Journal of chemical neuroanatomy最新文献

{"title":"Celecoxib attenuates neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis and promotes neuroprotection in young rats with experimental hydrocephalus","authors":"Maurício Dutra ,&nbsp;Stephanya Covas da Silva ,&nbsp;Pâmella da Silva Beggiora Marques ,&nbsp;Izadora Oliveira Amaral ,&nbsp;Stephanie Naomi Funo de Souza ,&nbsp;Luiz Antônio Dutra ,&nbsp;Marcelo Volpon Santos ,&nbsp;Hélio Rubens Machado ,&nbsp;Luiza da Silva Lopes","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Hydrocephalus<span> is a neurological condition with altered cerebrospinal fluid flow<span> (CSF). The treatment is surgical and the most commonly used procedure is ventricle-peritoneal shunt. However, not all patients can undergo immediate surgery or achieve complete lesion reversal. Neuroprotective measures are valuable in such cases. It was evaluated whether the use of </span></span></span>celecoxib<span><span>, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, associated or not with ventricular-subcutaneous derivation, could offer benefits to the brain structures affected by experimental hydrocephalus. Seven-day-old male Wistar Hannover rats induced by intracisternal injection of kaolin 15% were used, divided into five groups with ten animals each: intact control (C), untreated hydrocephalus (H), hydrocephalus treated with celecoxib 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal (HTC), hydrocephalus treated with shunt (HTS) and hydrocephalus treated with shunt and celecoxib 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal (HTCS). Celecoxib was administered for 21 consecutive days, starting the day after hydrocephalus induction and continuing until the end of the experimental period. The surgery was performed seven days after inducing hydrocephalus. Multiple assessment methods were used, such as behavioral tests (water maze and open field), histological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin), </span>immunohistochemistry<span><span> (caspase-3, COX-2, and GFAP), and ELISA<span> analysis of GFAP. The results of the behavioral and memory tests indicated that celecoxib improves the neurobehavioral response. The improvement can be attributed to the reduced neuroinflammation (p &lt; 0.05), and </span></span>astrogliosis (p &lt; 0.05) in different brain regions. In conclusion, the results suggest that celecoxib holds great potential as an adjuvant neuroprotective drug for the treatment of experimental hydrocephalus.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41132263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobiological and pathophysiological concepts of Christfried Jakob (1866–1956) on language and aphasia: An English translation of two communications [1910,1932] and a modern perspective","authors":"Maria E. Vasilopoulou ,&nbsp;Lazaros C. Triarhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The aim of the present article is to preserve, in English translation, two historical communications on aphasia and the pathophysiology of language by the neurobiologist Christfried Jakob (1866–1956) of Buenos Aires, and to place them in a modern perspective. The morphofunctional basis of human language and its pathology occupied Jakob’s mind over three decades. His synthetic conclusions were based on the neuropathological examination of dozens of aphasic cases from the Hospital de Las Mercedes and the National Women’s Psychiatric Hospital between 1906 and 1936. Special mention is made of the role of the </span>cerebellum<span><span>, the thalamus, and their connections with the </span>cerebral cortex, and the language network. Current research and imaging studies support and elaborate that which Jacob presented so many years ago; many of his analyses and ideas are informative and remain relevant today.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10286434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation patterns of dopaminergic cell populations reflect different learning scenarios in a cichlid fish, Pseudotropheus zebra","authors":"Calvo Roberta ,&nbsp;Schluessel Vera ,&nbsp;Hofmann Hans A ,&nbsp;Hofmann Michael H","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Dopamine is present in all vertebrates and the functional roles of the subsystems are assumed to be similar. Whereas the effect of dopaminergic modulation is well investigated in different target systems, less is known about the factors that are causing the modulation of dopaminergic cells. Using the zebra mbuna, </span><em>Pseudotropheus zebra</em><span>, a cichlid fish<span><span><span> from Lake Malawi as a model system, we investigated the activation of specific dopaminergic cell populations detected by double-labeling with TH and pS6 antibodies while the animals were solving different learning tasks. Specifically, we compared an intense </span>avoidance learning situation, an instrumental learning task, and a non-learning isolated group and found strong activation of different dopaminergic cell populations. Preoptic-hypothalamic cell populations respond to the stress component in the avoidance task, and the forced movement/locomotion may be responsible for activation in the posterior tubercle. The instrumental learning task had little stress component, but the activation of the raphe superior in this group may be correlated with attention or arousal during the training sessions. At the same time, the weaker activation of the nucleus of the </span>posterior commissure may be related to positive reward acting onto tectal circuits. Finally, we examined the co-activation patterns across all dopaminergic cell populations and recovered robust differences across experimental groups, largely driven by hypothalamic, posterior tubercle, and brain stem regions possibly encoding the valence and salience associated with stressful stimuli. Taken together, our results offer some insights into the different functions of the dopaminergic cell populations in the brain of a non-mammalian vertebrate in correlation with different behavioral conditions, extending our knowledge for a more comprehensive view of the mechanisms of dopaminergic modulation in vertebrates.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10300995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cladribine induces apoptosis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, tau phosphorylation and Aβ (1–42) pathway in the hippocampus: An in vivo approach","authors":"Khadga Raj Aran ,&nbsp;G.D. Gupta ,&nbsp;Shamsher Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Cladribine is a </span>purine nucleoside<span> found to enhance toxic amyloid protein<span><span> and cause memory impairment. Patients following chemotherapy treatment commonly suffer from cognitive deficits more prevalent in the elderly than adults. A previous research study revealed that cladribine has a high affinity to the brain, increases the level of </span>amyloid precursor protein<span>, and results in learning deficits. The study was designed to validate an animal model<span><span> of cladribine administration to rats through mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid-β (1–42) accumulation. In this study, all rats were orally given cladribine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) for 28 days, resulting in impaired spatial memory confirmed by behavioural activity. On day 29, all rats were euthanized, and the hippocampal tissues were isolated and used for the estimation of neuroinflammatory markers, biochemicals parameters (glutathione, </span>catalase, </span></span></span></span></span>lipid peroxidation<span><span><span><span>, and nitrite), amyloid-β (1–42) level, neurotransmitters, and </span>nuclear factor kappa B<span> analysis. Cladribine administration significantly elevated cytokines release, dysbalanced neurotransmitter concentration, and promoted the Aβ accumulation and </span></span>hyperphosphorylation of </span>tau protein. Our study outcome confirmed that cladribine produces cognitive impairment via activation of Nuclear factor kappa B, mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysbalanced of the endogenous antioxidant defence system.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10246071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential effect of salvianolic acid B against rat ischemic brain injury in combination with mesenchymal stem cells","authors":"Minli Yan ,&nbsp;Zheming Li ,&nbsp;Shijie Dai ,&nbsp;Shouye Li ,&nbsp;Pingping Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and Salvianolic acid B (SAB) are known to exert potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. But the effect of SAB and MSCs combination treatment on the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is not clear.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>After the CI/RI animal model<span> established, rats were administered with MSCs and SAB individually or combination treatment. To evaluate the therapeutic potential, behavioral tests, TTC staining<span>, Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and immunofluorescence assays were performed to evaluate the neuroprotection<span><span><span><span> and endogenous neurogenesis. </span>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and </span>enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to evaluate the anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effect. Meanwhile, the expression of the TLR4/NF-ĸB/MYD88 signal pathway-related proteins was evaluated by </span>Western blot.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>MSCs and SAB individually or combination treatment have protective effect in CI/RI rats. More importantly, the rats with the combination treatment showed a better behavioral recovery, neurogenesis and smaller infarct size compared with the rats administered with MSCs or SAB individually. Further research showed that the combination treatment decreased CI/RI induced inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, including inhibiting the production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased the activity of </span>superoxide dismutase<span><span> (SOD). In addition, the neuroprotection effect of SAB and MSCs combination was achieved through the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 signaling pathway<span> related proteins, including inhibition the protein levels of TLR4, </span></span>MYD88<span>, p-NF-κB p65, TRAF6-and action of SIRT1 in brain tissues.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study indicated that the MSCs and SAB combination treatment had better protective effect against rat ischemic brain injury. The combination of SAB and MSCs may provide a potent and promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke and is worthy for further development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10240732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gelatin/polyethylene glycol-loaded magnesium hydroxide nanocomposite to attenuate acetylcholinesterase, neurotoxicity, and activation of GPR55 protein in rat models of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Manickam Rajkumar ,&nbsp;Sundarraj Navaneethakrishnan ,&nbsp;Sundarapandian Muthukumar ,&nbsp;Ramasundaram Thangaraj ,&nbsp;Magudeeswaran Sivanandam ,&nbsp;Karuppaiya Vimala ,&nbsp;Soundarapandian Kannan","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Alzheimer's disease<span> (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by mitochondrial dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, and neuronal cell loss. G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been used as a promising target for </span></span>insulin receptors<span> in diabetes therapy, but GPR55's<span> role in AD is still unidentified. Gelatin (GE) and polyethylene glycol<span> (PEG) polymeric hydrogels are commonly used in the drug delivery system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the preparation of magnesium hydroxide nanocomposite using </span></span></span></span><span><em>Clitoria ternatea</em></span> (CT) flower extract, GE, and PEG (GE/PEG/Mg(OH)₂NCs) by the green precipitation method. The synthesized GE/PEG/Mg(OH)₂<span><span>NCs were used to determine the effect of GPR55 activation of intracerebroventricular administration on streptozotocin<span> (ICV-STC)-induced cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and </span></span>cognitive deficits. The GE/PEG/Mg(OH)</span>₂<span>NCs were administered following bilateral ICV-STC administration (3 mg/kg) in experimental rats. Neurobehavioral assessments were performed using a Morris water maze<span><span> (MWM) and a passive avoidance test (PA). Cholinergic and </span>antioxidant activity<span><span>, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial complex activity were estimated in the cortex and hippocampus through </span>biochemical analysis<span>. Inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were determined using the ELISA method. Our study results demonstrated that the GE/PEG/Mg(OH)</span></span></span></span>₂NCs treatment significantly improved spatial and non-spatial memory functions in behavioral studies. Moreover, the treatment with GE/PEG/Mg(OH)₂<span><span>NCs group significantly attenuated cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, and also highly improved anti-oxidant activity (GSH, SOD, </span>CAT<span>, and GPx) in the cortex and hippocampus regions. The western blot<span> results suggest the activation of the GPR55 protein expression through GE/PEG/Mg(OH)</span></span></span>₂<span><span>NCs. The histopathological studies showed clear cytoplasm and healthy neurons, effectively promoting neuronal activity. Furthermore, the </span>molecular docking<span> results demonstrated the binding affinity<span> and potential interactions of the compounds with the AChE enzyme. In conclusion, the GE/PEG/Mg(OH)</span></span></span>₂<span>NCs treated groups showed reduced neurotoxicity and have the potential as a therapeutic agent to effectively target AD.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10240734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effects of embryonic and neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharides on oligodendrocyte differentiation in the rat hippocampus and the protective effect of alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin","authors":"Hiromu Okano ,&nbsp;Ryota Ojiro ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zou ,&nbsp;Qian Tang ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Ozawa ,&nbsp;Mihoko Koyanagi ,&nbsp;Robert R. Maronpot ,&nbsp;Toshinori Yoshida ,&nbsp;Makoto Shibutani","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This study compared the effects of embryonic and neonatal lipopolysaccharides<span><span> (LPS) exposure (E-LPS and N-LPS) on oligodendrocyte<span> (OL) differentiation in the hippocampus of male rats and explored the protective effect of the antioxidant alpha-glycosyl </span></span>isoquercitrin<span> (AGIQ). Using SD rats, LPS exposure occurred either intraperitoneally in dams between gestational days 15 and 16 (50 µg/kg body weight/time) or in male pups on postnatal day (PND) 3 (1 mg/kg body weight). Under both regimens, AGIQ at 0.5% (w/w) was supplemented, to dams from the gestation period (before LPS exposure) until weaning on PND 21 and to male offspring from weaning until PND 77 (adulthood). Compared with a control treatment, E-LPS treatment resulted in fewer NG2</span></span></span>⁺<span> OL progenitor cells (OPCs) and an upregulation of </span><em>Tcf4</em> at PND 6; by PND 21, low NG2⁺ OPC number persisted, but OLIG2⁺<span> OL lineage cells increased, while CNPase</span>⁺ mature OLs counts were unchanged. By contrast, N-LPS treatment resulted in fewer OLIG2⁺ cells and an upregulation of <em>Bmp4</em> at PND 6; by PND 21, NG2⁺ OPCs decreased, while GFAP⁺ astrocytes increased at both PND 6 and 21. After N-LPS treatment, <em>Kl</em> and <em>Yy1</em> were downregulated and there were fewer Klotho⁺ and CNPase⁺<span> cells at PND 21. Results suggest that E-LPS treatment facilitates OPC differentiation into pre- and immature OLs until weaning, while N-LPS treatment suppresses OPC differentiation into mature OLs but facilitates astrocyte generation; however, these changes spontaneously recovered by adulthood under both regimens. AGIQ treatment ameliorated the effects of LPS treatment of both regimens, suggesting that LPS-induced disruption of OPC/OL differentiation occurs via neuroinflammation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10284104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the Central Nervous System of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops","authors":"Achyutham Hotha,&nbsp;C.B. Ganesh","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter within the </span>central nervous system<span> (CNS) of vertebrates. In this study, we examined the distribution pattern of GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) cells and fibres in the CNS of the viviparous teleost </span></span><em>Poecilia sphenops</em><span><span><span><span> using immunofluorescence method. GABA immunoreactivity<span> was seen in the glomerular, mitral, and granular layers of the olfactory bulbs, as well as in most parts of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. The </span></span>preoptic area<span><span> consisted of a small cluster of GABA-ir cells, whereas extensively labelled GABA-ir neurons were observed in the hypothalamic areas, including the paraventricular organ, tuberal hypothalamus, nucleus recessus lateralis, nucleus recessus posterioris, and inferior lobes. In the thalamus, GABA-positive neurons were only found in the ventral thalamic and central posterior thalamic nuclei, whereas the dorsal part of the nucleus pretectalis periventricularis consisted of a few GABA-ir cells. GABA-immunoreactivity was extensively seen in the alar and basal subdivisions of the midbrain, whereas in the </span>rhombencephalon, GABA-ir cells and fibres were found in the </span></span>cerebellum, motor nucleus of glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, nucleus commissuralis of Cajal, and </span>reticular formation. In the spinal cord, GABA-ir cells and fibres were observed in the dorsal horn, ventral horn, and around the central canal. Overall, the extensive distribution of GABA-ir cells and fibres throughout the CNS suggests several roles for GABA, including the neuroendocrine, viscerosensory, and somatosensory functions, for the first time in a viviparous teleost.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 102339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10287681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of three cholinergic inputs to the cochlear nucleus","authors":"Nichole L. Beebe ,&nbsp;Yoani N. Herrera ,&nbsp;William A. Noftz ,&nbsp;Michael T. Roberts ,&nbsp;Brett R. Schofield","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acetylcholine<span><span><span> modulates responses throughout the auditory system<span>, including at the earliest brain level, the cochlear nucleus<span> (CN). Previous studies have shown multiple sources of cholinergic input to the CN but information about their relative contributions and the distribution of inputs from each source is lacking. Here, we used staining for cholinergic axons and boutons, retrograde tract tracing, and acetylcholine-selective </span></span></span>anterograde tracing to characterize three sources of acetylcholine input to the CN in mice. Staining for cholinergic axons showed heavy cholinergic inputs to </span>granule cell<span><span> areas and the dorsal CN with lighter input to the ventral CN. Retrograde tract tracing revealed that cholinergic cells from the </span>superior olivary complex<span>, pontomesencephalic tegmentum, and lateral paragigantocellular nucleus send projections to the CN. When we selectively labeled cholinergic axons from each source to the CN, we found surprising similarities in their terminal distributions, with patterns that were overlapping rather than complementary. Each source heavily targeted granule cell areas and the dorsal CN (especially the deep dorsal CN) and sent light input into the ventral CN. Our results demonstrate convergence of cholinergic inputs from multiple sources in most regions of the CN and raise the possibility of convergence onto single CN cells. Linking sources of acetylcholine and their patterns of activity to modulation of specific cell types in the CN will be an important next step in understanding cholinergic modulation of early auditory processing.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 102284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10330717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10125252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural antioxidant formula ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual fear memory through suppression of neuroinflammation in rats","authors":"Wen Zeng ,&nbsp;Kazumi Takashima ,&nbsp;Qian Tang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zou ,&nbsp;Ryota Ojiro ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Ozawa ,&nbsp;Meilan Jin ,&nbsp;Yujiro Ando ,&nbsp;Toshinori Yoshida ,&nbsp;Makoto Shibutani","doi":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the ameliorating effects of a natural antioxidant formula (NAF) consisting of <span><em>Ginkgo biloba</em></span><span> leaf extract, docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid, ferulic acid<span>, flaxseed oil, vitamin E, and vitamin B</span></span>₁₂<span> on a lipopolysaccharide<span><span> (LPS)-induced cognitive dysfunction<span> model in rats. Six-week-old rats received a diet containing 0.5% (w/w) NAF for 38 days from Day 1, and LPS (1 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally once daily on Days 8 and 10. On Day 11, LPS alone increased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the hippocampus and </span></span>cerebral cortex<span> and the numbers of M1-type microglia/macrophages and GFAP</span></span></span>⁺<span> reactive astrocytes in the hilus of the hippocampal dentate gyrus<span><span>. NAF treatment decreased brain proinflammatory cytokine levels and increased the number of M2-type microglia/macrophages. During Days 34–38, LPS alone impaired fear memory acquisition and the extinction learning process, and NAF facilitated fear extinction learning. On Day 38, LPS alone decreased the number of type-3 neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal neurogenic niche, and NAF restored the number of type-3 neural progenitor cells and increased the numbers of both immature </span>granule cells<span> in the neurogenic niche and reelin</span></span></span>⁺<span> hilar interneurons<span>. Thus, NAF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and ameliorated LPS-induced adverse effects<span><span> on hippocampal neurogenesis and fear memory learning, possibly through amplification of reelin signaling by hilar interneurons. These results suggest that neuroinflammation is a key factor in the development of LPS-induced impairment of fear memory learning, and supplementation with NAF in the present study helped to prevent hippocampal neurogenesis and disruptive </span>neurobehaviors caused by neuroinflammation.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":15324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical neuroanatomy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 102285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9660138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}