Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Degradation of diclofenac using advanced oxidation processes: a review.","authors":"Riaz Ahmed Soomro, Lau Poh Lin, Antoine Prandota Trzcinski","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2472116","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2472116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the emerging compounds in the environment. There are many sources of diclofenac, such as effluent of pharmaceutical industries, wastewater treatment plant effluent, and domestic wastewater. It requires advanced treatment because it cannot be removed from water and sludges using the conventional wastewater treatment process. Catalytic and free radical methods also known as advanced oxidation process (AOP) can degrade large and complex organic compounds into smaller ones. In this review, each AOP method is critically assessed for the removal of DCF in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"12-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143536649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levels and carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the breast milk of selected lactating mothers in Abeokuta, Nigeria.","authors":"Oluwafemi A Sarumi, Olukayode Bamgbose, Adetola Adebowale, Abraham O James","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2494456","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2494456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the levels and carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the breast milk of lactating mothers. Breast milk biomonitoring provides insights into human exposure levels of PAHs from increasing environmental sources, which is scantily reported in Nigeria. Twenty-eight breast milk samples were obtained from lactating mothers with written informed consent, and lifestyle data was elicited with a structured questionnaire. Eight PAH compounds were analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector. Detected PAH levels significantly exceed the European Union maximum permissible limits for human exposure (0.001 mg/kg) in all samples. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (1.07 mg/kg) was the highest, and lowest was benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene (BNT) (0.07 mg/kg), which was higher than the average concentrations reported in most studies globally. This may suggest substantial risks of acute and chronic health effects to vulnerable groups (lactating mothers and newborns). The carcinogenic risk assessment indicates that 60% of infants may develop carcinogenic health risks due to the ingestion of PAH-contaminated breast milk. Low birth weight, preterm birth, and fetal loss were experienced by the participating mothers. Findings highlight the potential health risk posed by the elevated levels of PAHs, thus necessitating timely interventions that would mitigate the risks of PAHs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyto-genotoxic effects predict ecotoxicity in plant bioassays and the aquatic organism <i>Artemia salina</i> L.: a case study from a sewage treatment plant.","authors":"Marcela Emiliano Novaes Matilde, Leonardo Mendes da Silva, Tamara Alessandra Costa Santos, Maria Eduarda Magalhães, Marcel José Palmieri, Larissa Fonseca Andrade-Vieira","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2473832","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2473832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the toxicological and mutagenic potential of water samples from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples were taken from four sites: upstream in the stream (P1), downstream (P2), at the entrance of the treatment station (P3), and at the exit (P4). We conducted physicochemical analyses in water, phytotoxicity tests on plants (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>, <i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>, <i>Lactuca sativa</i>, <i>Raphanus sativus</i>), cytogenotoxicity tests using onion roots (<i>Allium cepa</i>), and <i>Artemia salina</i> immobilization tests. Elevated Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), anionic surfactants, and ammoniacal nitrogen were found at P3 and P4. While germination rates were generally unaffected, P4 inhibited the germination speed of <i>R. sativus</i>. The growth of <i>L. sativa</i> increased in P3 and P4, and of <i>R. sativus</i> in P2, due to more nitrogen and phosphorus. <i>T. aestivum</i> and <i>P. glaucum</i>, however, had their growth inhibited at P4 due to surfactant toxicity. Cytogenotoxicity tests revealed the highest frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds in cells exposed to P3 and P4. Additionally, P3 caused 87.5% immobilization of <i>A. salina</i>. These findings suggest that the WWTP is not fully efficient, and its effluent discharge may contribute to eutrophication and genetic mutations in exposed organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"29-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143536719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic metal pollution and associated ecological and human health risks in soils and stream sediments of Idanre area, Southwest Nigeria.","authors":"Olaniyi JohnPaul Popoola, Seun Emmanuel Bamidele, Alaba Opeoluwa Adepoju, Enoch Augustine Raphael","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2524785","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2524785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxic metals are persistent environmental pollutants with significant ecological and health risks due to their non-biodegradability and bioaccumulation. This study assessed the extent of toxic metal pollution and associated ecological and human health risks in soils and stream sediments of Idanre area, Southwest Nigeria. Forty samples (20 soils, 20 sediments) were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence for major oxides and trace metals. Multivariate statistical methods and geochemical indices were used to determine contamination levels and sources. Human health risks were evaluated using United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) models for ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. Results showed SiO₂ dominance in soils and sediments, indicating silicate-rich parent material. Elevated concentrations of Pb (24.59-82.19 mg/kg), Cd (0.63-1.96 mg/kg), and Cr (30-93.35 mg/kg) exceeded background levels, pointing to anthropogenic sources. Stream sediments showed higher contamination, especially Zn (avg. CF = 7.59), Cd (3.89), and Pb (3.98). Igeo values confirmed moderate to strong enrichment, and Cd posed moderate to high ecological risk (Er = 71.82-174.55). Health risk assessments indicated significant non-carcinogenic risks in children (HI = 4.88-9.66), mainly <i>via</i> dermal exposure and ingestion, with Pb, Cr, and Co as key contributors. Adults showed negligible risk, and carcinogenic risks remained within acceptable limits, with Cr as the main carcinogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"133-155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human health risks from textile chemicals: a critical review of recent evidence (2019-2025).","authors":"Joaquim Rovira, Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza, Martí Nadal, José L Domingo","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2514406","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2514406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global textile production, driven by consumer demand, raises significant concerns about exposure to chemicals in clothing and related products. This review synthesizes evidence (2019-2025) on hazardous substances in textiles, including dyes, plasticizers, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and metals, and identifies and categorizes their associated human health risks. Emerging evidence highlights microfibers as critical vectors for chemical exposure <i>via</i> inhalation and dermal routes, necessitating updated risk assessments. Focusing on dermal absorption as the primary exposure route, risks to vulnerable populations (e.g., infants, pregnant women) and gaps in regulatory frameworks are highlighted. The current analysis reveals that chronic exposure to chemical mixtures in textiles remains poorly understood, with current safety assessments often neglecting synergistic effects. Key findings include elevated risks from phthalates in infant clothing, PFAS in water-repellent fabrics, and carcinogenic aromatic amines (AAs) from azo dyes. We underscore the urgency of harmonized global regulations, advanced biomonitoring, and sustainable alternatives (e.g., enzymatic dyes, biodegradable finishes). Public awareness initiatives and stricter enforcement of certifications like OEKO-TEX^® or GOTS are critical to mitigating risks. Interdisciplinary collaboration among textile technologists, toxicologists, and public health experts is essential to develop safer textile alternatives and integrate health-centric approaches into sustainability agendas, safeguarding consumers, workers, and ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"79-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corn stalk biochar modified with imidazolium-based ionic liquids for the removal of Cd²⁺ from mine water.","authors":"Nan Zhang, Yang Qiao, Jinrong Zhang, Pengfei Cui, Xufei Liu","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2520168","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2520168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mining-induced heavy metal pollution poses an urgent ecological challenge. Recently, biochar, especially corn stover biochar (CSB) modified with ionic liquids (ILs) for weak interactions, has shown promise in mine water remediation. In this study, we used charred corn stover as biochar and synthesized 1-methyl-3-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] imidazolium IL as modifier to create imidazolium-based IL-modified biochar. The chemical structure of the IL and the chemical composition of the biochar were analyzed with the help of <i>¹H</i> NMR and FT-IR. Characterization techniques such as XPS, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements were employed to investigate the elemental composition, surface morphology, pore size, porosity, and other physicochemical properties of the corn straw biochar. Cd²⁺ was chosen as the representative of heavy metal ions in mine water, and the adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments were conducted to study the adsorption performance of CSB on heavy metal ions. The results exhibited that the adsorption performance of IL-modified CSB material (<i>Q_e</i> = 48.1000 mg/g) for heavy metals was enhanced to a certain extent compared with that of unmodified CSB material (<i>Q_e</i> = 44.0000 mg/g). This provided a foundation for using corn straw biochar to remove heavy metals in mine water.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silica dust exposure and associated pulmonary dysfunction among mine workers.","authors":"Aima Iram Batool, Rabia Shaheen, Naima Huma Naveed, Tahira Tabassum, Muhammad Fayyaz Ur Rehman, Saira Naz, Syed Sikandar Habib, Mohamed Mohany","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2470565","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2470565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the impact of silica exposure on 145 mine workers in Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan, compared to 45 non-exposed individuals. Pulmonary function tests revealed significantly reduced lung function in exposed workers (<i>P</i> < 0.05), with declines in Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV₁), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV₁/FVC ratio, Peak Expiratory Flow, and Forced Expiratory Flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75). Radiological evaluations confirmed extensive lung damage (<i>P</i> < 0.05), including pleural effusion, reticular shadowing, and lung consolidation. Oxidative stress markers demonstrated increased lipid peroxidation, Fenton's Oxidative Stress, and Oxidative Stress Index (<i>P</i> < 0.05), along with reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, including Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Glutathione Peroxidase. Hematological analysis showed elevated White Blood Cells, Lymphocyte percentage, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (<i>P</i> < 0.05), reflecting systemic inflammation. Silica's piezoelectric properties contributed to oxidative stress and cellular damage, exacerbating pulmonary dysfunction. These findings highlight silica exposure as a severe occupational hazard, causing irreversible lung impairment and systemic oxidative imbalance. Implementing strict safety protocols, personal protective measures, and regular health monitoring is crucial to safeguarding workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The decreased enzyme activity of trypsin resulted from its conformation changes in presence of triclocarban.","authors":"Zijie Sun, Yaoyao Wang, Rui Guan, Hongbin Liu, Jing Lan, Hui Xue, Wansong Zong","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2518848","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2518848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triclocarban (TCC), a widely used antimicrobial agent, may threaten ecosystems and human health <i>via</i> bioaccumulation, necessitating study of its protein interactions to understand molecular toxicity. In this paper, trypsin (TRY) was utilized as a model protein to explore its binding to TRY. The results revealed that the binding could result in a reduction of the enzymatic activity of TRY. Spectra analysis showed that TCC could heighten the quenching effect on the intrinsic fluorescence of TRY. The fluorescence quenching of TRY encompassed dynamic and static quenching mechanisms. The association constants (K_a) exhibited a high magnitude (∼10⁶) at both 293 and 313 K, indicating a robust affinity between the two entities. Molecular docking studies and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0) suggested hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces are necessary for TCC's binding to TRY. The formation of the TRY-TCC complex induced alterations in the secondary structure and local microenvironment of TRY, leading to a more relaxed skeletal structure. This paper will provide a fundamental basis for further studying the molecular toxicity of TCC in living organisms. Future <i>in vivo</i> studies will be essential to establish the physiological consequences of TCC-TRY binding in biological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the potential of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> in sustainable bioplastic production, carbon sequestration, and wastewater treatment using integrated approaches.","authors":"Meenakshi Dewangan, Vivek Kumar Singh, Awanish Kumar","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2493002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2025.2493002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With rising concerns over plastic pollution and climate change, microalgae-based bioplastics offer a promising alternative to petroleum-derived plastics. This study explores the dual role of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> in bioplastic synthesis and environmental remediation through its cultivation in a wastewater-fed bioreactor. By leveraging wastewater as a nutrient source, <i>C. vulgaris</i> achieved a biomass yield of 3.472 g/L, with 20 mg/L of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extracted. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy validated the presence of PHA-specific ester functional groups, confirming its suitability for bioplastic applications. Additionally, the cultivation process resulted in a complete reduction of free CO₂ within three days, demonstrating efficient carbon sequestration. Significant declines in wastewater contaminants, including COD, BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus, highlight the microalga's bioremediation capabilities, making it a promising candidate for sustainable wastewater treatment. This study introduces a cost-efficient, self-sustaining microalgal bioprocess that eliminates the need for synthetic nutrients while achieving high-yield PHA production, complete CO₂ sequestration, and efficient wastewater detoxification. By integrating three essential sustainability goals- bioplastic production, carbon capture, and water purification- this work bridges the gap between bio-based materials and environmental conservation. The results affirm <i>C. vulgaris</i> as a multifunctional bioresource that supports both biopolymer synthesis and climate change mitigation. This work advances microalgal biotechnology by demonstrating its potential for large-scale, closed-loop biomanufacturing, providing an eco-friendly, scalable solution for reducing plastic waste and greenhouse gas emissions while promoting sustainable industrial practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":"60 1","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoremediation potential and ecophysiological features of water hyacinth <i>Eichornia crassipes</i>: a case study from Orontes River, Türkiye.","authors":"Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin, Volkan Altay, Munir Ozturk","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2497650","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10934529.2025.2497650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pollution of freshwater resources has become a critical global issue due to intensive and unregulated agricultural practices, rapid urbanization, and industrial expansion along waterways. Phytoremediation, which involves using aquatic macrophytes to remove contaminants from water, is recognized as an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective remediation strategy. This study investigates the phytoremediation capacity of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> in reducing heavy metal contamination in the transboundary Orontes (Asi) River within Türkiye's borders. The Asi River, spanning 571 km from Lebanon through Syria to the Mediterranean Sea in Hatay, Türkiye, is severely affected by heavy metal pollution, primarily due to agricultural activities. The study assessed the bioaccumulation potential of <i>E. crassipes</i>, which grows abundantly in the river, focusing on metal accumulation in its petioles. The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, and lead in petioles were quantified at 6.69, 23.50, 29.77, and 65.25 mg kg^-1, respectively, while the maximum concentrations of these metals in the aquatic habitat were 76.57, 303.26, 693.58, and 106.19 µg L^-1, respectively. The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be further enhanced through genetic modification, microbial stimulation, and chemical or natural amendments. These findings illustrate the significant potential of <i>E. crassipes</i> for heavy metal remediation in natural water bodies, contributing to ecosystem conservation, species sustainability, and biodiversity protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"66-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}