Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography最新文献

{"title":"Participation of Ecosystem Service Providers in a Watershed PES Project in Tanzania: Connection with the Coasean Perspectives","authors":"K. Mussa, I. C. Mjemah","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000241","url":null,"abstract":"The equitable payment environmental service projects seem to have good objectives, but not so many households participated in it. Limited empirical information surrounds the most Payment for Environmental Services (PES) schemes with regard to which factors could influence the commitment of environmental service providers to switch to improved land management practices. Are these factors stemming from the Coasean theorem? The answer to this question is imperative as it paves way to more robust approach of PES implementation in Tanzania and worldwide. This study therefore sought to explore the challenges which either, held back or threatened the participation of ecosystem service providers in the Uluguru Mountains to the equitable payment for watershed services scheme, linking them to the main treatise of the Coasean theorem. This study employed a partially mixed concurrent dominant status design in which quantitative and qualitative approaches were used simultaneously, but with the quantitative approach being dominant. The mixed-methods design brought together different strengths of quantitative and qualitative methods, while offsetting the weaknesses of using a single method and expanding the set of collected data.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"186 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91126955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Saclux Paint Industrial Effluents on Nkoho River in Abia State, Nigeria","authors":"Kanu Chidozie, C. Nwakanma","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000240","url":null,"abstract":"Water plays an important role in determining the quality of life on earth and yet this role is threatened by indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluents. The study aimed to assess the potential impact of industrial effluents from Saclux paint industry on the water quality of Nkoho River in Abia state, Nigeria. Water samples were taken at the effluent discharge point, upstream and downstream of the discharge point in the month of September, October and November, 2016 and geo-referenced using Garmin 76CSx Global Positioning system (GPS). The results showed that there were variations in the water quality characteristics in the different sampling time (September, October and November). Temperature, total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity and colour of the water samples were significantly higher (p<0.05) at the mid-stream compared to the upstream and downstream in the month of September, but varied in the month of October and November, while hardness, nitrate, acidity, microbial load (TVC), total coliform, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were significantly higher (p<0.05) at the upstream compared to midstream and down-stream in the different sampling time. Temperature (29.16-31.00°C), TS (3188.00-3973.70 mg/L), SS (2980.00-3848.67 mg/L), turbidity (119.43-131.47 NTU), pH (8.83-9.03), phosphate (99.23-120.13 mg/L) and phenol concentration (101.74-108.57 mg/L) of the effluent were above the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits, while SS, NTU, phenol, sulphate, phosphate, TVC, total coliform and EC of the water samples exceeded regulatory standards of FMEnv and WHO for surface water quality. The variations in the water quality parameters could be attributed to possible differences in the batches of paint produced at the different test time. It can be concluded from the study that the poor water quality might confer potentials hazards to aquatic life and end users.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"71 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83842611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Disease Resistance on Secondary Herbivores: Aphid Abundance on Hybrid and Non-hybrid Coffee Varieties in the Chagga Homegardens","authors":"E. Lyimo, Marie Schaedel, M. Berntsen, A. Kisingo","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000237","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee accounts for over 20% of Tanzania’s income from foreign exchange and has been identified as an essential crop for the future of food security in Africa. Coffee production in the Kilimanjaro region, one of Tanzania’s most important coffee-producing areas, is facing threats due to declining coffee prices, climate change, and outbreaks of fungal disease. Fungal-resistant hybrid coffee varieties have the potential to increase productivity and yields, although the ecological impact of their widespread introduction has not yet been determined. This study estimates the differences in aphid abundance and probability of aphid presence on hybrid and non-hybrid coffee plants in the Chagga homegardens. For this study, 1,119 coffee plants were sampled in 45 farms across 3 villages in the Kilimanjaro region. Hybrid coffee plants were 74.7% less likely to have the fungal disease coffee leaf rust (CLR) than non-hybrid plants (p<0.001). However, hybrid status was not found to be a significant factor in predicting aphid presence (p=0.88) or abundance (p=0.71). Factors that were significant in predicting aphid abundance included farm size (p<0.001), insecticide use (p<0.001), village (p=0.001), and ant count (p<0.001). The results of this study suggest that hybrid coffee has no significant bottom-up effect on the dynamics of the Chagga homegarden ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88037438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Age of Exclosures and Aspect on Aboveground Carbon of Boswellia papyrifera Dominated Woodland of Kafta Humera, Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Yikunoamlak Gebrewahid","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000235","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in Boswellia dominated woodland at Kafta Humera to estimate the amount of carbon stored in different age of exclosures and along different aspects. Ages of exclosures (eight, four, two and zero year) were used, and the aspects were classified in to east, west, north and south aspects. One hundred twenty eight (128) sampling quadrants having an area of 20 m × 20 m, were systematically laid using four transect lines at different distance. The aboveground carbon was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. A total of twenty three (21) woody spices belongs to thirteen (13) families were identified and documented. There were significantly different (P east>south>north aspects. The results confirmed that exclosures plays a major role in the conservation of native woody species. However, more afforestation and reforestation are needed for better carbon storage in all exclosures.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88510212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promotion of Clean Environment through Solid Waste Management: a Social Responsibility of All","authors":"I. Jabeen, Nazia Rafiq, Zia Ullah Akhunzada","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"Kohat city is severely experiencing the problem of solid waste management (SWM). Open dumps in residential areas are creating day by day excessive number of environmental and social problems. This study concentrates on level of awareness and responsibility factors towards solid waste management (SWM) among inhabitants of Ashiq Colony, Kohat. There were 220 households and the sample size was 67 selected through analogy of Uma S, Sekaran. It is found by the study that male members of the community were aware about bad situation of solid waste management but female members were unaware about that. On the other hand both the sex were didn’t understand their responsibility towards solid waste management and blame government and municipalities for the situation. Findings of the study suggest that there is need of environmental discourse to show community members that how much these environmental problems cause incredible fiascos. There must be awareness programs on SWM for promotion of clean environment through solid waste management. It is necessary for every individual of community to understand his/her responsibility towards solid waste management and to understand that it is not just the duty of municipality because environment is shared by all.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84551119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Photosynthesis and its Regulatory Role in Natural Carbon Cycle","authors":"A. A. Ivlev","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000233","url":null,"abstract":"Main features of global photosynthesis operating in global carbon cycle are considered. Global photosynthesis has all the basic features of normal photosynthesis of C3 type, excepting those that characterize ontogenetic changes. They include: the existence reciprocal processes assimilation and photorespiration, the possession of the key enzyme Rubisco having carboxylase/oxygenase activity, the existence of oscillatory mechanism switching over assimilation to photorespiration and back, carbon isotope fractionation in CO2 assimilation and photorespiration with opposite signs of isotope effects and some others. Considering these features of global photosynthesis, its functioning in global carbon cycle is analyzed. The photosynthetic mechanism forming carbon isotope composition of “living matter” and sedimentary organic matter is suggested. It is shown that environmental conditions of photosynthesis in the location plays a dominant role in forming carbon isotope composition of the above objects. The difference in environmental conditions determines facial isotopic shifts. The analysis of natural isotopic data confirms this conclusion. It allows saying that carbon isotopic difference between oils and organic matter is inherited from the difference between lipid fraction and other part of biomass of “living matter” that was the source of initial biogenic material. It is shown that global photosynthesis performs in global carbon cycle a regulatory role ensuring cycle’s movement to the ecological compensation point. The regulatory role is based on the ability of photosynthesizing organisms to respond to the increased oxygen concentration in the course of evolution by reducing assimilation and increasing photorespiration. The achievement of ecological compensation point means that oxygen atmosphere was stabilized and further accumulation of organic matter in the Earth’s crust stopped.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"62 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74091014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomonitoring of selected freshwater bodies using diatoms as ecological indicators","authors":"R. Sawaiker","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000234","url":null,"abstract":"Lakes supply water for irrigation, drinking, fisheries, etc. and thus have significant economic and recreational value. In order to determine impacts of human activities on aquatic ecosystem it is important to distinguish anthropogenic impact and natural variation. In limnetic ecosystem, water quality is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors. Freshwater communities are very much sensitive to environmental variables. The algal flora constitutes a vital link in the food chain and its productivity depends on water quality at a given time. Diatoms in particular are of utmost importance, as potential indicators of water quality due to their sensitivity and strong response to many physical, chemical and biological changes. Occurrence of diatom communities in selected fresh water bodies of Goa along with physico-chemical parameters have been studied for a period of two consecutive years and the data has been used in biomonitoring. Using OMNIDIA GB 5.3 software, Louis Leclercq IDSE/5 index is derived and the level of degradation due to organic and anthropogenic pollution has been found out. Findings showed seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and diatom population. The diversity of diatoms was considerably high in Syngenta, Lotus and Curtorim lakes compared to Khandola Pond. Gomphonema parabolum, Navicula halophila, Navicula microcephala, Navicula mutica indicates organic pollution in the water bodies. Amphora ovalis, Stauroneis phoenicenteron, Synedra ulna indicates anthropogenic pollution in Syngenta, Lotus and Curtorim lakes while Navicula rhynococephala indicate anthropogenic pollution in Khandola Pond. Biomonitoring has been proven to be necessary and hence the importance of diatoms as ecological indicators of water quality has been stressed.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76238247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Impacts of Projects on Biodiversity Conservation in Uganda","authors":"F. R. Muwanika, F. Mwaura, F. Ogwal, M. Masiga, M. Akullo, Okurut To","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000232","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study provides light on the impact of implemented projects on biodiversity in Uganda in terms of harmful and enhancing projects. Biodiversity harmful projects are defined as the types of projects that destroy or led to biodiversity loss during their implementation. While biodiversity enhancing are projects that lead to biological diversity during their implementation. \u0000Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of implemented projects in the communities on biodiversity conservation and management in Uganda. \u0000Methods: The data used in this analysis was obtained from Uganda Bureau of statistics (UBOS) previously collected during the National Service Delivery Survey. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was used to derive the different impact dimensions of projects on biodiversity among the communities in Uganda. \u0000Results: Implemented projects in the communities impact on biodiversity both positively and negatively. Findings revealed that livestock improvement/restocking/breeding contribute about 30% on the biodiversity positive impacts while introduction of improved crop variety at about 20% and agricultural technology at about 11.4%. Furthermore, construction of new road/bridges are the leading projects in destroying biodiversity accounting for about 13.5% of the variation in negative impacts while construction of toilet/latrines and health units accounts for 11.8% and 9.4%, respectively of the variation in biodiversity loss. \u0000Conclusions and recommendations: Construction related projects impact negatively on biodiversity in their implementation while agricultural related projects are the leading agro-biodiversity enhancing projects in Uganda. This implies that works sector must play an important role in biodiversity conservation in Uganda. Secondly, construction and agriculture related projects should endeavour to allocate a percentage of the project budget equivalent to expected impact on biodiversity towards its management and restoration.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73627373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Status, Group Size, and Threat to Boutourlini’s Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) in Jibat Forest, Ethiopia","authors":"Ensermu Kibebew, Kassahun Abie","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000230","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to determine population and group size, and identify major conservation challenges to the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) in Jibat forest. Data were collected from July 2012 to April 2013 through direct field observation, focus group discussion, interview, and questionnaire survey. Individual count was used to determine the current population size, seasonal distribution, and sex and age structure of blue monkey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was used to compare the sex and age ration, and their distribution among the counting blocks. The mean estimated population of Boutourlini’s blue monkeys in the study area was 188 individuals. Of which, adult males and adult females comprised 18.61% and 33.77%, respectively. There was statistical difference between the number of adult males and adult females (χ2=8.495, df=1, p 0.05). The sex ratio of adult males to adult females was 1:1.81, and adult female to infant was 1:1.65. Blue monkeys in the study area were seen mostly in groups and occasionally in pairs. The range of troop size varied from 2 to 21 with mean of 11 individuals of various sex and age categories. Major threats for blue monkey recorded in the study area were deforestation, poaching, agricultural land expansion, overgrazing, human encroachment, tree cutting and cultivation. Increasing human population density with the absence of participatory forest management has accelerated deforestation of the natural ecosystem and loss of wildlife.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86868597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Forest Biodiversity Conservation Practices for Tourism Development in a Case of Tara Gedam Monastery, South Gonder Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Melese Worku","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000231","url":null,"abstract":"Monastery has long history of planting and conserving trees in yards of its churches. The objective of this study was to assess the role of forest biodiversity conservation practice for tourism development in case of Tara Gedam monastery. The study was conducted (2014) in Tara Gedam (Monastery) in Libo Kemkem Wereda, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. The main attraction of the site includes the forest landscape; indigenous tree, birds, ancient monastery cave, speculator erected mountain and wildlife in the surrounding. The vegetation data samples were collected from plots of 20 m × 20 m which were laid systematically along parallel transects lines in the forests. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary data were collected from a survey of 132 visitors at recreation site. For the socioeconomic survey, questionnaires were collected from 120 household/living residents. Focus group discussion and key informant interviews were also employed in which religious scholars; number of tourist and local community were considered. Data were analysed using SPSS and Microsoft excel. The result of survey revealed that 82% of respondents have direct link between biodiversity and tourism. Biodiversity is one of tourism’s greatest assets and fundamental to its long-term sustained growth. Sustainable tourism establishes a suitable balance between environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects and is key to maximizing tourism’s positive contribution to biodiversity. Conservation of forest in the name of religion in the study area was widely recognized by the followers as conservation approach. Result show that biodiversity contributes to sustainable tourism development on the grounds that it has less impact on the environment than other industries, based on an enjoyment of the natural and cultural environment. Summary of the studies indicate that the recreational economic benefits of the local community was increase time to time. So that tourism significantly contributes to the local and national economy. Tourism generates high income; employment opportunities to local communities, its conserve the environments and biodiversity conservations.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89135745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}