Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology最新文献_第6页

Spectroscopic Studies of the Binding Interactions of Phenothiazininum Dyes (Thionine Acetate, Azure A and Azure B) with Calf-thymus DNA 吩噻嗪染料(醋酸硫氨酸，蔚蓝A和蔚蓝B)与小牛胸腺DNA结合相互作用的光谱研究

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-09-20 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000214

M. Kumar, Mahima Kaushik, S. Chaudhary, S. Kukreti

{"title":"Spectroscopic Studies of the Binding Interactions of Phenothiazininum Dyes (Thionine Acetate, Azure A and Azure B) with Calf-thymus DNA","authors":"M. Kumar, Mahima Kaushik, S. Chaudhary, S. Kukreti","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000214","url":null,"abstract":"The double helical structure of DNA offers various binding sites for the interaction of ligands or proteins. Interactions using minor groove, major groove, and through intercalation are the major types of binding mechanisms of DNA-ligand interactions. The lowering in the absorption intensity along with bathochromic shift is the indication of intercalation binding mode of the dye into the base pairs of the DNA. In this study, the interaction of phenothiazine dyes with calf-thymus DNA (ctDNA) in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) was studied using UV-visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and UV-thermal denaturation spectroscopy. The binding constants were calculated at different temperatures with the help of fluorescence spectroscopy. CD signals signify that B-form of DNA might become more compact, upon binding of the dyes. Also, induced circular dichroism is observed which confirms the dye-DNA complex formation. Stabilization of DNA double helix upon binding with dyes was confirmed by the increase in Tm of ctDNA. Based on thermal melting profiles, it was found that thionine acetate is most promising in stabilizing the DNA double helix, in comparison to other two dyes. Also, binding constants calculated by fluorescence is in accordance with the thermal melting analysis. These results are indicative of the intercalation binding mode between dyes and the DNA. The binding affinity of the dyes to DNA is found to be in order as thionine acetate > azure A > azure B. Such preliminary studies facilitate our understanding about various types of DNAligand interactions and provide clues for designing new and more effective drugs.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88018315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Food Safety and Underestimation of the Possible Hazard of Masked Mycotoxins and Joint Mycotoxin Exposure 隐性真菌毒素与联合暴露的食品安全与潜在危害的低估

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-09-20 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000213

S. Stoev

{"title":"Food Safety and Underestimation of the Possible Hazard of Masked Mycotoxins and Joint Mycotoxin Exposure","authors":"S. Stoev","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000213","url":null,"abstract":"Cereals are invaded by fungi both in the field and after the harvest and can be contaminated simultaneously by several mycotoxins. The formation of each particular mycotoxin depends on various factors but particularly on the climate, the type of cereal, drying at harvest and storage conditions. Thus cereals may be contaminated by any of the main mycotoxin groups that include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins or moniliformin. These mycotoxins can occur in barley, rye, triticale, wheat, oats, sorghum, maize, etc. Part of these mycotoxins are produced by the fungi encountered in the crop before harvesting and therefore development of the same fungi, mainly belonging to Fusarium, Alternaria and Aspergillus genera, is often difficult to control. It is much easier to prevent the formation of those mycotoxins that arise during storage, mainly formed by species belonging to Aspergillus or Penicillium genera, that could be realized by drying of crops at harvest time in order to safe moisture contents as soon as possible. However, sometimes this is not easily done or if it is done, the subsequent poor storage practice may result in mold growth and mycotoxin formation.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83767731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of Method for Determination of Swelling Factor of Ispaghula Seeds 鸢尾种子膨胀系数测定方法的优化

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-07-28 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000212

S. Killedar, H. More, S. Nadaf, S. Pishawikar

{"title":"Optimization of Method for Determination of Swelling Factor of Ispaghula Seeds","authors":"S. Killedar, H. More, S. Nadaf, S. Pishawikar","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000212","url":null,"abstract":"An endeavour of present study is to optimize the method for determination of swelling factor of Ispaghula seeds, so it can be determined correctly with minimum errors which will be reproducible. The polysaccharides in the mucilage of Plantago seeds constitute a diverse class of biological macromolecules with a broad range of physiochemical properties which are widely used for applications in Pharmacy and medicine. Many official and unofficial sources described different methods for determination of swelling factor with variable results. The present work is undertaken to determine the effect of parameters such as quantity of seed, volume and nature of solvent, time interval of agitation, time of measurement of result, Effect of quantity of seeds on swelling factor determination. Swelling factor of different seeds like Lepodium sativum, Althia officinalis and Occimum sanctum has been evaluated by IP method and optimised method for 24 h. Optimized method gives superlative results over IP method. Plantago seeds moistened with 1ml of 90% alcohol followed by addition of distilled water at room temperature along with every 3 h agitation shows exceptional swelling as compared to other methods and conditions.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81297461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Journal: Drug Metabolism Letters 期刊:药物代谢快报

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-07-17 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000E134

M. Ďurišová

引用次数: 1

The Effect of Chlorpyrifos, an Organophosphorus Pesticide, on Glucose Uptake in Whole Blood 有机磷农药毒死蜱对全血葡萄糖摄取的影响

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-07-15 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000211

S. Shrestha, V. Singh, Balasubramanian Shanmugasundaram, S. Sarkar, K. Jeevaratnam, B. Koner

{"title":"The Effect of Chlorpyrifos, an Organophosphorus Pesticide, on Glucose Uptake in Whole Blood","authors":"S. Shrestha, V. Singh, Balasubramanian Shanmugasundaram, S. Sarkar, K. Jeevaratnam, B. Koner","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000211","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The sub-chronic organophosphorous pesticide exposure increases insulin resistance and thereby the risk of developing Diabetes mellitus. Its acute exposure also leads to hyperglycemia. However, the mechanism is not clearly understood. Hence the present study explores the effect of low and high concentrations of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorous pesticide on glucose uptake by whole blood and its possible mechanism. Methods: Level of hemolysis was determined at 2 and 4 hours of 1% DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) and chlorpyrifos (0.3 and 10 mg/ml) exposure. The whole blood was treated in vitro with vehicle i.e., 1% DMSO or high (10 mg/mL) or low (0.3 mg/mL) concentrations of chlorpyrifos dissolved in DMSO. Then plasma glucose was assayed by glucose oxidase method at 2 and 4 hours of DMSO/chlorpyrifos exposures. Results: There was no effect of DMSO or 0.3 mg/ml chlorpyrifos treatment on hemolysis even after 4 hours. 10 mg/ml chlorpyrifos causes 2% and 14% hemolysis at 2 and 4 hours respectively. Plasma glucose level decreased in a time dependent manner after collection of blood (15.9% at 2 hours and 34.2% at 4 hour) in presence of DMSO. Chlorpyrifos did not influence glucose uptake by whole blood in low concentration but suppressed it in high concentration. Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos does not impair glucose uptake at low concentration in whole blood probably because major glucose uptake in blood is insulin independent. The impaired glucose uptake at high concentration is mostly due to toxic metabolic impairment and partly due to its hemolytic effect.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"316 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80108099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Editorial: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology 社论:药物代谢和毒理学

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-06-20 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000E133

R. Bandu, K. Kim

{"title":"Editorial: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","authors":"R. Bandu, K. Kim","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000E133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000E133","url":null,"abstract":"A drug metabolism study is an important aspect of the early drug discovery and development process [1,2]. In order to improve the understanding of drug efficacy and safety characteristics, it is desirable to investigate the drug metabolism in animals or humans [3,4]. These metabolism studies involve metabolic stability, cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) induction or inhibition and metabolite identification. As drugs are xenobiotics to living organisms, CYP-450 biotransform them to less toxic, less active and more hydrophilic forms in order to enhance their excretion in urine [5,6]. However, metabolism can lead to formation of active metabolites, reactive or other toxic metabolites. Identification of reactive or toxic metabolites is essential in the drug discovery and development process to optimize lead compounds for further development and to avoid the toxicity, and helps to modify the structure by means of chemical transformations [4,7,8]. The information generated in the early discovery phase of metabolite identification can be used to identify lead compounds and undesirable metabolic products followed by optimization of pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. These metabolism studies are generally carried out by employing in vitro and in vivo systems [8] followed by using modern analytical techniques. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) is the most popular and versatile analytical technique which has been widely used for the identification of trace levels of drugs and their metabolites in various biological matrices due to its high sensitivity [9-12]. Several strategies, such as MS/MS, MSn, on-line hydrogen/ deuterium exchange experiments, accurate mass measurements, softwares dedicated to the metabolite prediction (in silico tools), chemical derivatization and radio-labeling of parent drugs were used for structural characterization of metabolites [9-15].","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89553332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

White Rot Fungus (Pleurotus pulmonarius) Cultivated on Lead Contaminated Rice Straw Induced Haematotoxicity and Lead Accumulation in Liver and Kidney of Wistar Rats 白腐菌(Pleurotus pulmonarius)在铅污染稻草上培养对Wistar大鼠血液毒性及肝、肾铅积累的影响

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-06-17 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000210

Rhoda S. Onifade, C. Alimba, C. Adenipekun, A. A. Bakare

{"title":"White Rot Fungus (Pleurotus pulmonarius) Cultivated on Lead Contaminated Rice Straw Induced Haematotoxicity and Lead Accumulation in Liver and Kidney of Wistar Rats","authors":"Rhoda S. Onifade, C. Alimba, C. Adenipekun, A. A. Bakare","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000210","url":null,"abstract":"White rot fungi (Pleurotus species) are edible \u0000mushrooms \u0000known for their ability to bioaccumulate contaminants including metals from the environment. There is scarcity of information on the toxic effects of the bioaccumulated metals on organisms at higher trophic levels. In this study, we investigated alterations in haematological indices and erythrocyte morphology and lead bioaccumulation potentials in liver and kidney of Wistar rats fed aqueous extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivated on lead (0, 10, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg/L) contaminated rice straw substrate. After 8 weeks of cultivation, mushroom did not \u0000 germinate \u0000in the 1000 mg/L Pb contaminated rice straw. 1 g of mushroom harvested from each of the remaining concentrations showed significant (p<0.001) increase in Pb concentration. Rats exposed to 0.5 mL of the contaminated mushroom extracts for 30 days, showed decreased leucocyte, erythrocyte, haematocrit, platelet and haemoglobin concentrations. Abnormal erythrocyte morphologies like acanthocytes, schizocytes and tear drop were significantly higher in the Pb treated mushroom fed rats than the control. The kidney and liver of treated rats showed significant (p<0.05) increase in Pb concentration with higher Pb bioaccumulation factor in the kidney than the liver. Also insignificant decrease in body and organ weight was observed in treated rats than the control. Pb accumulation in P. pulmonarius increased liver and kidney Pb \u0000 bioaccumulation \u0000and induce alterations in haematological indices and erythrocyte morphology in rats. This poses public health threat to humans and other tertiary consumers foraging white rot fungi from metal contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"4 2 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82840111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Serum Creatinine Levels May Not Necessarily Reflect a True Renal Function to Adjust Amikacin Dose in Paraplegic Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review 截瘫患者调整阿米卡星剂量时血清肌酐水平不一定反映真实肾功能:1例报告及文献回顾

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000209

H. Tesfaye, B. Jedličková, R. Průša, R. Hakova, J. Kriz

{"title":"Serum Creatinine Levels May Not Necessarily Reflect a True Renal Function to Adjust Amikacin Dose in Paraplegic Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"H. Tesfaye, B. Jedličková, R. Průša, R. Hakova, J. Kriz","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000209","url":null,"abstract":"To estimate glomerular filtration rate as an indicator of kidney function, clearance of endogenous creatinine is usually used despite its unreliability due to influence of several factors including age, gender, muscle mass and interferences within methods. Although there is emergence of better markers like serum cystatin-C, creatinine clearance continues to be used routinely as a marker of renal function to date. In the present case study we describe only slightly elevation of serum creatinine associated with high serum drug concentration 27 mg/L “trough” and 41 mg/L “peak”, respectively in a paraplegic patient treated with initially reduced dose (500 mg/day) of an aminoglycoside antibacterial drug (amikacin). The relatively little increment of serum creatinine in this case might be related to underlying pathology resulting in low production of creatinine, which does not essentially reflect the true renal function. Methodological challenges during GFR estimation and risk of renal impairment in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patents are also discussed in context with literature review.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87380134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Editorial: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology 社论:药物代谢和毒理学

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-06-10 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000E131

M. Ďurišová

引用次数: 3

Fresh Seed Supplementation of Syzygium Cumini Attenuated Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, Iron Overload, Hepatic Dysfunction and Renal Injury in Acetaminophen Induced Rats 补充鲜鱼籽可减轻对乙酰氨基酚诱导大鼠氧化应激、炎症、纤维化、铁超载、肝功能障碍和肾损伤

Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Pub Date : 2016-05-29 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000208

Abu Taher Sagor, Mohabbulla Mohib, N. Tabassum, I. Ahmed, H. Reza, A. Alam

{"title":"Fresh Seed Supplementation of Syzygium Cumini Attenuated Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, Iron Overload, Hepatic Dysfunction and Renal Injury in Acetaminophen Induced Rats","authors":"Abu Taher Sagor, Mohabbulla Mohib, N. Tabassum, I. Ahmed, H. Reza, A. Alam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7609.1000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000208","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the drug induced organ damage has increased drastically. Similarly, number of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) is on the rise. Unwanted and harmful effects of a drug have been a good reason for early withdrawal of a good molecule from the market or clinical trial. In the present study, we have investigated the preventive role of Syzygium cumini against Acetaminophen induced organ damage. In this study, four different groups of rats were evaluated. Group A serves as a control group, Group B serves as control + Syzygium cumini group, Group C serves as disease group and Group D serves as disease + treatment group. Only two groups have been treated and exposed to an overdose of acetaminophen. However, liver and kidney markers like Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Creatinine and Uric acid (UA) were measured respectively. Moreover, oxidative stress markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO) and Advanced Oxidation Protein Product (AOPP) were found higher in acetaminophen overdose rats compared to control rats. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes like Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Linear Peptide Glutathione (GSH) were restored significantly by Syzygium cumini seed treatment. Finally, our study revealed that supplementation of 1% Syzygium cumini seed with food attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen secretion, extracellular matrix deposition and iron overload in both hepatic and kidney. We assume that the protection might be achieved due to having strong antioxidant properties of Syzygium cumini.","PeriodicalId":15537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76825449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19