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BRICS the Major Emerging Economies: Prospects for a Multi-Polar World 金砖国家--主要新兴经济体：多极世界的前景
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).08
Javeria Noor Sawal, Raees Anjum
{"title":"BRICS the Major Emerging Economies: Prospects for a Multi-Polar World","authors":"Javeria Noor Sawal, Raees Anjum","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).08","url":null,"abstract":"The world has seen a major shift in the international power structure in the past two decades since 2001, when the term ‘BRIC’ originated. Jim O’Neil, a British economist, coined the acronym ‘BRIC’ in his research paper “Building Better Global Economic BRIC” for the first time. He was of the view that the countries ‘BRIC’ associating Brazil, Russia, India, and China would change the global economic governance. Later in 2010, South Africa’s inclusion in the grouping changed the acronym from BRIC to BRICS. The group of five major emerging economies aims to shape the world order, particularly by restructuring the global governance system and financial institutions. The following research paper attempts to highlight the role of BRICS in international politics and economy. Further, the significance of the study is contributed by the BRICS effective role in weakening the US hegemonic designs in the global order.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analyzing Post 9/11 Religious Freedom in Pakistan: A Case Study of Christian Minorities 分析 9/11 后巴基斯坦的宗教自由：基督教少数群体案例研究
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).05
Naima Walter, M. Khan
{"title":"Analyzing Post 9/11 Religious Freedom in Pakistan: A Case Study of Christian Minorities","authors":"Naima Walter, M. Khan","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).05","url":null,"abstract":"Christians constitute the most significant minority in Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim nation. After the 9/11 incidents, religious intolerance has surged, mainly targeting religious minorities, in particular the Christian community. This research aims to contextualize this narrative by delving into the increased discrimination and injustice faced by Christians following the United States’ global counter-terrorism campaign in 2001. The current state of affairs has become more challenging as the measures taken by the government to address religious extremism have not yielded the desired results. This research sheds light on how the escalating religious intolerance has led to the social exclusion and discrimination of Christian minorities in Pakistan. Despite Constitutional assurances of religious freedom, the government has struggled to provide adequate protection. This study identifies the challenges Christians face and proposes potential solutions by analyzing the past twenty-three years of literature. However, substantial efforts are still required to address the issues of religious freedom and intolerance.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"306 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Power Transition, Neo Regionalism, and Neo Functionalism: Unraveling the Power Dynamics in BRICS 权力过渡、新地区主义和新功能主义：解读金砖国家的权力动态
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).07
Javeria Noor Sawal, Umar Zaman, Noor Fatima
{"title":"Power Transition, Neo Regionalism, and Neo Functionalism: Unraveling the Power Dynamics in BRICS","authors":"Javeria Noor Sawal, Umar Zaman, Noor Fatima","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).07","url":null,"abstract":"International Relations theories play a crucial role in understanding the dynamics between nations. Therefore, this research paper explores the power dynamics in emerging nations through the lens of international relations theories, specifically focusing on the role of power transition, neo-regionalism, and neo-functionalism. Power transition theory examines the shifts in global power and influence among nations, shedding light on the changing dynamics within BRICS.Neo-regionalism highlights the growing trend of regional cooperation and integration, providing insights into the regional dynamics within BRICS. Neo-functionalism explores how functional cooperation in specific areas can lead to deeper integration and collaboration among the BRICS nations. By analyzing these theories, this research paper aims to unravel the power dynamics within BRICS and their implications for the international stage. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of how power is distributed and cooperation evolves within BRICS.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"185 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SCO and the US: Convergence and Divergence of Interests 上海合作组织与美国：利益的趋同与分歧
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).04
Muhammad Ilyas Khan, Kifayat Ullah, Ferdos Jamal
{"title":"SCO and the US: Convergence and Divergence of Interests","authors":"Muhammad Ilyas Khan, Kifayat Ullah, Ferdos Jamal","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).04","url":null,"abstract":"There were six autonomous Muslim countries in the area following the collapse of the USSR. They still had economic and security issues and were undeveloped. Together with China and Russia, three Central Asian states Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have agreed to establish an organization to settle their border disputes and address security concerns. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), was established as a defence alliance in 2001 to combat three evils (terrorism, extremism, and separatism). Due to the abundance of natural resources in the Central Asian region, regional and extra-regional powers also wish to demonstrate their presence in the area for the sake of their own national interests. By analyzing the secondary sources of data, it has been established that SCO has the capacity to make use of local resources.The USA wants to establish its influence in the Central Asian area as a superpower. The major countries have hegemonic aspirations in the area, particularly Russia, China, and the USA. The SCO and the USA do not directly oppose one another. A conflict between the US and the SCO members may result from the USA's backing for the democratic movement in the Central Asian States.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139367593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Thirsty Nations, From Conflict to Cooperation: Navigating the Climate Change Implications on Pak-Afghan Hydro-Politics 饥渴的国家，从冲突到合作：驾驭气候变化对巴基斯坦-阿富汗水利政治的影响
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).01
Muhammad Faizan Asghar, Maryam Nawaz, Kishwar Munir
{"title":"Thirsty Nations, From Conflict to Cooperation: Navigating the Climate Change Implications on Pak-Afghan Hydro-Politics","authors":"Muhammad Faizan Asghar, Maryam Nawaz, Kishwar Munir","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).01","url":null,"abstract":"The security landscape is constantly evolving, encompassing a broader range of non-traditional threats such as environmental, human, food, health, and social security. Water security and related environmental and social threats are significant in this expanded understanding of security. Globalization, urbanization, industrialization, population growth, and the depletion of natural resources pose more realistic risks than conventional military threats. Environmental issues can lead to conflicts between national and local stakeholders, as warned by Ismael Serra Gildin, former Vice President of the World Bank. This article aims to consider water as a non-traditional security threat and explore its impact on Pak-Afghan relations by analyzing water politics' influence and its economic implications for both states. By bridging hydro politics and regional implications, this study paves the way for future research to incorporate the climate perspective in understanding state relations, which is crucial in the current context.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139367729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geo-Strategic Significance of Wakhan Corridor for Pakistan 瓦罕走廊对巴基斯坦的地缘战略意义
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).02
Tehzeeb Ul Hassan, Ayesha Khan, Muhammad Ismail
{"title":"Geo-Strategic Significance of Wakhan Corridor for Pakistan","authors":"Tehzeeb Ul Hassan, Ayesha Khan, Muhammad Ismail","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).02","url":null,"abstract":"The Wakhan Corridor, a tiny strip of land in Afghanistan's northeastern area, is vital to Pakistan's geostrategic and economic interests. This research investigates the corridor's numerous dimensions and their consequences for Pakistan's interests. The Wakhan Corridor offers Pakistan a critical geostrategic buffer zone between itself and Central Asia. Because of its location, Pakistan can efficiently handle its border with Afghanistan while still maintaining strategic depth in the region. The corridor acts as a physical barrier, preventing conflicts and instability from spreading into Pakistan's territory. Furthermore, it provides Pakistan with a potential gateway to Central Asian markets, improving connectivity and trade opportunities in the region. The Wakhan Corridor plays a vital role in regional stability and cooperation. Economically, the Wakhan Corridor has enormous potential for Pakistan's energy and trade sectors. The region is thought to be rich in natural resources, such as hydrocarbon deposits, minerals, and precious stones.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Operation Zarb-e-Azb in the Global Wire Services: A Framing Analysis 全球电讯服务中的 "扎尔布行动"（Operation Zarb-e-Azb）：框架分析
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).03
Abid Zafar, Syed Inam ur Rahman, Mariam Asif
{"title":"Operation Zarb-e-Azb in the Global Wire Services: A Framing Analysis","authors":"Abid Zafar, Syed Inam ur Rahman, Mariam Asif","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-ii).03","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has become a victim of terrorism after its involvement in the ongoing war on terror. The country has lost thousands of civilians and security personnel in this American-led war. Though, Pakistan has always been treated negatively by the media organizations of elite nations. Operation Zarb-e-Azb was a combined military action of the Pakistan army against the armed insurgent groups in North Waziristan which was launched in the year 2014. The current study attempted to examine the framing of Operation Zarb-e-Azb in global wire services. For this purpose, AFP, AP and Reuters were selected. Through the technique of convenient sampling, a total of 300 news items from the entire period of operation were selected for analysis.Quantitative as well as qualitative content analysis and interpretive analysis have been used as a research design for this study. The results indicated that the global wire services framed the news stories of military operations in a positive way. The terrorism and militant threat frame was more dominant in global wires as compared to other frames. The results also revealed that the global wires framed this operation differently by representing the foreign policy and interests of their respective states.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139367989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International Development Partner's Role in the Empowerment of Women Through Education in South Punjab (2001-2020) 国际发展伙伴在南旁遮普通过教育增强妇女权能方面的作用(2001-2020)
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).02
Ishrat Noureen, R. Yasmeen
{"title":"International Development Partner's Role in the Empowerment of Women Through Education in South Punjab (2001-2020)","authors":"Ishrat Noureen, R. Yasmeen","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).02","url":null,"abstract":"Role of international development partners to empower women through the provision of education in South Punjab (2001-2020) has been significant for the promotion of gender equality and empowering women in the region. The study utilizes a qualitative research design and employs the document analysis method to collect data from relevant documents including reports and publications by international development partners and government agencies. The data is analyzed using thematic analysis and the findings are presented in the form of themes and sub-themes. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical role of international development partners in the promotion of the rights of women through the provision of education facilities and gender equality in South Punjab. These challenges include cultural and societal norms, inadequate funding, and lack of political will. The study recommends that international development partners continue to work in collaboration with government agencies and social organizations to address these challenges and promotion of rights of women and gender equality in the region.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132354598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Nation, Nationalism and Ethno-nationalism: A Theoretical Discourse 民族、民族主义与民族民族主义:一种理论论述
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).01
Azhar Mahmood Abbasi, Munnaza Mubarak, Muhammad Saad Arshad
{"title":"The Nation, Nationalism and Ethno-nationalism: A Theoretical Discourse","authors":"Azhar Mahmood Abbasi, Munnaza Mubarak, Muhammad Saad Arshad","doi":"10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).01","url":null,"abstract":"People or masses that are united by their common culture, language, history, descent and distinct ideas in a specific country or territory known as a nation. Moreover, nationalism is an idea or a movement where a nation fits in the state. As a nation, it tends to promote the interest of a group of people. The word 'nationality' has been in mutual use in third-world countries to designate ethnolinguistic communities. The term ethno nationalism is a form of nationalism and basic understanding in the regard to ethnic ties and ethnicity as a core component of experiences and conception of nations. Exclusivist ethnonationalism denotes the compartmentalization among various entities while living in a similar territory. The current study explores the origin, evolution and growth of nation, nationalism and ethnonationalism. How these three ideologies are different from each other. The study also reveals the major stakes of the theorist on these three philosophies.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132651222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
US Withdrawal from Syria: Implications and Challenges 美国从叙利亚撤军:影响与挑战
Global International Relations Review Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.31703/girr.2022(v-iv).04
Ashfaq Ahmed, M. Tahir, Noor Saeed Khattak
{"title":"US Withdrawal from Syria: Implications and Challenges","authors":"Ashfaq Ahmed, M. Tahir, Noor Saeed Khattak","doi":"10.31703/girr.2022(v-iv).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-iv).04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the prospects and challenges faced by the region, stakeholders, and the Syrian nation after the US withdrawal from the Syrian conflict. Conflict arises due to the varied principles and values of the parties involved, leading to hostility and disagreement. The paper discusses the implications of the US withdrawal, including the impact on the Syrian Kurdish community and the potential re-emergence of ISIS as a global threat to world peace. Furthermore, the withdrawal is likely to give Russia, Iran, and the Syrian regime a significant advantage in the Syrian conflict, which will have far- reaching consequences for the region and stakeholders involved.","PeriodicalId":154113,"journal":{"name":"Global International Relations Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121775629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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