derived from a query of Allscripts EHR. Analysis was performed with descriptive statistics and two-sample <i>t</i>-test with significance of <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-three patients were enrolled: mean age 31.5 (standard deviation [SD] 13.6), 40% male, 44% with mTBI resulting from MVC, and 61% presenting 8-24 h after injury. The mean BSc testing time was 9.3 min (SD 3.9). Patient and operator satisfaction with BSc evaluation was rated high in 77% and 86%, respectively. BSc reduced CT utilization by 56% and reduced ED LOS by 197 min (SD 85).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BSc offers a point-of-care solution for mTBI evaluation that has excellent patient and operator satisfaction scores while reducing CT utilization and ED LOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"85-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Case of Solid Pseudopapillary Pancreatic Tumor Causing Abdominal Pain.","authors":"Andrew Ryu, Elizabeth Kasparov, Alexandra Scanameo, Debby Yanes, Gregory Garra, Christopher C Lee","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_134_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_134_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas is a rare, low-grade epithelial-lined tumor that typically follows a benign course and is potentially curable with surgical excision. We describe a patient presenting to the emergency department with vague abdominal symptoms and moderate tenderness on deep palpation of the right hemiabdomen on exam ination. Computed tomography (CT) imaging showed evidence of an SPT in the tail of the pancreas. An SPT is a rare, low-grade tumor that typically has a benign prognosis and is potentially curable with surgical excision. SPT tumors can be found on CT imaging in the setting of trauma, and it should be in the differential in the setting of vague abdominal symptoms after abdominal trauma. We discuss the presentation, pathophysiology, prognosis, and management of SPTs based on a literature review.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"100-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumatosis Portalis: An Unusual Spread of Severe Emphysematous Pyelonephritis.","authors":"Satish Kumar Ranjan, Keshaw Kumar, Prabhat Ranjan","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_171_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_171_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"110-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Utility of Parasternal Intercostal Muscle Activity in Critically Ill Patients as a Predictor of Weaning Failure and its Association with Weaning-induced Pulmonary Edema.","authors":"Pratibha Todur, Souvik Chaudhuri, Vishwas Parampalli, Shwethapriya Rao, Sagar Shanmukhappa Maddani, Suvajit Podder, Shwetha Krishna","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_107_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_107_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Of the extradiaphragmatic muscles, the parasternal intercostal muscles are major muscles that aid in breathing when the diaphragmatic muscles are fatigued. This study was conducted to determine the activity of the parasternal intercostal muscle activity during weaning and its association with weaning-induced pulmonary edema (WIPO). The objectives were to determine the parasternal muscle thickening fraction (PTF%) in patients undergoing spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs), its association with WIPO, and to assess the risk factors associated with increased PTF%.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective observational study was conducted on critically ill patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital and ready to undergo weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV). The ultrasound examination for evaluation of WIPO was done along with echocardiography before and after 30 min of SBT, and the parasternal and diaphragmatic muscle evaluation was performed after 30 min of SBT. The primary outcome was weaning failure, and secondary outcomes were the presence of WIPO.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and thirty patients underwent a weaning trial, and 90 (69%) patients had weaning success, and 40 (31%) patients had failure. (PTF%) >10% had good discriminating capacity to predict weaning failure (area under the curve = 0.798, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.715-0.881], <i>P</i> < 0.001, sensitivity 60%, and specificity 84%). PTF% ≥10%, diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF%) <21%, and diastolic dysfunction were independent predictors of WIPO (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The risk factors associated with increased PTF% >10% are MV days ≥5 days before SBT and DTF% <27%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PTF% is simple and accessible during ultrasound examination and has good predictive capacity to determine weaning failure and presence of WIPO in patients receiving MV.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"62-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deficiencies in Faculty Educator Development: A Survey Perspective from the Emergency Department.","authors":"Sharon Lai Ching Chong, Yuan Helen Zhang, Eunizar Binte Omar, Fatimah Lateef","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_130_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_130_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Faculty development is crucial to sustaining medical education excellence, yet structured, targeted approaches remain limited in emergency medicine. This study explores emergency physicians' perceptions of their educator roles and identifies faculty development needs in Singapore.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted from March to June 2024 across three emergency departments. Emergency physicians (associate consultant level and above) rated familiarity, confidence, and perceived importance of 12 educator roles based on the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE) framework. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-two emergency physicians participated. Familiarity with AMEE educator roles was low (Mean = 2.24, standard deviation [SD] = 1.155), but confidence in clinical teaching roles was moderate to high (Mean = 3.90, SD = 0.670). Most of the respondents (71%) identified primarily as engaging educators. Confidence increased with years of experience, with a majority (54.8%) gaining confidence within 3-5 years. Lower confidence was reported in curriculum development, technology-enhanced learning, and academic leadership domains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Emergency physicians in Singapore are confident clinical educators but less familiar with broader educational roles. Faculty development initiatives should address gaps in curriculum planning, educational leadership, and technology integration. Recommendations such as structured pathways, longitudinal mentorship, and protected time for more educator responsibilities are critical to supporting professional growth and enhancing educational excellence.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound in Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Clarifying Undifferentiated Leg Pain and Erythema.","authors":"Jude A Polit-Moran, Raul Salazar","doi":"10.4103/jets.jets_11_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jets.jets_11_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Superficial thrombophlebitis (STP) is a vascular condition that can mimic deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and cellulitis, necessitating careful evaluation to guide management. This case report describes the case of a 78-year-old female with a history of recurrent DVT who presented with lower extremity pain and erythema after discontinuing anticoagulation. Point-of-care ultrasound revealed a superficial venous thrombus with noncompressibility, confirming STP, while additional imaging identified chronic thrombi in the deep venous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":15692,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock","volume":"19 2","pages":"98-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}