Journal of chronic diseases最新文献_第9页

Use of multistage models to infer stage affected by carcinogenic exposure: Example of lung cancer and cigarette smoking 使用多阶段模型推断受致癌物暴露影响的阶段:肺癌和吸烟的例子

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80020-6

Charles C. Brown, Kenneth C. Chu

{"title":"Use of multistage models to infer stage affected by carcinogenic exposure: Example of lung cancer and cigarette smoking","authors":"Charles C. Brown, Kenneth C. Chu","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80020-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80020-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Statistical methods based on the Armitage-Doll mathematical model of the carcinogenic process are presented for analyzing epidemiologic case-control studies of cancer. These methods are proposed to provide inferences regarding the stage(s) in the cancer process at which the exposure of interest acts. An example of these methods is given which shows evidence that carcinogens in cigarette smoke appear to affect the transition rates for two separate stages in the development of lung cancer, and the relative magnitudes of these effects are estimated. The data for this analysis came from a European multi-center case-control study of lung cancer.</p><p>The results of the analysis show that: (1) the relative risk of lung cancer among continuing smokers compared to nonsmokers of the same age decreases as the age started smoking increases, while the rate of smoking stays fixed, a result which indicates a carcinogenic effect on an early stage in the process; and (2) the relative risk among ex-smokers compared to continuing smokers having the same duration and rate of smoking decreases with time since smoking stopped, a result which indicates a carcinogenic effect on a late stage in the process. Both results are shown to be best described by the hypothesis that cigarette smoking affects two stages. The estimated relative magnitudes of cigarettes' carcinogenic effects on the two stages indicate that the largest proportion of the total lifetime lung cancer risk among continuing smokers is due to its late stage effect, and that the proportion of risk due to causes other than smoking varies from 23% among men smoking 1–10 cigarettes per day to 6% among those smoking greater than 30 cigarettes per day. These findings imply that preventive measures directed toward inducing smokers to stop would have a potentially substantial payoff in reducing future lung cancer mortality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chronic diseases","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 171S-179S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80020-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14787760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 72

Metabolic modeling of organ-specific doses to carcinogens as illustrated with alpha-radiation emitting radionuclides 器官特异性剂量对致癌物的代谢模型，如α辐射释放放射性核素所示

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80022-X

Harvey Checkoway , Douglas Crawford-Brown

{"title":"Metabolic modeling of organ-specific doses to carcinogens as illustrated with alpha-radiation emitting radionuclides","authors":"Harvey Checkoway , Douglas Crawford-Brown","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80022-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80022-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Qunatitative estimation of doses of carcinogens delivered to physiologic targets facilities specification of organ-specific dose-response functions. Typically, exposure measurements, such as air or water concentrations of carcinogens, are used as dose surrogates in epidemiologic studies. An illustrative exception to this usual situation is the case of airborne alpha radiation-emitting radionuclides, for which organ-specific doses can be derived. A metabolic modeling approach for estimating doses delivered to the lung, gastrointestinal tract and bone is described for three classes of radionuclides: soluble uranium, insoluble uranium and plutonium. The dose models are defined in terms of biological retention patterns and organ-specific depositions affinities. Application of the metabolic modeling approach is illustrated with a hypothetical example of excess lung cancer risk projection in a cohort of persons exposed to plutonium. Also, a simple example is presented to demostrate how adherence to the metabolic model structure can avoid gross overestimation of doses in the case of multiple <em>in vivo</em> lung counting measurements taken in close temporal proximity following a large exposure intake.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chronic diseases","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 191S-200S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80022-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14787762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Identification of non-fatal myocardial infarction through hospital discharge data in Western Australia 通过西澳大利亚医院出院资料鉴定非致死性心肌梗死

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90078-6

C.A. Martin, M.S.T. Hobbs, B.K. Armstrong

引用次数: 16

Declining trends in blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension, and changes in related factors in Japan, 1956–1980 1956-1980年日本血压水平和高血压患病率下降趋势及相关因素变化

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90065-8

Hirotsugu Ueshima , Kozo Tatara , Shintaro Asakura , Masashi Okamoto

{"title":"Declining trends in blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension, and changes in related factors in Japan, 1956–1980","authors":"Hirotsugu Ueshima , Kozo Tatara , Shintaro Asakura , Masashi Okamoto","doi":"10.1016/0021-9681(87)90065-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0021-9681(87)90065-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trends in age-specific and age-adjusted blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension were obtained from the National Nutrition Survey of Japan, 1956–1980. The national trends in the age-adjusted blood pressure of people (30–69 years old) in Japan during the 1956–1980 period show an increasing pattern reaching a peak around 1964 followed by a descreasing pattern. To explore the possible factors which have contributed to the change in blood pressure levels, we analyzed the relationship between the blood pressure and several possible factors, including the rate of treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for men and women, annual salt and alcohol consumption per capita and body mass index (MB1) for men and women. Only alcohol consumption was considered in the analysis of men because women in Japan still tend to drink relatively little alcohol.</p><p>In simple descriptive analyses, the increasing trend in the treatment rates of CVD seemed to be related to the decrease in the blood pressure level and in the prevalence rate of hypertension for both men and women. The impact of treatment rate seemed to overcome the adverse influence of the increasing trends in BMI. Recent decrease in salt consumption may account in part for the later period of the decreasing trends in blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension. In multiple regression analysis using these time series data. CVD. BMI and alcohol consumption were significantly related to blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension, although salt was not significant in these analyses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chronic diseases","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 137-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90065-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14937434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 104

Advances in health assessment: Organization of the conference and of this monograph 健康评估的进展：会议和本专著的组织

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80026-7

Kathleen N. Lohr , John E. Ware Jr

引用次数: 16

Response 响应

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90193-7

Martin T. Schechter, Anthony B. Miller, Cornelia J. Baines, Geoffrey R. Howe

引用次数: 0

Report on workshop held 6 December 1985 at the Institute of Health Policy Analysis, Georgetown University Medical Center, 2121 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 关于1985年12月6日在华盛顿特区西北威斯康星大道2121号乔治城大学医学中心卫生政策分析研究所举行的讲习班的报告。

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90180-9

引用次数: 0

Predictors of tardive dyskinesia: Results of a cross-sectional study in an outpatient population 迟发性运动障碍的预测因素:门诊人群的横断面研究结果

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90047-6

Hal Morgenstern , William M. Glazer , Laura D. Gibowski , Sharon Holmberg

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引用次数: 33

Measuring the effectiveness of heart transplant programmes: Quality of life data and their relationship to survival analysis 测量心脏移植方案的有效性:生活质量数据及其与生存分析的关系

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80043-7

Bernie J. O’Brien , Martin J. Buxton , Brian A. Ferguson

引用次数: 121

Methods for analyzing occupational cohort data with application to lung cancer in U.S. Uranium miners 职业队列数据分析方法及其在美国铀矿工人肺癌研究中的应用

Journal of chronic diseases Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9681(87)80011-5

Jerry Halpern, Alice S. Whittemore

引用次数: 7