Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme最新文献_第5页

Cyclic variability analysis of an engine fuelled with gasoline/natural gas using return maps and symbol sequences 使用返回图和符号序列对燃用汽油/天然气的发动机进行循环变异性分析

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062927

Pawan Kumar Singotia, Samir Saraswati

{"title":"Cyclic variability analysis of an engine fuelled with gasoline/natural gas using return maps and symbol sequences","authors":"Pawan Kumar Singotia, Samir Saraswati","doi":"10.1115/1.4062927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062927","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present work investigates the cyclic variability of a single cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine fuelled with gasoline/natural gas. Return maps and symbol sequence analysis are used to analyze the cycle dynamics at different engine loads and mixture strength. Cycle dynamics is found to be stochastic in nature at high engine loads with low cyclic variability. The frequency of deterministic patterns with close coupling between consecutive cycles is found to be high at low loads with high cyclic variability. In comparison to gasoline, the deterministic effects are found to be more predominant for natural gas fuelled engine. Designing a predictive controller that makes use of the knowledge of the current event to forecast the status of forthcoming occurrences is possible because to the deterministic information available in cycle dynamics. Under the assumption that the controller is active and has successfully brought the engine within stable limits, the predictable patterns are identified and omitted from the dataset. Engine performance is analyzed both with and without the deterministic pattern. The research provides an estimate of how much better engine performance could be achieved with the knowledge of determinism in the system and the subsequent application of this knowledge for efficient engine control.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46074072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reliable initial model selection for efficient characterization of channel reservoirs in ensemble Kalman filter 集成卡尔曼滤波器中河道储层有效表征的可靠初始模型选择

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062926

Doeon Kim, Youjun Lee, J. Choe

引用次数: 0

Experimental Investigation of preformed particle gel and Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Composite System for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Heterogeneous Reservoirs 预成型颗粒凝胶与碱-表面活性剂-聚合物复合体系提高非均质油藏采收率的实验研究

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062928

Yanfu Pi, Zhihao Li, Li Liu, R. Cao, Jinxin Liu, Haosong Chen, Xinyu Fan, Mingjia Zhao

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of preformed particle gel and Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Composite System for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Heterogeneous Reservoirs","authors":"Yanfu Pi, Zhihao Li, Li Liu, R. Cao, Jinxin Liu, Haosong Chen, Xinyu Fan, Mingjia Zhao","doi":"10.1115/1.4062928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062928","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Heterogeneity is a significant feature of the reservoirs after polymer flooding, resulting in challenges for further enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs. In order to further improve oil recovery in the reservoirs after polymer flooding, a novel EOR system (ASP-PPG composite system) was developed using preformed particle gel (PPG) and alkali-surfactant-polymer system (ASP system). We designed an oil saturation monitoring device and a large-scale 3D heterogeneous physical model to evaluate the performance of the system. The performance of the system and the ASP system were tested. Based on the testing results, the fluid migration patterns and enhanced oil recovery mechanisms of the ASP-PPG system in an actual heterogeneous reservoir were investigated using the oil saturation monitoring device and the 3D physical model. Experimental results indicate that the ASP-PPG system has a higher viscosity and better profile control ability than the ASP system. Additionally, the interfacial tension can be maintained at a low level, around 10-3 mN/m. Flooding experiments using the three-dimensional heterogeneous physical model demonstrated the excellent elastic deformation ability of PPG, which can dynamically block the large pores that formed after the polymer flooding and effectively improve the heterogeneity of reservoirs. After injecting the ASP-PPG system, the recovery factor of the model increased by 15.8%. Specifically, the sweep coefficient of high, medium, and low permeability layers increased by 4.36%, 19.6%, and 37.55%, respectively. Moreover, the oil displacement efficiency increased by 7.4%, 14.4%, and 17.9%, respectively. These results highlight the synergistic effect of combining PPG and ASP systems, significantly enhancing heterogeneous reservoir recovery after polymer flooding.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46833231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Motion simulation analysis and experimental verification of drill string rotation controller 钻柱旋转控制器的运动仿真分析与实验验证

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062890

Jialin Tian, Haolin Song, Yinglin Yang, Lanhui Mao

{"title":"Motion simulation analysis and experimental verification of drill string rotation controller","authors":"Jialin Tian, Haolin Song, Yinglin Yang, Lanhui Mao","doi":"10.1115/1.4062890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062890","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conventional directional drilling mainly relies on the sliding of screw motor and drill string to realize the change of wellbore trajectory, so the friction force is large. The use of friction reduction tools that generate axial force to change the friction state can only achieve partial friction reduction, and drill string is still in a sliding state during directional drilling. These problems are solved by using rotary steerable drilling system, which can achieve directional drilling when drill string rotates. But its use cost is high. Considering the principle of high efficiency and economy, a new friction reduction tool called drill string rotation controller is proposed, which is also used to reduce friction during directional drilling through drill string rotation. By adjusting the pump pressure, the meshing state of spline module of drill string rotation controller is changed to realize the conversion of drilling mode. In rotary drilling mode, upper drill string, drill string rotation controller and bottom hole assembly rotate together. In directional drilling mode, upper drill string rotates and drill string rotation controller slides with bottom hole assembly. The function of the tool is verified by field experiment, and motion simulation of the tool is carried out. The results show that when the driving torque is set to 25000 N·m, more reverse torque can be overcome in the directional drilling mode, and the drilling fluid pressure is set to 25 MPa, which can be converted to the rotary drilling mode faster.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43786424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy and Storage Requirements for Grid Reliability and Resource Adequacy 气候变化对可再生能源的潜在影响以及电网可靠性和资源充足性的存储要求

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062891

C. Ho, E. Roesler, T. Nguyen, James F. Ellison

{"title":"Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy and Storage Requirements for Grid Reliability and Resource Adequacy","authors":"C. Ho, E. Roesler, T. Nguyen, James F. Ellison","doi":"10.1115/1.4062891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062891","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides a study of the potential impacts of climate change on intermittent renewable energy resources, battery storage, and resource adequacy. Climate change models and available data were first evaluated to determine uncertainty and potential changes in solar irradiance, temperature, and wind speed in New Mexico in the coming decades as a case study. These changes were then implemented in solar and wind energy models to determine impacts on renewable energy resources. Results for the extreme climate-change scenario show that the projected wind power may decrease by ~13% due to projected decreases in wind speed. Projected solar power may decrease by ~4% due to decreases in irradiance and increases in temperature. Uncertainty in these climate-induced changes in wind and solar resources was accommodated in probabilistic models assuming uniform distributions in the annual reductions in solar and wind resources. Uncertainty in battery storage performance was also evaluated based on increased temperature, capacity fade, and degradation in round-trip efficiency. The hourly energy balance among electrical load, generation, and storage was calculated throughout the year given these uncertainties in the renewable energy resources and energy storage. The annual loss of load expectation (LOLE) was probabilistically evaluated and found to increase from ~0 days/year to a median value of ~2 days/year due to potential reductions in renewable energy resources caused by climate change and battery storage performance and capacity.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46493113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experiment and Numerical Simulation Study of Low-nitrogen Combustion Technology inside Small Gas Boiler 小型燃气锅炉低氮燃烧技术的试验与数值模拟研究

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062871

K. Sun, Tingyu Ao, Xiangyun Liu, Liang Liu, Zhu Liang

{"title":"Experiment and Numerical Simulation Study of Low-nitrogen Combustion Technology inside Small Gas Boiler","authors":"K. Sun, Tingyu Ao, Xiangyun Liu, Liang Liu, Zhu Liang","doi":"10.1115/1.4062871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062871","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper studies different experimental conditions for a 25t/h industrial boiler fueled with nature gas. In the meanwhile, numerical simulation is carried out using the commercial software of Fluent. The different excess air coefficient of 1.05,1.1,1.15,1.2 and 1.25 are studied. The different flue gas circulation rate of 5%,10%,15% and 20% are studied compared with that rate of 0. The results show that the maximum temperature of the furnace and NOx emission concentration at the outlet increase firstly and then decrease with increasing of excess air coefficient when flue gas circulation rate is 0, and the peak value of temperature and NOx emission concentration reaches to 2071.93K and 65.21mg/m3 when excess air coefficient is 1.15, respectively. With increasing of flue gas circulation rate, the average temperature of the furnace and the concentration of NOx at the outlet decrease, the concentration of NOx decrease from 65.21mg/m3 to 25mg/m3. The higher of the flue gas circulation, the smaller of the high temperature area of the furnace and the lower concentration of O2. However, excessively higher flue gas circulation rate and excess air coefficient can lead to incomplete combustion and lower coefficient. Hence, for optimizing the combustion conditions, the excess air coefficient and the flue gas circulation rate should be within an appropriate range.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48456526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance Improving of Wind Power Generation Systems through Parameter Optimization and Dynamic Analysis of the Speed-Regulating Differential Transmission 通过参数优化和调速差动传动的动态分析提高风力发电系统性能

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062872

Wenliang Yin, Lin Liu, Wenhua Zhang, Ming Li, Youguang Guo

{"title":"Performance Improving of Wind Power Generation Systems through Parameter Optimization and Dynamic Analysis of the Speed-Regulating Differential Transmission","authors":"Wenliang Yin, Lin Liu, Wenhua Zhang, Ming Li, Youguang Guo","doi":"10.1115/1.4062872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062872","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hybrid drive wind power generation systems (WPGSs) equipped with speed regulating differential mechanisms (SRDMs) have emerged as a promising solution for integrating large-scale wind energy into the power grid without the need for partially- or fully-rated converters. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the dynamic analysis and parameter optimization of the SRDM-based transmission, with the aim of providing a sound foundation for the design and performance improvement of hybrid drive WPGSs. This study first formulates the kinematics, power flow, and mechanical efficiency of the SRDM, and then proposes an effective parameter configuration model for optimizing the speed ratios of the key link units. The objective function is set as the minimum peak power required for speed regulation by the SRDM. Furthermore, to deal with the unique mechanical features such as dual power inputs, continuously variable transmission, and time-varying steering mechanism, an appropriate nonlinear dynamic modeling method of the SRDM transmission is developed. The torsion-translation vibration equations are derived and solved using the Runge-Kutta numerical integral method, considering randomly changing wind speed inputs and time-varying internal/external excitations. Results reveal that the sun gear experiences severe vibrations with the maximal and average vibration displacements of 0.563 mm and 0.112 mm, respectively, in the circumferential direction, while the planet gear exhibits complex frequency responses. Finally, specialized case studies are demonstrated to verify the proposed approaches, showing the satisfactory on-grid operating performance of the proposed SRDM-based WPGSs.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48530117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTERS OBTAINED FROM SAFFLOWER OIL: A FULLY RENEWABLE BIOFUEL 从红花油中提取的脂肪酸乙酯:一种完全可再生的生物燃料

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062870

Asli Isler Kaya, F. Karaosmanoglu

{"title":"FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTERS OBTAINED FROM SAFFLOWER OIL: A FULLY RENEWABLE BIOFUEL","authors":"Asli Isler Kaya, F. Karaosmanoglu","doi":"10.1115/1.4062870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062870","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the aim to obtain a pure renewable second-generation biofuel, transesterification reaction of safflower oil and sugar-beet molasses originated ethanol, and usage options as a blend component were investigated. Depleting fossil fuels, increasing fossil fuel prices, and fossil fuel-related emissions are significant global problems. The progress in pure biobased and safer fuels gains importance to figure out these problems. Biodiesel is an excellent fuel candidate that can substitute conventional diesel fuel. For its production, fatty acid methyl esters were primarily proposed. However, with their many advantages, ethyl esters have come to the fore because of environmental and technical issues. Thus, using a by-product originated bioethanol as alcohol and safflower oil as a non-edible raw material would further enhance the renewability and sustainability of one of the second-generation biofuels. This paper studied the transesterification reaction of safflower oil with sugar-beet molasses originated bioethanol. The effects of the safflower oil:ethanol (mole:mole) ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature on the ester content were individually investigated. The fuel properties of safflower oil ethyl ester and 2%, 5%, 7% v/v safflower oil ethyl ester blended diesel and rural diesel fuels were determined according to the standards. The main advantages of ethyl ester addition to diesel fuel include the increase in flash point and the decrease in sulfur content. However, some additives should improve some properties (cold filter plugging point and oxidation stability).","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42648252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the effects of transmission layout on powertrain efficiency, performance and exhaust emissions in parallel hybrid vehicles 并联混合动力汽车变速器布局对动力系统效率、性能和废气排放影响的研究

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062825

M. Karaoğlan

{"title":"Investigation of the effects of transmission layout on powertrain efficiency, performance and exhaust emissions in parallel hybrid vehicles","authors":"M. Karaoğlan","doi":"10.1115/1.4062825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062825","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The investigation studies about increasing powertrain efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions and fuel consumptions have been focused on for hybrid vehicles in few decades. However, the investigations are related with improvement of an individual powertrain component or energy management strategy for hybrid vehicles. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of the layout of the three-speed transmission and various gear selection procedures on vehicle performance, component efficiency and exhaust emissions for same vehicle parameters, gear ratios and capacity of the components in a parallel hybrid powertrain. Three design alternatives have been modelled and powertrain simulations have been performed according to the three different drive cycles as New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), Federal Test Procedure (FTP-72) and Istanbul Drive Cycle (IDC) using MATLAB® - Simulink® environment. The main simulation results are given for vehicle performance (acceleration, grading capacity and maximum speed) and component efficiencies (battery and electric motor), brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of the engine as CO2, CO, HC and NOx during the operation on the three-drive cycle. The simulation results showed that better vehicle performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions can be achieved separately by changing the layout of the transmission in parallel hybrid vehicles.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46000635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Well test analysis for a well in gas storage reservoirs with the formation containing high salinity water 含高矿化度储气层井试井分析

IF 3 3区工程技术

Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062824

Zhongxing Ren, Haifeng Wang, Duocai Wang, Hui He, H. Yuan, Ziheng Zhu, Jiaen Lin

{"title":"Well test analysis for a well in gas storage reservoirs with the formation containing high salinity water","authors":"Zhongxing Ren, Haifeng Wang, Duocai Wang, Hui He, H. Yuan, Ziheng Zhu, Jiaen Lin","doi":"10.1115/1.4062824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062824","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The production capacity of the gas wells is seriously affected by salt deposition during the injection and production process for underground gas storage with high salt content, so it is necessary to predict the production performance through well test technology. However, the existing well test analysis methods cannot be reliably used to interpret the well test data affected by salt deposition phase change and high-speed non-Darcy flow during the injection and production process. Therefore, this paper first determines the relationship between salt deposition and temperature and pressure through flash calculation of phase equilibrium of saltwater and hydrocarbon system, establishes a porosity and permeability model considering the effect of salt deposition, and further establishes a high-speed injection-production well test analysis model considering the effect of salt deposition in combination with Forchheimer's percolation law. Finally, the model is solved by numerical method, and the dynamic changes of reservoir pressure and salt deposition are simulated and calculated. The results show that the higher the salinity of formation water is, the greater the risk of salt deposition in the reservoir is, and the permeability of the reservoir will significantly decrease after salt deposition occurs; The non-Darcy flow effect will aggravate the risk of salt deposition in the reservoir. The research results provide a theoretical method for the evaluation of reservoir parameters and production performance prediction of salt gas storage reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41564627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0