Journal of environmental biology最新文献_第8页

Comparative economics of vanya with mulberry cocoon production in India 印度vanya与桑茧生产的经济比较

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Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-01

G. Manjunatha, P. Sangannavar, G. R. Halagundegowda, A. Nazeer, S. M. Moorthy, V. Sivaprasad

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles from Tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta pupae and its antioxidant efficacy and antibacterial activity against fish pathogens 塔萨尔蚕蛹壳聚糖纳米粒子的合成及其对鱼类病原体的抗氧化和抗菌活性

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Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-11

B. Baisakhi, D. Mohanty, B. Das, S. Ananta, K. Jena, J. Pradhan

{"title":"Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles from Tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta pupae and its antioxidant efficacy and antibacterial activity against fish pathogens","authors":"B. Baisakhi, D. Mohanty, B. Das, S. Ananta, K. Jena, J. Pradhan","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-11","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To synthesize and characterize chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) from the pupae of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of CNPs against different strains of selected bacterial fish pathogens were also evaluated. Methodology: CNPs were prepared using sodium tripolyphosphate anions. Characterization of nanoparticles was done by FTIR, Zeta potential analysis and Particle size distribution analysis. The antibacterial activity of chitosan and CNPs against Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC-7966), Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923) was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Results: CNPs inhibited the growth of selected bacteria and the maximum zone of inhibition (14 mm) was observed against E. coli and A. hydrophila. Chitosan and CNPs had free radical scavenging effects on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Interpretation: CNPs obtained from silkworm pupae have potential antibacterial as well as antioxidant activities and can be incorporated in aquafeed to prevent fish diseases. Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, Antheraea mylitta, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Chitosan nanoparticles","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46101953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antheraea mylitta cocoonase: An explorable protease 一种可探索的蛋白酶Anthraea mylitta coconase

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Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-12

A. Rani, J. Pandey, K. Jena, K. Sathyanarayana, D. Pandey

{"title":"Antheraea mylitta cocoonase: An explorable protease","authors":"A. Rani, J. Pandey, K. Jena, K. Sathyanarayana, D. Pandey","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-12","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The study was conducted to explore the insect secreted protease Antheraea mylitta cocoonase. Methodology: The cocoons of eleven ecoraces were collected followed by observation of cocoonase secretion behaviour, cocoonase collection, purification, and its quantification. In addition, the thermal stability of cocoonase and gel diffusion assay were investigated. Results: Antheraea mylitta cocoons of eleven ecoraces were collected from different eco-pockets of India. Subsequently, the cocoonase secretion behaviour of different ecoraces during emergence was studied. It was observed that the quantity and concentration of cocoonase secreted depends upon various factors such as cocoon size, cocoon stiffness, and the habitat in which silkworm is reared. To observe the proteolytic specificity of A. mylitta cocoonase, a gel diffusion assay was conducted using casein and gelatin as probable substrates. The presence of hydrolytic ring confirmed protease activity. In addition, the thermal stability of cocoonase was also observed by protease activity. Interpretation: The present study concludes that Antheraea mylitta cocoonase is an explorable protease that needs further exploration to unveil the unspecified properties of this insect-secreted protease, which can find beneficial applications in silk and other industries. Key words: Antheraea mylitta, Cocoonase, Ecoraces, Gel diffusion assay, Temperature stability","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47628060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of bacterial pathogens in Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) 麻蚕Anthraea assamensis Helfer细菌病原体的鉴定（鳞翅目：桑科）

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-07

G. Subrahmanyam, R. Das, R. Debnath, M. Chutia, K. Ponnuvel, K. Sathyanarayana

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of proximate compositions and profiling of nutritional aspects in pupae of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta (Drury) as potential for food and feed resources 作为食物和饲料资源潜力的塔萨尔蚕Antheaea mylitta（Drury）蛹的主要成分评估和营养成分分析

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-13

S. Ananta, K. Jena, S. Das, J. Singh, M. Chakrapani, A. Sinha, K. Sathyanarayana

{"title":"Evaluation of proximate compositions and profiling of nutritional aspects in pupae of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta (Drury) as potential for food and feed resources","authors":"S. Ananta, K. Jena, S. Das, J. Singh, M. Chakrapani, A. Sinha, K. Sathyanarayana","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-13","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To investigate the proximate compositions, amino acids profile, phenols, flavonoids, fatty acids and minerals in Tasar silkworm pupae and assessment of biological potential of pupae extracts. Methodology: Biochemical composition such as proteins, fat, carbohydrate, chitin, ash, moisture and minerals were analyzed in Tasar silkworm pupae. The amino acid, vitamins, phenolics and flavonoid, fatty acids and free radical scavenging assay were evaluated. Results: The pupae powder contained 11.23% moisture, 60.67% crude protein, 23.83% fat, 3.29% carbohydrate, 5.1% ash and 3.87% chitin on a dry matter basis. Further, the pupae protein contained 19 amino acids, including all of the essential amino acids. Similarly, the pupae powder contained both water and fat soluble vitamins with higher content of tocopherol (13.23 µg 100 gm-1), phenolics compounds majorly ferulic acid (1317.5 µg gm-1) and p-coumaric acid (730.96 µg gm-1), flavonoids catechin (40.771 µg gm-1) and myricetin (12.466 µg gm-1) at higher levels and fatty acid with higher palmitic acid content (6.565 mg g-1). Mineral analysis indicated higher magnesium (208 mg 100 gm-1), calcium (47.79 mg 100gm-1) and iron (37.72 mg 100 gm-1) contents. Further, pupae extract exhibited free radical scavenging potential in a concentration-dependent manner. Interpretation: The results of the study indicate tasar pupae as a renewable and sustainable source for preparation of animal feeds. Key words: Antheraea mylitta, Antioxidants, Tasar pupae","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49392631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of abiotic factors on seasonal and non-seasonal emergence of Tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury 非生物因素对塔萨尔蚕（Anthraea mylitta Drury）季节性和非季节性羽化的影响

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-05

S. M. Mazumdar, B. T. Reddy, M. Chandrashekharaiah, N. Chowdary, S. Chattopadhyay, M. S. Rathore, K. Sathyanarayana

{"title":"Influence of abiotic factors on seasonal and non-seasonal emergence of Tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury","authors":"S. M. Mazumdar, B. T. Reddy, M. Chandrashekharaiah, N. Chowdary, S. Chattopadhyay, M. S. Rathore, K. Sathyanarayana","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-05","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The present study was carried out to introspect the effect of temperature, humidity and rainfall on the emergence of Antheraea mylitta Drury. Methodology: An experiment on seasonal and non-seasonal emergence was carried out in 2019 and 2020 at Kathikund and Kharsawan of Jhakhand, India. Meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity and rainfall) were noted twice daily. Similarly number of adult moths emerged were age-graded and segregated as male and female. They were counted twice in a day within the grainage buildings (preservatory of seed cocoons). Results: The emergence of Antheraea mylitta varied month wise following: June to September, March to May, and November to February. Although the emergence of male individuals was more compared to females, no significant difference was observed statistically. Further increase in rainfall (57%) – humidity (15%) triggered more non-seasonal emergence of females. A strong positive correlation between humidity and rainfall with the emergence of adult moths compared to temperature throughout the year across both the seasonal (June-October) and non-seasonal (November-May) months was observed. The erratic/non-seasonal emergence was strongly correlated with humidity (0.75) compared to rainfall (0.32) and temperature (0.19). Daily emergence differed significantly (p<0.01) between the seasonal and non-seasonal months. Interpretation: During seasonal months, the number of adult moths emerged remained almost constant; however in non-seasonal months, the pattern of adult emergence exhibited a non-linear interrupted by sudden intervals of zero emergence. The intervals corresponded significantly to the effect of humidity and rainfall (p<0.001), however, no significant effect of temperature (p>0.05) was observed. Key words: Abiotic factors, Antheraea mylitta, Seasonal emergence, Tasar silkworm","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42130169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Good practices adopted by horticulture farmers to minimize residual effects of pesticides for food safety hazard and soil health 园艺农民为尽量减少农药对食品安全危害和土壤健康的残留影响而采用的良好做法

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3/si-155

B. S. Ghanghas, A. Rohilla, P. Chahal, J. Malik, R. Niwas, R. Mukteshwar

{"title":"Good practices adopted by horticulture farmers to minimize residual effects of pesticides for food safety hazard and soil health","authors":"B. S. Ghanghas, A. Rohilla, P. Chahal, J. Malik, R. Niwas, R. Mukteshwar","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3/si-155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3/si-155","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To study the extent of adopting good practices by horticulture farmers to minimize the residual effects of pesticides for food safety hazard and healthy natural resource base, i.e., soil, water and biodiversity pivotal for ecological and environmental safety, climate resilience and sustainability of farming. Methodology: Exploratory study. Results: Overall awareness of horticulture farmers pertaining to minimization of residual effects of pesticides was moderate to high since 90.00 per cent farmers belonged to these categories. They regularly used branded green pesticides followed by pesticide measures after proper identification of insect pest, diseases, weeds, etc., waiting period (7-10 days) for harvesting after pesticide use or they sprayed after harvesting, no tank mixing of pesticides in one operation to avoid separate sprays of 2-3 kinds of pesticides, no use of pesticides banned by university or government to minimize residual effects of pesticides. Interpretation: Good practices are eco-friendly in nature and minimize residue effects of pesticides ultimately producing safe, healthy and nutritious fruits to reduce health hazards besides abatement in environmental pollution and ill effects on natural resource base, i.e., soil and water due to indiscriminate use of pesticides. For sustainable and climate resilient diversified agriculture through horticulture, horticultural good practices should be widely diffused and promoted with substantial policy support through competence of scientists, extension workers and farm leaders along with sufficient value chain infrastructure and marketing intelligence. Key words: Green pesticides, Good practices, Pest Defender ratio, Residual effects","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46171239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Volatile organic compounds mediated non-preference for oviposition and feeding of hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in jute 挥发性有机物介导毛毛虫对黄麻产卵和取食的不偏好

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3/mrn-1961

B. Gotyal, R. R. Korada, S. Satpathy, K. V. Shivakumar

{"title":"Volatile organic compounds mediated non-preference for oviposition and feeding of hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in jute","authors":"B. Gotyal, R. R. Korada, S. Satpathy, K. V. Shivakumar","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3/mrn-1961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3/mrn-1961","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wild and cultivated jute species imparting varying degree of non-preference for oviposition and feeding to jute hairy caterpillar, S. obliqua Walker. Methodology: Different host species of S. obliqua viz., Corchorus olitorius, C. aestuans, C. pseudo-olitorius, C. fascicularis, C. tridens and C. trilocularis were used to find out the feeding and oviposition preference of S. obliqua. Headspace volatiles were collected from different genotypes of jute and the chemical analysis was done with Gas chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The chemical compounds of VOCs responsible for causing non-preference mechanism of host plant selection to S. obliqua. The chemical complexity and chemistry of volatiles from cultivated and wild jute species indicated significant variation. The VOCs identified in C. aestuans was comparatively more than cultivated species and were different from other cultivated and wild species of jute. Very low preference index for larval feeding and oviposition preference of S. obliqua was due to the possible deterrent effect of volatile organic compounds. Interpretation: The GC-MS analysis of VOCs from C. aestuans (WCIN-179) indicated strong repellent action on S. obliqua that makes it resistant due to non-preference mechanism resulting in less preference for egg laying and feeding. The uniqueness and novelty of C. aestuans confirmed on the basis of very unique VOCs profile which makes it resistant against S. obliqua through multiple mechanisms, i.e., antibiosis and non-preference recording least suitable for egg laying, biology and growth of insects. Key words: GC-MS, Hairy caterpillar, Jute, Oviposition, Volatile Organic Compounds","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41402778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization and spatial mapping of irrigation water quality and their effects on soil properties in Hathin Block of Palwal district, Haryana 哈里亚纳邦Palwal区Hathin区块灌溉水质特征及其对土壤性质的影响

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3/si-188

R. Prakash, S. Kumari, M. GAGANDeeP, S. Kumar, MR. Rajpaul, M. Ankush

{"title":"Characterization and spatial mapping of irrigation water quality and their effects on soil properties in Hathin Block of Palwal district, Haryana","authors":"R. Prakash, S. Kumari, M. GAGANDeeP, S. Kumar, MR. Rajpaul, M. Ankush","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3/si-188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3/si-188","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Characterization and spatial mapping of irrigation water quality of Hathin block, District Palwal, Haryana. Methodology: In order to assess the ground water quality for irrigation suitability and their effect on soil chemical properties, 68 ground water samples were collected, and analyzed for pH, EC, anions (CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42- and NO3-) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+). Water quality indices [(Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC)] were also computed. Results: The pH and EC of water samples ranged from 6.69-8.35 and 0.77 -11.99 dSm-1 with mean value of 7.48 and 4.21 dSm-1, respectively. The cations and anions followed the order: Na+> Mg2+> Ca2+> K+, and Cl- > SO42-> HCO3−> CO32−>NO3−. RSC and SAR ranged from Nil - 5.40 me l-1 and 5.64 - 19.98 (mmol l-1)1/2, respectively. According to All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) classification, out of total water samples, 17.6 % were found as good, 22.1 % as marginal saline, 4.4 % as saline, 48.5 % as high SAR saline, and 7.4 % as higher alkali. Interpretation: The soluble ions were found higher under higher saline conditions as compared to the locations had good quality irrigation water, which altered soil nutrient status. In order to mitigate the negative impacts of such water, it is advised that brackish or saline groundwater be used to irrigate field crops by diluting it with canal (good quality) water. Key words: Residual sodium carbonate, Soluble ions, Sodium absorption ratio, Water quality indices","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42132868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abundance and distribution of subsurface microfibres and seabed macrolitter in Thoothukudi, Gulf of Mannar, South-east coast of India 印度东南海岸马纳尔湾Thoothukudi的地下微纤维和海底大型垃圾的丰度和分布

IF 0.7

Journal of environmental biology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.22438/jeb/44/3/mrn-5078

P. Asha, K. Diwakar, H. Sivanesh, P. Kaladharan

{"title":"Abundance and distribution of subsurface microfibres and seabed macrolitter in Thoothukudi, Gulf of Mannar, South-east coast of India","authors":"P. Asha, K. Diwakar, H. Sivanesh, P. Kaladharan","doi":"10.22438/jeb/44/3/mrn-5078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3/mrn-5078","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Considering the potential harm caused by plastic pollution to the marine ecosystem, the present study was conducted to elucidate the status of microfiber and macrolitter in the selected areas of Thoothukudi on the South-east coast of India. Methodology: The abundance and distribution of subsurface microfibers in four locations of Tuticorin inshore waters were estimated by filtering subsurface waters using a 250µm mesh epineuston net. The non-biodegradable macrolitter on the seabed at three locations of Thoothukudi was estimated by swept area method. Results: Among the four selected stations, a higher quantity of microfibres was observed in the subsurface waters at 5m depth close to nearshore areas, with the highest mean numerical abundance of 3.13±0.3 nos.m l-1. The annual difference in the subsurface microfibre abundance varied significantly between stations (p<0.05). Plastics were the most dominant litter constituents on the sea beds among three stations. A significant seasonal variation (p<0.05) with maximum mean total macrolitter abundance was noticed on the seabed at Kayalpattinam (45.81± 9.3 kg km-2). The estimated mean macrolitter abundance at all the stations was higher than the reported national average of 10.95±3.05 kg km-2. Interpretation: This study revealed variations in the abundance and distribution of microfibers and macrolitters in the selected areas of Tuticorin. The study emphasises the role of land and marine-based anthropogenic activities in the plastic pollution of this region. Key words: Abundance, Gulf of mannar, Microfibres, Macrolitter, Subsurface waters, Seabed","PeriodicalId":15688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44097561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0