Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Penicillin: The new/old wonder drug","authors":"H. Warner, S. Joshi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.C1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.C1.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75344240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hollow fiber infection model for antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics","authors":"J. Cadwell","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.C1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.C1.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"2008 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86220318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Glutamate on Brain Iron Metabolism and the Regulation Mechanism","authors":"P. Yu, Ming Zhang, Hui Ding, X. Di, Peng Guan, Shu-min Wang, Zhenhua Shi, D. Jiang, X. Duan, Yan-zhong Chang","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"Glutamate is an excitatory transmitter and can induce neurotoxicity, it can also increase the iron concentrations in the brain, but little is known about the detailed molecular regulation mechanism of iron metabolism by Glu. Based on our previous data, iron metabolism related proteins might be associated with the increase of brain iron contents induced by neurotransmitter. To investigate the issues, the iron contents, non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) uptake and the expression of iron uptake and iron release proteins were firstly examined in vivo and in vitro with iron histochemistry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), 55Fe radioactive liquid scintillation counting and western blot methods. Data showed that glutamate induced the increase of total iron contents, storage iron contents and NTBI uptake activity. Moreover, only divalent metal transporter 1, one of iron uptake proteins, was increased in rat brain and PC12 cells treated with glutamate. Further investigations revealed that nuclear factor ÐoB (NF-ÐoB) and protein kinase C (PKC) were involved in the regulation of DMT1 in PC12 cells treated with glutamate. These findings demonstrate that glutamate increases iron contents in the brain through increased NTBI, and that DMT1 is the key molecule underlying regulation of iron metabolism by glutamate, Furthermore, NF-ÐoB and PKC play important roles in the regulatory pathway of DMT1 expression by glutamate. Thus, it implicates that inhibiting the expression of DMT1 and disruption of its regulation pathway might be effective strategies in attenuating glutamate neurotoxicity through decreased iron contents.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78725351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hypoglycemic Activity and Safety of Aqueous Stem Bark Extracts of Acacia nilotica","authors":"YA Abdirahman, KK Juma, MJ Mukundi, SM Gitahi, DS Agyirifo, PM Ngugi, P. Gathumbi, Ngeranwa Jjn, Njagi Enm","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"Acacia nilotica is used traditionally to manage several diseases including Diabetes mellitus, however, its efficacy and safety is not well evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo the hypoglycemic activity and safety of the aqueous stem bark extracts of this plant in male swiss white albino mice. The anti-diabetic activity was screened in alloxan induced diabetic mice using oral and intra-peritoneal routes. The safety of this plant extract was studied in mice that were orally and intraperitoneally administered with 1 g/kg body weight daily for 28 days by recording changes in body and organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and histology. Mineral composition was estimated using total reflection X-ray fluorescence system and atomic absorption spectrometry. Phytochemical composition was assessed using standard procedures. The extract administered at 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/kg body weight showed hypoglycemic activity. The Intraperitoneal route was more effective compared to the oral route. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract at 1 g/kg body weight significantly reduced body weight gain, percent organ to body weight of testes, while oral administration at the same dose decreased levels of platelets. Oral administration of the aqueous stem bark extracts of A. nilotica at 1 g/kg body weight caused increase in levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Creatine kinase, and Total bilirubin while decreasing levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, α-Amylase, and Alkaline phosphatase. Intraperitoneal administration of the same dose decreased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. The aqueous stem bark extract of A. nilotica contained tannins, total phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, lead, and cadmium were present in the aqueous stem bark extracts of A. nilotica at levels below the recommended daily allowance. In conclusion, the observed hypoglycemic activity and slight toxicity could be associated with the phytochemicals present in this plant extract.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"91 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85423272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Chinese Medicine XIAOJI Decoction Combined with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy and Transfusion of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells in Patients with Stage III B/IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","authors":"Liuning Li, Jiaying Liu, S. Hann, Xiaoshu Chai, Liwen Zhang, Bai Liu, Zhijian Chen, Chunxia He, H. Hong, Peng-xi Liu","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.S10-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.S10-001","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in combination with chemotherapy and Chinese Medicine XIAOJI decoction in patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods: A total number of 40 patients with advanced NSCLC were randomly assigned into group A (chemotherapy plus XIAOJI decoction) and group B (chemotherapy plus XIAOJI decoction and CIK cell transfusion). Progression free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR), overall response rate (ORR), karnofsky score status (KPS), host cellular immune response and treatment related side effects were assessed. Results: Our results showed that the PFS in the group B was longer than those in the group A (9.1 months vs. 7.2 months, HR 0.323, 95% CI [0.157, 0.663, P=0.002].The ORR and the DCR were found no statistical difference between the two groups (20% vs. 10%, P=0.66 and 95% vs. 70%, P=0.10, respectively). The KPS distribution of curative effect in two groups showed significant different (Z=3.28, P 0.05). While the level of CD3+ and CD4+ were significantly higher after treatment in the group B as compared to that in the group A (P=0.04), the level of CD3+ in the control group was lower after treatment (P=0.04) compared to that in the treatment group. There were no immediate adverse reactions in two groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that CIK cell infusion combined with chemotherapy and XIAOJI decoction improves the survival of patients with advanced NSCLC, which may become more effective therapeutic strategy in patients with advanced lung cancer.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72982635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detoxification methods of benzodiazepines mono-dependence: Application and comparison","authors":"A. Maklad","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.S1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.S1.002","url":null,"abstract":"A particle radiation has become an increasing public health concern. The general population is exposed through a variety of means, including ubiquitously from the environment (radon gas), when using emerging radiotherapy modalities, accidently through occupational exposures and potentially from a malicious terrorist threat. Previous work in our laboratory has identified genes responsive to alpha particle radiation in five human-derived cell-lines which have included monocytes (THP-1), lung epithelial cells (A549), keratinocytes (HEKn), lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals. This report provides a meta-analysis of these previously published studies. The results from this analysis indicate that at relatively small doses of radiation exposure (0.5-1.5 Gy), each of the cell-types elicited a response, modulating numerous transcripts.All cell-types expressed a unique sub-set of genes. Thirty-six genes were common to all five cell-types. Biological processes associated with these genes included cell cycle/mitosis (FBXO5 ZWILCH CDKN1A DHFR MCM3 MCM7), telomere maintenance (ACD, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H4C) and DNA Replication (CDKN1A MCM3 MCM7). Hierarchical clustering of these transcripts separated cell-types into two main groups by specific tissue types. Overall, radiation exposure has been shown to elicit cell-dependent differential genome-wide effects. However, despite distinctions, the end outcome is central to the process of DNA damage repair. By highlighting common and differential responses between cell-lines at the transcriptional level with their associated pathways/ networks, an understanding of the cellular alpha particle radiation response has been established along with the identification of potential biomarkers of exposure.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82673993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and Physical-Chemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acids Profile of Red Pitaya [Hylocereus Undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose] Grown In Brazil","authors":"Michelle Cristina Jernimo, J. V. C. Orsine, Karin Borges, M. Novaes","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"Pitaya is a cactaceae originally from Tropical and Subtropical America which belongs to the exotic fruit group, little explored to date by the food and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical and physical-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and the fatty acid profile of the red pitaya fruit (pulp and peel) [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose], grown in Brazil. These analyses have shown that pitaya pulp has high moisture content (86.03%) and low lipid (0.16%) and protein (2.27%) content, which ensures a low fruit calorie value (53.68%). Among the highlighted minerals are potassium (3.090 mg / 100 g), manganese (2.230 mg / 100 g), chromium (1.250 mg / 100 g), sodium (0.140 mg / 100 g), calcium (0.040 mg / 100 g) and, at lower concentrations, phosphorus (0.003 mg / 100 g). On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of pitaya pulp (1266.3 μg mL–1) was lower than in the pitaya peel (445.2 μg mL–1). In the fatty portion of the fruit, we verified that the predominant fatty acid is linoleic acid (50.869% of total fatty acids in the fruit), followed by oleic acid (21.551%) and palmitic acid (12.632%). The antioxidant potential and the chemical properties of pitaya fruit can contribute to maintaining a healthy diet.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80791101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Antidiabetic Activity and Safety in Rats of Cissampelos pareira Traditionally Used in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Embu County, Kenya","authors":"N. M. Piero, N. Eliud, Kimuni N Susan, O. George, Njagi J Murugi, M. David, Agyirifo D Sakyi, Gathumbi K Peter, Kinge W Stanley, N. J. Joseph","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000184","url":null,"abstract":"Cissampelos pareira Linn has been used traditionally in the management of several diseases including diabetes mellitus but its efficacy and safety after long term use is not scientifically evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo hypoglycemic activity and safety of aqueous leaf extracts of C. pareira in white male albino rats. The extracts were screened for their hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats using the oral and intraperitoneal routes. The safety of these extracts was studied in rats orally or intraperitoneally administered with 1 g/kg body weight daily for 28 days by recording the changes in body and organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and histology. Mineral composition of the extracts were estimated using total reflection X-ray fluorescence system (TRXF) while the types and quantities of phytochemicals present were assessed using standard procedures. Aqueous extracts orally and intraperitoneally administered at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg body weight demonstrated hypoglycemic activity with the intraperitoneal route being more effective than the oral route. Oral and intraperitoneal dose of 1 g/kg body weight of the leaf extracts significantly reduced the body weight gain. The same intraperitoneal dose increased the liver and spleen, and decreased the testis weight; and reduced the hemoglobin levels, packed cell volume and increased the platelet count; increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase and histologically slightly injured the liver and spleen and orally increased the activity of alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase, and decreased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase. The extracts contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and reducing sugars. Potassium, calcium, and iron levels in the extracts were below the recommended daily allowance. In conclusion, the observed hypoglycemic activity and slight toxicity could be associated with the phytonutrients present in this plant extract. This study recommends continued use of this plant as an herbal medicine.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83320029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Direct Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren: Re-Evaluation of Effectiveness","authors":"Ç. Macit, G. Mercanoğlu, F. Mercanoğlu","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000185","url":null,"abstract":"The RAAS is an important pharmacologic target as the system is involved in cardiovascular (CV) and renovascular disease. Ang II is the key component of RAAS. The intervention to the RAAS can be achieved in different stages. While angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are two big groups that target the RAAS, aliskiren a direct renin inhibitor that became clinically feasible in 2007 with the launch of aliskiren. In this review, we will discuss direct renin inhibition as a new concept for pharmacotherapy of hypertension and aliskiren, the first oral direct renin inhibitor, as a new class of antihypertensive drug based on new evidence.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78845174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portal Vein Thrombosis in Cirrhotic Patients: Decision to Anticoagulate","authors":"R. Ghosh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.S10-E001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.S10-E001","url":null,"abstract":"The portal vein is formed by the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins. Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is caused by the formation of a blood clot within the extra-hepatic portion of the portal vein. Occlusion of the portal vein by thrombus typically occurs in patients with cirrhosis and/or prothrombotic disorders including hepatocellular carcinoma, myeloproliferative disorder, inherited thrombophilia and abdominal trauma [1]. Chronic portal vein thrombosis (PVT) may have a myriad of presentations including worsening clinical symptoms of portal hypertension i.e. ascites, gastroesophageal variceal bleeding or even completely asymptomatic, detected in routine abdominal imaging [1]. The management of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) includes differentiating acute from chronic, cirrhotic from non-cirrhotic causes, considering risk of variceal bleeding from anticoagulation, risk of bowel ischemia from clot extension and possibility of liver transplant [2].","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85036969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}