ACM DEV '12最新文献

{"title":"Digitizing paper forms with mobile imaging technologies","authors":"Nicola Dell, N. Breit, Timóteo Chaluco, J. Crawford, G. Borriello","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160604","url":null,"abstract":"In low-resource settings in developing countries, most records are still captured and maintained using paper forms. Despite a recent proliferation of digital data collection systems, paper forms remain a trusted, low-cost and ubiquitous medium that will continue to be utilized in these communities for years to come. However, it can be challenging to aggregate, share, and analyze the data collected using paper forms. This paper presents mScan, a mobile smartphone application that uses computer vision to capture data from paper forms that use a multiple choice or bubble format. The initial mScan implementation targets the task of digitizing paper forms used to record vaccine statistics in rural health centers in Mozambique. We have evaluated the accuracy and performance of mScan under a variety of different environmental conditions, and our results show that mScan is a robust tool that is capable of accurately capturing and digitizing data from paper forms.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"575 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123126848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MultiWAN: WAN aggregation for developing region","authors":"Kristin Stephens, Shaddi Hasan, Yahel Ben-David","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160622","url":null,"abstract":"For rural ISPs and organizations, purchasing high-bandwidth, high-quality Internet connections is expensive, if such connections are even available. Subscribing to multiple low-capacity connections and load balancing flows across them presents an attractive alternative. However, this limits the burst rate of each flow to the capacity of the connection to which it has been bound. For example, a single file transfer could not take advantage of unused capacity on other connections. This increases flow completion times, an important metric of user-perceived performance.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121336577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Road traffic congestion in the developing world","authors":"Vipin Jain, Ashlesh Sharma, L. Subramanian","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160616","url":null,"abstract":"Road traffic jams continue to remain a major problem in most cities around the world, especially in developing regions resulting in massive delays, increased fuel wastage and monetary losses. Due to the poorly planned road networks, a common outcome in many developing regions is the presence of small critical areas which are common hot-spots for congestion; poor traffic management around these hotspots potentially results in elongated traffic jams. In this paper, we first present a simple automated image processing mechanism for detecting the congestion levels in road traffic by processing CCTV camera image feeds. Our algorithm is specifically designed for noisy traffic feeds with poor image quality. Based on live CCTV camera feeds from multiple traffic signals in Kenya and Brazil, we show evidence of this congestion collapse behavior lasting long time-periods across multiple locations. To partially alleviate this problem, we present a local de-congestion protocol that coordinates traffic signal behavior within a small area and can locally prevent congestion collapse sustaining time variant traffic bursts. Based on a simulation based analysis on simple network topologies, we show that our local de-congestion protocol can enhance road capacity and prevent congestion collapse in localized settings.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130398123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey on DNS configurations, interdependencies, resilience and security for *.ke domains","authors":"James G. Kagwe, M. Masinde","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160632","url":null,"abstract":"Statistics and research work show that the Legacy DNS as used today is slow, vulnerable to denial of service attacks, and does not support fast updates. To further compound this problem, configuring the DNS is complex and most of its implementations in use on many web servers are insecure. Consequently, Internet resources hosted on such servers have been subject to attacks of every kind. The *.ke domains have had a good share of such attacks, for example, 103 Government of Kenya's websites (.go.ke) were recently (January 2012) hacked in one night. In this paper, we present results of a survey for the *.ke domains whose main objective was to establish whether the DNS configurations for the *.ke domains met minimum setup configurations for security, resilience and interdependencies. Our focus on the three aspects was informed by the fact that these aspects are responsible for most DNS implementation shortcomings and by extension, responsible for most of the vulnerabilities and consequent attacks. To achieve this objective, 2,000 *.ke domains were collected through newspapers and magazines, posters and billboards, Internet, email directories and the main *.ke domain registrant KENIC. Dig and NSLOOKUP utilities were then used to drill down their configuration aspects such as primary and DNS servers, DNS application running on them, the dependencies among the DNS server, geographical location, MX records and web servers.\u0000 The results indicated a very low compliance to the standard DNS configuration requirements making *.ke domains non-resilient to failure, vulnerable (over 60%) and overly insecure. Other findings were that 40% of the domains were hosted by 2 name servers and a further 46% of the domains interrogated were hosted a paltry 8 name servers. Of the 768 servers queried for their DNS applications 574 responded with the DNS application type and version; displaying such private information predisposes the server to attacks. it was also found out that on average, a *.ke domain DNS server depends on an average of 234 DNS servers and that some domains had only one DNS server.\u0000 The study revealed major gaps in the way the DNS servers for *.ke domains are configured and questioned the capacity of those tasked with configuring these servers. Crypto graphical solutions like IPSEC and NSIG were recommended to secure the DNS servers. Awareness campaigns and capacity building on importance of DNS and security issues surrounding it on the technicians tasked with configuring the servers was also recommended. These findings were then used to inform the development of a web-based step-by-step DNS Configuration Tool. The latter is an online highly technical guide that the administrators can use to check if their DNS server(s) are properly set up to take care of configurations, resilience and interdependencies issues that may render the domain insecure and unavailable.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"AES-17 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132531044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic topic identification and classification of text messages in the SMSAll system","authors":"Fahad Pervaiz, L. Subramanian, U. Saif","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160626","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a way to identify topics and classify text messages in the SMSAll system, which is the Twitter of Pakistan (except over SMS). Among many challenges, one is to develop an unsupervised algorithm for text messages containing Urdu-English words written in roman letters. Still in 1-gram we are able to have 72%, 53% and 58% true positives for popular, medium and rare topics respectively and 48% and 40% true positives in 2 and 3-grams respectively.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114334108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open data kit sensors: mobile data collection with wired and wireless sensors","authors":"R. Chaudhri, Waylon Brunette, Mayank Goel, Rita Sodt, J. VanOrden, Michael Falcone, G. Borriello","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160614","url":null,"abstract":"Sensing data is important to a variety of data collection and monitoring applications. This paper presents the ODK Sensors framework designed to simplify the process of integrating sensors into mobile data collection tasks for both programmers and data collectors. Current mobile platforms (e.g., smartphones, tablets) can connect to a variety of external sensors over wired (USB) and wireless (Bluetooth) channels. However, the proper implementation can be burdensome, especially when a single application needs to support a variety of sensors with different communication channels and data formats. Our goal is to provide a high level framework that allows for customization and flexibility of applications that interface with external sensors, and thus support a variety of information services that rely on sensordata. We use four application examples to highlight the range of usage models and the ease with which the applications can be developed.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126147626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing distributed agricultural information services for developing countries","authors":"Henok Sahilu, Adolfo Villafiorita, Komminist Weldemariam, M. Belachew, Amanuel Zewge","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160631","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries, agriculture is the largest livelihood provider. Nevertheless, the vast majority of gains by farmers are unsatisfactory despite the efforts put into the agriculture cost inputs. At present smallholder farmers, farmers associations, consumers, intermediaries and supporting organizations (e.g., extension agencies) are often unable to engage effectively in agricultural markets since these markets are prone to inefficiencies. Small and subsistence farmers in particular tend to have unfavorable linkages to markets due to a lack of market orientation. They continue to rely on market information supplied and verified through traditional word-of-mouth approach. Many producers and smaller intermediaries also lack experience to effectively utilize such market information to improve their well-being.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130585134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting in touch with text: designing a mobile phone application for illiterate users to harness SMS","authors":"Elsa Friscira, H. Knoche, Jeffrey Huang","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160608","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of illiterate people -- 800 million worldwide -- are currently excluded from the benefits of asynchronous and cheap communication through text messages also known as SMS. Smart phones with touch screen will soon be in financial reach of illiterate people in developing countries. Our application EasyTexting allows illiterate users to listen to received SMS and compose text messages by augmenting words with touch-initiated text-to-speech support, icons for frequent phrases and by re-using words from previous messages. The application sends and receives plain SMS and makes no assumption on second parties' SMS editors. We present the motivation for this application derived from interviews and the evolution of the design along with an exploratory evaluation of the interface both with illiterate immigrants.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132263275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VillageShare: facilitating content generation and sharing in rural networks","authors":"D. Johnson, V. Pejović, E. Belding-Royer, G. Stam","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160611","url":null,"abstract":"While broadband Internet connectivity has reached a significant part of the world's population, those living in rural areas of the developing world suffer from poor Internet connectivity over slow long distance links, if they even have connectivity at all. While this has a general negative impact on Internet utilization, our social survey of users in the community of Macha, Zambia shows that the severest impact is in the area of content generation and sharing. To this end, our work describes VillageShare, an integrated time-delayed proxy server and content-sharing Facebook application. Through these two components, VillageShare facilitates localization of traffic, protecting the bandwidth-limited Internet link from content shared between local users, and minimizes upload abortions by time-shifting large uploads to periods when the gateway link is under-utilized. In this work we analyze traffic traces from Macha to discern opportunities for improvement of connection utilization, and then describe and evaluate the VillageShare architecture.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134446219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting eradication of maternal-child malnutrition in developing countries: a case from Nicaragua scenario","authors":"Miguel Valero, Sury Bravo Lasprilla, Iván Pau","doi":"10.1145/2160601.2160630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160601.2160630","url":null,"abstract":"World Health Organization actively stresses the importance of health, nutrition and well-being of the mother to foster children development. This issue is critical in the rural areas of developing countries where monitoring of health status of children is hardly performed since population suffers from a lack of access to health care. The aim of this research is to design, implement and deploy an e-health information and communication system to support health care in 26 rural communities of Cusmapa, Nicaragua. The final solution consists of an hybrid WiMAX/WiFi architecture that provides good quality communications through VoIP taking advantage of low cost WiFi mobile devices. Thus, a WiMAX base station was installed in the health center to provide a radio link with the rural health post \"El Carrizo\" sited 7,4 km. in line of sight. This service makes possible personal broadband voice and data communication facilities with the health center based on WiFi enabled devices such as laptops and cellular phones without communications cost. A free software PBX was installed at \"San José de Cusmapa\" health care site to enable communications for physicians, nurses and a technician through mobile telephones with IEEE 802.11 b/g protocol and SIP provided by the project. Additionally, the rural health post staff (midwives, brigade) received two mobile phones with these same features. In a complementary way, the deployed health information system is ready to analyze the distribution of maternal-child population at risk and the distribution of diseases on a geographical baseline. The system works with four information layers: fertile women, children, people with disabilities and diseases. Thus, authorized staff can obtain reports about prenatal monitoring tasks, status of the communities, malnutrition, and immunization control. Data need to be updated by health care staff in order to timely detect the source of problem to implement measures addressed to alleviate and improve health status population permanently. Ongoing research is focused on a mobile platform that collects and automatically updates in the information system, the height and weight of the children locally gathered in the remote communities. This research is being granted by the program Millennium Rural Communities of the Technical University of Madrid.","PeriodicalId":153059,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '12","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123778327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}