Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine最新文献

{"title":"General versus Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review","authors":"Y. Lei, Cheng Xu, Yang Di, Ru-Rong Wang","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neuraxial anesthesia is preferred anesthesia technique for cesarean section. But recently the safety of general anesthesia improved well. So it is important to clarify the safety of general anesthesia and neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean section. Methods: We searched CENTRAL/Ovid (September, 2016), EMBASE/Ovid (1974 to October 12, 2016), MEDLINE/Ovid (1946 to October 12, 2016). We only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared general anesthesia versus neuraxial anesthesia including spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia or combined spinal and epidural anesthesia in cesarean section. Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, extracted the data and performed the analysis. Results: A total of 1394 mothers were involved in the 15 included studies. For neonatal outcomes, at 1 minute after delivery, Apgar score was significantly lower in maternal general anesthesia group (mean difference[MD] -0.71, 95% confidence intervals [CI] -0.99 to -0.43) and the risk of newborns for Apgar score lower than 7 was higher when the mother underwent general anesthesia (risk ratio [RR] 4.81, 95% CI 1.72 to 13.46). At 5 minutes after delivery, Apgar score was still lower in maternal general anesthesia group (MD -0.31, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.02), but the risk of newborns for Apgar score lower than 7 showed no difference in statistical analysis under general or neuraxial anesthesia (RR 2.31, 95% CI 0.08 to 64.48). Besides, no neonatal deaths were reported, and risk of oxygen by mask or intubation (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.33 to 4.53) also showed no difference in statistical analysis in both groups. For maternal outcomes, there were more blood loss in general anesthesia group (MD 75.8, 95% CI 21.18 to 130.41), but the risk of receiving postoperative blood transfusion was similar in both groups (RR 2.85, 95% CI 0.93 to 8.72). Besides, the risk of shivering (RR 8.00, 95% CI 1.14 to 56.33), nausea (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.17) and vomiting (RR 4.13, 95% CI 1.41 to 12.09) was higher in general anesthesia group. But the risk of headache (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.87) and pruritus (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.99) was higher in neuraxial anesthesia group.  Conclusions: For clinical practice, we recommended neuraxial anesthesia as first choice in cesarean section. For further clinical researches, more non-surrogate outcomes should be reported, such as maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. (Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province, China.)    Citation: Lei Yang, Xu Cheng, Di Yang, Ru-Rong Wang. General versus neuraxial anesthesia in cesarean section: a systematic review. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 114-22.  doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0028 This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and rep","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"114-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81865287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Penehyclidine on Dreaming Occurrence and Plasma Acetylcholine Variation During Propofol Anesthesia for Minor Gynecological Surgery","authors":"Shi X. Xu, Zhen-zhen Zhang, He-Liang Sun, Jian-jun Yang","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dreaming often occurs during anesthesia especially with using propofol, which is a poorly understood phenomenon on the basis of current available data. The present study aimed to determine whether penehyclidine can inhibit propofol anesthesia-related dreaming and evaluate the relationship between acetylcholine and propofol-induced dreaming. Methods: Healthy women undergoing elective minor gynecological surgery were randomized to receive penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.01 mg/kg (penehyclidine group, n = 200) or the same volume of saline (saline group, n = 200) at 10 min before propofol injection. Immediately after surgery, blood samples of the women were collected to determine the plasma acetylcholine concentrations. Interviews concerning dreaming incidence, contents, as well as how she felt her dream (pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant) were conducted 3-5 minutes after she could speak out her name and take appropriate action according to the observer’s instruction. Results: Penehyclidine did not affect dreaming incidences when compared with saline (39.0% vs. 47.5%, P = 0.086). There was no significant difference with respect to the age, weight, propofol dose, or surgery duration between penehyclidine group and saline group, as well as between dreamers and non-dreamers in the saline group. There was no significant difference with respect to the plasma acetylcholine concentrations between dreamers and non- dreamers in the saline group.  Sixty-five women (68.0%) recalled the contents of dreams among which 39 (60.0%) were pleasant. Women who recalled dream contents had higher plasma concentrations of acetylcholine than women who did not (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Penehyclidine cannot reduce the dreaming incidence in women during propofol anesthesia. But, the dreamers who can recall the dreaming contents during propofol anesthesia have higher plasma levels of acetylcholine. (Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China; Chinese Clinical Trial Registry number, ChiCTR-TRC-14005033.)     Citation: Shi-Xia Xu, Zhen-Zhen Zhang, He-Liang Sun, Jian-Jun Yang. Effect of penehyclidine on dreaming occurrence and plasma acetylcholine variation during propofol anesthesia for minor gynecological surgery. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 108-13. doi: 10.24015/JAPM.2017.0023 This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"35 1","pages":"108-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75557387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Induced by Bilateral Uterine Vessel Clamping in Pregnant Rats","authors":"Diao Min, Li-Ya Hao, Qu Yi, L. Hui, Mao Yu-shan, Lin Xue-mei","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is considered to be a major risk for cerebral palsy and disability after birth. However, IUGR lacks effective treatment strategies. We aimed to establish a rat model of bilateral uterine artery ischemia-reperfusion as a surgical model of IUGR.Methods: At the 17th day of pregnancy, six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham (NOR) and growth restriction (GR) groups. In the GR groups, four small artery clamps were used to occlude the uterine vessels near the lower and upper ends of the bilateral horns for 25 min; then, the clamps were removed, and the horns were placed back into the abdomen cavity. In the sham-operated animals, the uterine horns were exposed for 25 min without artery clamping. After labour and delivery, the death rates and weights during the first 8 days of newborn rats were recorded. A pathological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE)　staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining (TUNEL) on 4-day-old and 8-day-old brain tissues of the newborn rats.Results: The mortality within the first 24 h of rats in the GR group were increased (66.7% vs 0.0%), and their daily weights within the first 8 postnatal days were decreased. In addition, the karyopyknosis percentages of 4-day-old and 8-day-old rats were increased (4-day-old: 45% vs 11%; 8-day-old: 34.7% vs 5.3%), and the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells were increased (4-day-old: 110 vs 12.7; 8-day-old: 146.7 vs 4).Conclusions: This model of foetal IUGR produced a decrease in weight, an increase in the death rate within 24 h and an increase in apoptosis in newborn rats. The establishment of the model was successful.  Citation: Min Diao, Hao Li, Yi Qu, Hui Liu, Yu-Shan Ma, Xue-Mei Lin. A model of intrauterine growth restriction was induced by bilateral uterine vessel clamping in pregnant rats. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017;4: 101-7. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0026This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"69 1","pages":"101-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86916316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe Prevention of Primary Cesarean Section in China","authors":"Hellerstein Susan","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0031","url":null,"abstract":"In summary, although China and the USA have similar total CD rates, the safe prevention of the primary cesarean section in China differs from the USA efforts due the differences in indications for primary CD. With the combination of the prior high percentage of elective primary CD and the new Two Child Policy in China there is unique opportunity that may make it easier to significantly decrease the primary cesarean rate in China than in the USA.   Citation: Susan Hellerstein. Safe Prevention of Primary Cesarean Section in China. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 139-43. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0031This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"53 1","pages":"139-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75661473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does General Anesthesia Have Detrimental Effects on Immature Human Brain","authors":"Li Si-meng, Wu An-shi, Yue Yun","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of review: Early life exposure to general anesthesia in preclinical studies has consistently led to neurodevelopmental deficits later in life. However, the transferability of animal data to humans is questioned, and the published clinical results remained controversial. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most current data in human studies, as well as reveal how the research types have changed over the years.Method: We searched the PubMed database for the keywords \"children\" or \"pediatric\" or \"neonatal\" or \"immature brain\" or \"neurodevelopment\" combined with the keywords \"anesthesia neurotoxicity\". High-quality original studies of the past decade were selected and divided into animal experiments, retrospective cohort studies and prospective clinical trials to analyze respectively.Recent findings: Laboratory studies have suggested that commonly used anesthetic agents produce profound neurotoxic effects. Retrospective cohort studies found mixed results which may be depend on different outcome measures. Some of them suggested anesthetic exposure was association with poor neurodevelopmental outcome, but not causality. Most well-conducted clinical trials including PANDA (General Anesthesia compared to Spinal Anesthesia) and GAS (Pediatric Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment Assessment) suggested encouraging results that there is no significant neurocognitive deficit for single or brief anesthetic exposure early in life. The effect of anesthesia neurotoxicity may be time-dependent which remained to be proved.Summary: A majority of well-designed studies provide some reassurance regarding single or brief anesthetic exposure on immature human brain, but many questions surrounding early anesthesia and cognition remain unanswered. So far, surgeons, anesthesiologists, and parents should be careful, as far as possible to reduce the number and duration of children exposed to anesthetics. Elective surgeries should be delayed to more than 3 years of age.  Citation:  Si-Meng Liu, An-Shi Wu, Yun Yue. Does general anesthesia have detrimental effects on immature human brain? J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 129-38. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0024This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90672848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidisciplinary Team Approach is The Key to The Successful Assessment and Management of Complex Obstetric Patients","authors":"Jie Luo, Jie Zhou","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0025","url":null,"abstract":"A multidisciplinary teamwork training program using simulation can provide a risk-free environment to practice skills of communication, role clarification, and mutual support, which is becoming more widely accepted.The pre-delivery assessment and plan for management should be discussed and consensus should be reached among the multidisciplinary team, all the contents of which should be documented in the notes clearly for review in order to facilitate the multidisciplinary cross-talk.Anesthesiologists can play a leading role in the actions in the pre-delivery period.   Citation: Jie Luo, Jie Zhou. Multidisciplinary team approach is the key to the successful assessment and management of complex obstetric patients.  J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 144-7. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0025This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"76 1","pages":"144-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80183712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Anesthetic Delivery and Resuscitation for Systemic Toxicity in China: A Survey of 250 Hospitals","authors":"Feng-xian Li, Huali Xu, Huimin Chen, Hong-Yi Lei, Zhi-Jian You, Xuefei Xu, Shi-Yuan Xu, Hong-Fei Zhang","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The optimized procedures for local anesthetic (LA) delivery and resuscitation for LA systemic toxicity (LAST) have improved the safety of regional anesthesia. Lipid emulsion (LE) has been the valid treatment for LAST. However, adoption of these revised procedures in developing countries remains unknown.Methods: We conducted a 17-question survey to access the basic knowledge of LA delivery, the practice procedures for LAST resuscitation and an overall understanding of LE usage in both academic and non-academic hospitals of the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology.Results: A total of 250 hospitals completed the survey. Ropivacaine was the most preferred long-acting LA for regional anesthesia. Among the responders, 10 hospitals did not apply test-dosing before epidural anesthesia, including more non-academic than academic hospitals (7.1% versus 1.4%, P=0.0223). 77.5% (107/138) of academic hospitals and 69.6% (78/112) of non-academic hospitals had a protocol for LAST resuscitation. Only 28.2% of academic and 18.8% of non-academic hospitals stated LE preference for LAST. Furthermore, 17% (22/132) academic hospitals and 13% (12/89) non-academic hospitals chose the recommended epinephrine dosage based on the guideline of ARSA for LA-induced cardiac arrest. Significantly higher proportion (1.6 times more, 95% CI 1.082-3.991) of academic hospitals considered LE as the resuscitation method for LA-induced seizure than non-academic hospitals (44.9% versus 28.2%, P=0.0269). Finally, LE was available in only half of the hospitals which adopted its feasibility for LAST resuscitation.Conclusions: The survey revealed the poor practice procedures for regional anesthesia and non-standard use of LE for LAST resuscitation in China, especially among non-academic hospitals.  Citation: Feng-Xian Li, Hua-Li Xu, Hui-Qun Chen, Hong-Yi Lei, Zhi-Jian You, Xu-Zhong Xu, et al. Local anesthetic delivery and resuscitation for systemic toxicity in China: a survey of 250 hospitals. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; x: x-x. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0021This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"250-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77210637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ischemic Stroke Mechanisms, Prevention, and Treatment: The Anesthesiologist’s Perspective","authors":"M. R. McCrary, Songjiao Wang, Ling Wei","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of review: Stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. After decades of extensive research, we have gained a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing stroke pathophysiology. Despite these advances, few novel and effective treatments have been discovered. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie ischemic brain damage may direct research on future therapies. Methods: We reviewed the available literature pertaining to stroke pathology in the past decades and provided brief summaries of the important basic and clinical stroke findings.Recent findings: This review provided an overview of basic stroke mechanisms and highlighted the main events and processes that lead to cellular demise. We concluded with stroke preventative measures and treatment, highlighting the role of anesthesiologists in preventing perioperative stroke.Summary: An appreciation of our current understanding of stroke pathology may inform the development of new therapies or preventative measures for stroke, such as anesthetic preconditioning, and lead to optimal perioperative management of patients at high risk for stroke.  Citation: Myles R. McCrary, Song Wang, Ling Wei. Ischemic stroke mechanisms, prevention, and treatment: the anesthesiologist's perspective. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 76-86. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0022This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"347 1","pages":"76-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77695445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile Anesthetic Depression of Ca2+ Entry Into and Glutamate Release from Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons","authors":"Lynch Carl, Miaoran Ning, Nagaoka Kaoru, Jason Joseph","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Volatile anesthetics (VAs) are known to have actions on a variety of ligand- and voltage gated ion channels, and thereby inhibit neuronal function. VA effects mediated by actions on voltage-gated Ca channels (VGCCs) were determined by studying their effects on the depolarization-induced rise in intracellular Ca2+ transients and the consequent glutamate release in cultured neonatal rat cerebellar granule neurons. Methods: Using a glutamate dehydrogenase-coupled assay for glutamate release, and fura-2 to measure intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i), neurons at 37℃ were depolarized by a rapid increase in [K+]o from 5 to 55 mM.  Actions of halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, and sevoflurane were compared with effects of altered [Mg2+]o, and by specific blockade of L-, P/Q- and/or N-type VGCC by nicardipine, ω-agatoxin IVA, and ω-conotoxin-GVIA, respectively.  Whole-cell patch-clamp studies in these same neurons of VGCC Ba2+ currents were also performed at 22℃. Results: Clinical VA concentrations dose-dependently depressed both peak [Ca2+]i and glutamate release by 35-70%.  With N- and/or L-type VGCC blockade, VAs caused a further marked decrease in [Ca2+]i transients. VAs depressed whole cell patch-clamped Ba2+ currents in these granule cell neurons by 35-40%. Conclusions: VAs depress Ca2+ entry by inhibiting a variety of VGCCs, and thereby reduce neuronal glutamate release. This action may contribute to the mechanism of anesthesia as well as provide protection during ischemic insults that cause neuronal injury.  Citation: Carl Lynch III, Ning Miao, Kaoru Nagao, Joseph J. Pancrazio. Volatile anesthetic depression of Ca2+ entry into and glutamate release from cultured cerebellar granule neurons. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 45-59. doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0016This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":"45-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73368973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered Expression Profiling of Spinal Genes Modulated by Compound 48/80 in A Mouse Itch Model","authors":"Zhi-gang He, Bao Liu, Zhi-xiao Li, Cheng Liu, H. Xiang","doi":"10.24015/JAPM.2017.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24015/JAPM.2017.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The molecular mechanisms underlying itch are constantly being studied to create new opportunities to prevent or alleviate itch. The aim of our study was to determine the spinal gene expression changes induced by compound 48/80 in a mouse itch model.Methods: Mice were divided into saline group (control group, n=12) and compound 48/80 group (48/80 group, n=12). 100 µl saline or compound 48/80 was microinjected intradermally in the nape of the neck. After injection, pruritic behavior was immediately measured every 5 minutes. 30 minutes after injection, tissue was prepared to carry out mRNA profiling microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses.Results: The total numbers of scratching bout after compound 48/80 injection (100 µg/100 µl) were significantly increased in 48/80 group (190±11.33) as compared with control group (6.83±1.17). We screened the dorsal part of the cervical spinal cord of the mouse itch model for differentially expressed genes. Out of 45037 studied transcripts, the abundance levels of 15 transcripts were altered following compound 48/80 injection. 9 and 6 genes were up- and down-regulated in 48/80 group, respectively. We validated the reliability of the microarray results by RT-qPCR, and found 6 up-regulated mRNA, including Sgk1, Bag4, Fos, Ehd2, Edn3 and Wdfy, were significantly increased, whereas 3 down-regulated mRNA, including Corin, 4921511E18Rik and 4930423020Rik, were significantly decreased.Conclusions: These findings indicate that the alterations of spinal gene expression are involved in acute itch, and provide a translational bridge for spinal drugs targeting their signaling pathway to prevent or alleviate itch.  Citation: Zhi-Gang He, Bao-Wen Liu, Zhi-Xiao Li, Cheng Liu, Hong-Bing Xiang. Altered expression profiling of spinal genes modulated by compound 48/80 in a mouse itch model. J Anesth Perioper Med 2017; 4: 220-4.  doi:10.24015/JAPM.2017.0020This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.","PeriodicalId":15018,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"220-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72989020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}