Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Insecticide Resistance and Mechanisms of <i>Culex pipiens</i> Populations in the Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkey During 2017-2018.","authors":"Sare İlknur Yavaşoğlu,&nbsp;Fatih Mehmet Şimşek","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i4.10505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i4.10505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Culex pipiens</i> has a significant public health importance since it is an important vector of West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus. We, therefore, aimed to determine the insecticide resistance level in <i>Cx. pipiens</i> populations in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bioassays have been carried out against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (4%), Malathion (5%), Fenitrothion (1%), Propoxur (0.1%), Bendiocarb (0.1%), Permethrin (0.75%) and Deltamethrin (0.05%). Biochemical analyses have been performed to detect non-specific esterase, mixed function oxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and acetylcholinesterase levels. A knockdown resistance (<i>kdr)</i> (L1014F) and Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1) (G119S) mutations have been detected by using allele-specific primers and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific alleles (PASA) diagnostic test was performed for detection of F290V mutation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bioassay results showed that all <i>Cx. pipiens</i> populations were resistant to DDT, Malathion, Fenitrothion, Bendiocarb, Propoxur and some of the populations have started to gain Permethrin and Deltamethrin resistance. Biochemical analyses results revealed that altered glutathione-s-transferases, P450 monooxygenases, esterase levels might be responsible for DDT, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in <i>Cx. pipiens</i> populations. Results showed mild to high frequency of L1014F, low frequency of F290V but no Ace-1 G119S mutation within the populations. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase insensitivity was not significantly high within the most of these populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall results may help to fulfil the lacking information in the literature regarding insecticide resistance status and underlying mechanism of <i>Culex pipiens</i> populations of the Mediterranean and Aegean region of Turkey by using all bioassays, molecular tests and biochemical assays.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 4","pages":"405-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3e/a2/JAD-15-405.PMC9810578.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Nanoemulsion of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Oil as Potent Botanical Larvicide against Malaria Vector, <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> and West Nile Vector, <i>Culex pipiens</i> Under Laboratory and Semi-Field Conditions.","authors":"Sara Sabzalizade,&nbsp;Amir Amani,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost,&nbsp;Fatemeh Hosseini,&nbsp;Roya Najafi-Taher,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Basseri","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i4.10502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i4.10502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to undesired environmental impact of insecticides as well as resistant of vectors to them, the development of organic and natural insecticides has been more considered. In the current study, we developed nanoemulsion of eucalyptus and investigated lavicidal activity of it against malaria vector, <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> and <i>Culex pipiens</i> under laboratory as well as semi-field conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An optimized nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing Eucalyptus oil, Tween 80 and ethanol at ratio of 1:2:1.5 in distilled water, then, stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. The product was then used for bioassay tests against 3-4^th instar larvae of <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> as well as <i>Culex pipiens</i>. Furthermore, a semi-field trial was carried out to evaluate larvicidal activity of nanoemulsion of eucalyptus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus showed significantly high lavicidal activity comparing with bulk eucalyptus essential oil. The LC₅₀ and LC90 value of nanoemulsion against <i>An. stephensi</i> were 111.0 and 180.8 ppm respectively and 29.5 and 73.7 ppm for <i>Cx. pipiens</i>, respectively. In the semi field condition, the Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus decreased 1-2^nd instar larval density of Culicines and Anophelines to 90.1% and 85.2%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The nano formulation of eucalyptus oil showed high larvicidal activity. Therefore, nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil can be used as an eco-friendly larvicide against mosquitoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 4","pages":"380-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6a/87/JAD-15-380.PMC9810577.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Susceptibility Status of <i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i>, the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Different WHO Recommended Insecticides in an Endemic Focus, Central Iran.","authors":"Zahra Saeidi,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost,&nbsp;Morteza Zaim,&nbsp;Reza Ahmadkhaniha,&nbsp;Yavar Rassi,&nbsp;Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Arandian,&nbsp;Reza Jafari,&nbsp;Yamdeu Joseph Hubert Galani,&nbsp;Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi,&nbsp;Amir Ahmad Akhavan","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i4.10501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i4.10501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by <i>Leishmania</i> parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO's global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Province, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sand flies were collected by mouth aspirator in Matin Abad desert Eco-resort and were tested using WHO adult mosquito test kit against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Malathion 5% and Propoxur 0.1%. The number of knockdown sand flies were recorded during exposure time in ten minutes interval for DDT and Deltamethrin and they were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Knockdown Time₅₀ (KD₅₀) and KD₉₀ were generated for them using Probit software. They were mounted and identified by valid keys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the tested insecticides against female <i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i>, DDT, Deltamethrin, and Malathion recorded the highest mortality rate of 100%, followed by Propoxur with 92.2% mortality for a one-hour exposure. For DDT, KD₅₀ and KD₉₀ were calculated 21.87 and 42.93 and for Deltamethrin, they were 23.74 and 56.50 minutes respectively. Total sand flies exposed with DDT and Deltamethrin shed their leg(s).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded that <i>Ph. papatasi</i> from central Iran is susceptible to DDT, Deltamethrin, Malathion, and Propoxur.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 4","pages":"366-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/50/JAD-15-366.PMC9810583.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticide Resistance in the West Nile Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, Avian Malaria and Lymphatic Elephantiasis Vector, Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran.","authors":"Amrollah Azarm,&nbsp;Mohammad Nasrabadi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Shahidi,&nbsp;Awat Dehghan,&nbsp;Fateme Nikpoor,&nbsp;Alireza Zahraie-Ramazani,&nbsp;Seyede Maryam Molaeezadeh,&nbsp;Faramarz Bozorgomid,&nbsp;Ghazal Tashakori,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i4.10499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i4.10499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Culex pipiens</i> complex is considered as a vector of some important diseases such as West Nile fever, equine encephalitis, Rift valley fever, St. Louis encephalitis, Elephanthiasis and avian malaria in the world. The main measure for vector control is using insecticides. High use of insecticides caused resistance in the populations. The aim of this study was to review the status of insecticide resistance in the vector.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Insecticide resistance in this species was found by the available papers and map of the data for carbamates, organochlorine, organophosphates, pyrethroids, microbial and insect growth regulator insecticides were done. An intensive search of scientific literature was done in \"PubMed\", \"Web of Knowledge\", \"Scopus\", \"Google Scholar\", \"SID\", and related resources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that a wide variety of resistance to different insecticides in the country. Due to importance of this species in transmission of diseases.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>resistance management strategies should be further considered to prevent from in secticide resistance and replacement of novel approach for vector control.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 4","pages":"349-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e4/48/JAD-15-349.PMC9810576.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Important Zoonotic Bacterial Tick-Borne Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.","authors":"Manijeh Yousefi Behzadi, Ehsan Mostafavi, Mahdi Rohani, Ali Mohamadi, Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Neda Moazzezy, Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9814","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zoonotic diseases as health concerns worldwide account for more than half of the emerging infectious diseases. Arachnids are powerful vectors to transmit several diseases to humans. Additionally, these emerging zoonotic diseases have been a considerable health threat in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the WHO (EMRO) due to the large population living close to farms and international trade with nearby countries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review study is based on the reported three tick-borne diseases, Lyme disease, Tularemia, and Q fever, from Iran and other EMRO countries. To this end, we searched PubMed central, ISI web of Science, and Google with the related keywords in English at any time. The reported data are then sorted by countries for each disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the published data, 15 countries in the region have one/more emerging infectious diseases. Q fever has been the most frequent infection in EMRO countries, while Lyme was less recorded. Furthermore, Iran is among the countries with documented history of all three investigated diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tick-borne disease is popular among EMRO countries, indicating that they have natural conditions for infections in animals and humans. It appears necessary to develop a disease management strategy and control programs against tick-borne diseases (TBDs). Moreover, the disease-resistant animal could be bred instead of susceptible livestock. Therefore, research studies to control TBDs should be regarded as a top priority plan.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 3","pages":"265-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/63/f9/JAD-15-265.PMC9759441.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10457437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Feasibility Study on Using the Facilities of Health Centers for Developing a Laboratory Network on Vectors and Reservoir Hosts of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi, Amir Ahmad Akhavan, Mohammad Reza Shirzadi, Seyedeh Zohreh Hosseini, Oscar Daniel Salomon, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Yavar Rassi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9813","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an ancient endemic disease in Iran and continues to be a growing health threat to community development and the environment. This paper explains how to use the facilities of health centers for developing a laboratory network on vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was performed of the relevant multiple databases to include studies on vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. A team of experienced experts was performed. After holding several meetings, field visits and organizing workshops, the activities of laboratories were determined at three levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Entomological studies showed that 5 species of the genus <i>Phlebotomus</i> and 10 species of the genus <i>Sergentomyi</i>a are active in the south, 4 species of the genus <i>Phlebotomus</i> and one species of the genus <i>Sergentomyia</i> in the central part and 5 species of the genus <i>Phlebotomus</i> and 2 species of the genus <i>Sergentomyia</i> in the north east. Reservoir hosts were identified in the study areas. The tasks of laboratories were regulated at different levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education should prioritize the employment of capable persons in the field of Medical Entomology and Vector Control. The survival of this laboratory network depends on hiring and employing interested and persistent people. The universities of Medical Sciences that have the facilities to set up this network will be a very effective partner in the control of the disease in high risk areas. The results can be used in neighboring countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 3","pages":"255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/12/47/JAD-15-255.PMC9759443.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10451652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Database and Geographical Distribution Model of Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases in Ardabil Province, Borderline of Iran and Azerbaijan Republic 2001-2018.","authors":"Davoud Adham,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost,&nbsp;Eslam Moradi-Asl","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i3.9816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vector borne diseases (VBDs) are the infectious diseases reported from all parts of the world and Iran. The main vectors of VBDs belong to the phylum of arthropod and insects. The aim of this study was providing the database of important VBDs and vectors and geographical distribution model in Ardabil, northwest of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2001-2018. All the earlier published studies, reports and documentations related to vectors and vector-borne diseases searched systematically as well as the data of diseases was collected from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. ArcGIS 10.4.2 (http://www.esri.com/arcgis) were used to spatial analysis mapping, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) index and high/low clustering.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally 110076 cases of VBDs reported in Ardabil Province during the past 18 years including malaria, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), tick-borne relapsing fever (TRF), pediculosis, scorpionism, scabies and anthrax. These diseases were transmitted in Ardabil Province by eight arthropod families, 19 genera and 70 spices of arthropods. Most species belonged to Culicidae with 24 species followed by Psycodidae with 22 and Ixodidae with 16 species. The incidence rate of VBDs was 63/100000 in 2001 which decreased to 7/100000 in 2010 and then increased to 21 /100000 in 2018.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The distribution model of the VBDs was plotted based on the geographical and ecological of the vectors will help the authorities for decision.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 3","pages":"287-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/18/b1/JAD-15-287.PMC9759448.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10453356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticide Resistance Status of Malaria Vectors in a Malarious Area, Southeast of Iran.","authors":"Jalil Nejati,&nbsp;Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Oshaghi,&nbsp;Abdollah Badzohre,&nbsp;Masoumeh Pirmohammadi,&nbsp;Zahra Saeidi,&nbsp;Nazanin Naseri-Karimi,&nbsp;Seyedeh Zahra Parkhideh,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i3.9815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria continues to be the main vector-borne disease in Iran. The endemic foci of malaria are in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, the borderline of Iran and Pakistan. By the year 2020 the program of the country is malaria elimination. The main vector control is using insecticide as Indoor Residual Spraying. The aim of the study was to evaluate the susceptibility of main malaria vectors to different insecticides recommended by WHO.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All the insecticides papers supported by WHO and evaluation of insecticide resistance of <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>, <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i>, <i>Anopheles superpictus</i> to different chemical groups of imagicides including DDT 4%, malathion 5%, propoxur 01.%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.025% and permethrin 0.75% were followed by the WHO guideline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results of the susceptibility test against different insecticides revealed that <i>An. stephensi</i> and <i>An. culicifacies</i> are resistant to DDT and susceptible to other insecticides. <i>An. superpictus</i> is susceptible to all groups of pesticides.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes in local and global scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 3","pages":"278-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f0/2a/JAD-15-278.PMC9759446.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10451650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Potential Distribution of Major Malaria Vectors Based on Climate Changes in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Southeastern Iran.","authors":"Jalil Nejati,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost,&nbsp;Mehdi Zanganeh Baygi,&nbsp;Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i3.9817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given the significance of climate change and its substantial effects on mosquitoes' habitats, this study was aimed to model the spatial distribution of the main malaria vectors in the south east of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Several scientific databases between 1980 and 2019 were reviewed to find mosquito species and their spatial information in this area. The archived folders in the center for diseases control and prevention were used to exploit essential data on malaria cases and foci. Three representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were chosen to stand for three possible climate scenarios. Finally the potential species distribution of <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> and <i>An. culicifacies</i> s.l. in the 2030s and 2050s horizons were estimated by the Maximum Entropy Model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>So far, a total of 39 mosquito species belonging to the family Culicidae have been reported from the study area. In 2019, the total malaria cases have increased by 91% compared to 2015, as well as a sharp rise than 2018 (249%). In that year, 91% of cases were imported from other countries, which caused 40% increase in the new potential foci than in 2018. The Jackknife test demonstrated the annual mean temperature and precipitation of the coldest quarter with the greatest impact on the environmental suitability of the mentioned two species.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The effect of climate change on the appearance and recurrence of mosquito-borne diseases has been demonstrated in various studies. Collecting further data and conducting investigation on this issue will improve control management, especially for the malaria vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 3","pages":"300-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/83/2c/JAD-15-300.PMC9759442.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10451651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of a Nanoemulsion of Essential Oil of <i>Acroptilon repens</i> Plant and Evaluation of Its Larvicidal Activity agianst Malaria Vector, <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>.","authors":"Samira Firooziyan,&nbsp;Mahmoud Osanloo,&nbsp;Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Basseri,&nbsp;Habib Mohammadzadeh Hajipirloo,&nbsp;Ali Sadaghianifar,&nbsp;Amir Amani,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat","doi":"10.18502/jad.v15i3.9821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i3.9821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extensive use of chemical larvicides to control larvae, has led to resistance in vectors. More efforts have been conducted the use of natural products such as plant essential oils and their new formulations against disease vectors. Nanoformulation techniques are expected to reduce volatility and increase larvicidal efficacy of essential oils. In this study for the first time, a larvicide nanoemulsion from the essential oil of <i>Acroptilon repens</i> was developed and evaluated against <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> larvae under laboratory conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fresh samples of <i>A. repens</i> plant were collected from Urmia, West Azarbaijan Province, Iran. A clevenger type apparatus was used for extracting oil. Components of <i>A. repens</i> essential oil (AEO) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All larvicidal bioassay tests were performed according to the method recommended by the World Health Organization under laboratory condition. Particle size and the morphologies of all prepared nanoformulations determined by DLS and TEM analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 111 compounds were identified in plant. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of AEO calculated as 7 ppm and 35 ppm respectively. AEO was able to kill 100% of the larvae in 4 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The nanoemulsion of AEO showed a weak effect on the larvar mortality. It may therefore be suggested that this kind of nanoemulsion is not appropriate for the formulation as a larvicide. It is important to screen native plant natural products, search for new materials and prepare new formulations to develop alternative interventions with a long-lasting impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"15 3","pages":"333-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/72/3e/JAD-15-333.PMC9759440.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10457440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}