Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management最新文献

{"title":"Extensive Reading In English In Hitotsubashi University Pace Classes: Justification, Establishment And Objectives","authors":"James R. Hunt","doi":"10.15057/26977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/26977","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive reading has been shown to improve literacy, increase reading rates, aid vocabulary acquisition, and improve attitudes towards second language learning. The students in the lower-level PACE (Practical Applications in Communicative English) English classes at Hitotsubashi University often lack confidence in their English abilities, have lower motivation, may not have much exposure to English outside the classroom, are less automatic with vocabulary recall, and often make elementary grammar errors in their writing. At the same time, the majority of these students rate reading as their strongest English ability. To address their weaknesses while utilizing their strengths, it was decided to introduce an extensive reading program to the lower-level PACE English classes. These research notes will outline the steps involved in setting up the program, and may be of use to other educators interested in adopting a similar approach.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121798825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CHARGING PRINCIPLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE","authors":"T. Nemoto","doi":"10.15057/25928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25928","url":null,"abstract":"With the onset of an aging society and low birth rates, coupled with tight financial conditions being experienced by central and local governments, the need to ensure transport services that protect people’s life in rural areas and provide infrastructure that strengthens global competitiveness of large cities has become more vital than before. Moreover, costs concerning maintenance and renewal of transport infrastructure are also expected to be needed (MLIT, 2012). Under such a situation, what kind of charging principle should be introduced in order to ensure revenue sources for maintenance and renewal of transport infrastructure, such as roads and railways? The objectives of this paper are: 1) to clarify definitions of short run marginal cost pricing and short run average cost pricing (charging principles when transport infrastructure capacity is given), 2) to explain how to obtain long run marginal cost pricing assuming a condition that can optimize transport infrastructure capacity to meet transport demand, and 3) to demonstrate the validity of short run marginal cost pricing through a planning process that gradually increases or reduces transport infrastructure capacity. 1. Transport System Costs It is necessary to define transport system costs to design charging in transport. Transport system costs refer to the costs arising from the construction and maintenance of transport infrastructure and its use. When considering a cost item, it is necessary to differentiate first between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs which are not related to traffic volume, such as construction costs. Variable costs are costs determined according to the amount of traffic, such as maintenance costs. The value which divides traffic volume from the aggregate total cost (the sum of fixed costs and variable costs) is the average cost; and the value which differentiates variable cost from traffic volume is the marginal cost. It is also important to pay attention to stakeholders that generate costs. Broadly speaking, the stakeholders consist of that of the transport infrastructure manager doing construction and maintenance, the user using the transport infrastructure, and other stakeholder which can be subjected to positive and/or negative impacts arising from the use of the transport infrastructure although not directly related to the provision and use of transport infrastructure. Transport infrastructure managers and users are assumed to form a pseudo market, and their costs are called internal costs, while costs arising on other stakeholder are called external costs. Although users can be divided into transport companies (e.g. bus companies) who provide transport services and directly use the transport infrastructure, and service users who purchase these transport services, this paper focuses on the former type of users who directly use the transport infrastructure, and looks at how taxes and charges are collected for maintenance and renewal of transport","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115482135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TYPES OF UPWARD COMMUNICATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN JAPANESE FIRMS","authors":"Toshihiko Kato, T. Numagami, Masaru Karube, Masato Sasaki","doi":"10.15057/25930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25930","url":null,"abstract":"Different types of upward communication in organizations have been examined from various points of view. However, few studies have directly discussed the difference between these types. This paper focuses on two types of upward organizational communication from middle managers to general managers in a business unit -the upward information flow of strategic ideas and the upward information flow of operational problems- and examines the impact of organizational factors on each of the upward information flows. Analysis of a questionnaire survey of 137 business units in 21 Japanese firms reveals that while the upward flow of strategic ideas tends to be affected by organic and employee-oriented factors, the upward flow of operational problems is predominantly influenced by factors related to mechanistic management systems and to a superior's power. The results suggest that a “soft” management approach toward subordinates could contribute to the activation of an organizational process of strategic formation, but might be ineffective in encouraging them to send bad news upto their superiors.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116916579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHY HAS JAPAN REVISED THE MINING ACT? - HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY BACKGROUND -","authors":"T. Kikkawa","doi":"10.15057/25929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25929","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126480515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"GATEKEEPER\" AS A METAPHOR AND CONCEPT","authors":"Ikuya Sato","doi":"10.15057/25371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25371","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124884343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical Strategic Information Flow And Market Orientation","authors":"T. Numagami, Masaru Karube, Toshihiko Kato, Masato Sasaki","doi":"10.15057/25370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25370","url":null,"abstract":"Market orientation research has accumulated a variety of findingsover the pas t two decades, during which researchers have emphasized the importance of information flow within an organization. However, even though market information isvery important for the organizationʼsadaptation to itsenvironment, the vertical flow of strategic information has not been the main focus of market orientation researchers. In contrast, vertical strategic information flow has been the main theme from the middle management perspective of strategy process and knowledge creation theory. Although these research streams share an interest in information flow within an organization, they have remained separate traditions up until now. This paper tries to bridge the gap between these two research traditions by using a database of Japanese business organizations. The authors contend that the downward information flow of formal strategy and the lateral flow of inter-functional information are much more important in improving market orientation than the upward information flow of emergent strategy. And, contrary to the widely shared belief, informal information flowsdo not contribute to organizational market adaptation.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127865557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Experimental Study On Adverse Selection And Moral Hazard","authors":"Shinichi Yamamoto, Takau Yoneyama, W. Kwon","doi":"10.15057/25369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25369","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines adverse selection and moral hazard in the life insurance market. Using actual company data in Japan, we find evidence that life insurance companies use medical examination techniques to control problems of adverse selection in the lines of new whole life and term life insurance. After an elapse of a few years, however, the mortality index is clearly changing for the worse in our observation. Although it may depend upon disappearance of the effect of medical selection, it would be noteworthy that the mortality index in some case becomes even worse than that of people without medical examination. We conclude by saying that moral hazard, in some case, adverse selection could exert an influence on an aggravation of the mortality index.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124319535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DYNAMISM INSIDE THE MO BOX: THE CREDIBILITY OF MARKET INFORMATION AS A KEY FACTOR IN MARKET ORIENTATION","authors":"Y. Yamashita, Wataru Uehara, G. Fukutomi, Masato Sasaki, Hiroyuki Fukuchi","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-11797-3_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11797-3_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130814567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE HISTORY OF JAPAN'S ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY BEFORE WORLD WAR II","authors":"T. Kikkawa","doi":"10.15057/25372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/25372","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129363006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Samurai Company: Double Creative Response in Meiji Japan ―The Case of Onoda Cement","authors":"Seiichirō Yonekura","doi":"10.15057/27538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/27538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"622 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120867136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}