Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Comparative in vitro efficacy of AR-12 derivatives against Streptococcus pyogenes.","authors":"Chih-Feng Kuo, You-Yan Chen, Ching-Chen Chiu, Chih-Wei Chiu, Tang-Chi Li, Yu-Shan Chang, Nina Tsao","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae462","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Group A Streptococcus (GAS) results in invasive diseases. Our published studies show that AR-12 can directly kill GAS. However, AR-12 is toxic to the human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1 cells) even at its MIC. In this study, we examined various AR-12 pyrrole derivatives, selected the most effective one and used it to combat GAS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The bacterial numbers after treatment with AR-12 derivatives were assessed using either spectrophotometry or the colony-forming unit assay. The integrity of cell envelope and the contents of proteins and nucleic acids in GAS were sequentially examined by staining with SYTOX Green, SYPRO or propidium iodide. The protein expression was assessed by western blotting. The cytotoxicity of AR-12 derivatives was evaluated using WST-1 assay, the lactate dehydrogenase release assay and Annexin V staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We tested AR-12 pyrrole derivatives P12, P12-3 and P12-8 on GAS growth and found that P12 and P12-8 were effective against various M-type strains. Both P12 and P12-8 disrupted the GAS envelope and reduced protein and nucleic acid content in GAS at their MICs. At sub-MIC levels, both P12 and P12-8 inhibited GAS chaperone protein and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B expression. P12 and P12-8 also exhibited a synergistic effect with gentamicin against GAS. However, only P12-8 did not affect cell death at its MIC. Besides its bactericidal efficacy, P12-8 also enhanced the clearance of intracellular bacteria in GAS-infected A549 and HMEC-1 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among these three AR-12 derivatives, P12-8 had the best potential to be an alternative agent to fight against GAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"717-725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NaHCO3 modulates the bla operon and β-lactam susceptibility in borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA).","authors":"Selvi C Ersoy, Sabrina L Madrigal, Richard A Proctor, Henry F Chambers, Yan Q Xiong, Arnold S Bayer","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae455","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are resistant to nearly all β-lactam antibiotics under standard testing conditions. However, a novel phenotype exists wherein certain MRSA strains exhibit β-lactam susceptibility in the presence of bicarbonate (termed 'NaHCO3-responsive'), an abundant ion in mammalian tissues and blood. This suggests that specific MRSA infections may be treatable by β-lactams. NaHCO3 responsiveness appears due to effects of NaHCO3 on the expression mecA/PBP2a and other accessory genes required for PBP functionality. mecA expression can be co-regulated by the bla operon regulatory genes, blaI and blaR1.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To elucidate the influence of NaHCO3 specifically on the bla operon via investigations of the impact of NaHCO3 on β-lactamase hyper-producing, mecA-negative, borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) strains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Evaluate the effect of NaHCO3 on β-lactam susceptibility via minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) assay, expression of genes within the bla operon (blaZ, blaI, blaR1) via RT-qPCR, and β-lactamase (BlaZ) activity via nitrocefinase assay in BORSA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NaHCO3 enhanced susceptibility to β-lactamase-susceptible β-lactams penicillin and ampicillin. NaHCO3 had no impact on susceptibility to the anti-staphylococcal β-lactams oxacillin and cefazolin, or the anti-MRSA antibiotics vancomycin and daptomycin. NaHCO3 repressed expression of all genes within the bla operon and reduced β-lactamase production.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data demonstrate that NaHCO3 influences expression of genes within the bla operon, translating to reduced β-lactamase production and enhanced β-lactam susceptibility in BORSA strains. Furthermore, this indicates that the classical blaZ regulators, blaI and blaR1, are the likely mediators of NaHCO3-mediated repression of mecA. However, questions still remain regarding the mechanism via which NaHCO3 regulates the bla operon.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"676-681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of teicoplanin in paediatric patients, including those receiving continuous kidney replacement therapy: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Laura Butragueño-Laiseca, Gastón García-Orueta, Natalia Riva, Iñaki F Trocóniz, Sarah N Fernández, Verónica Camacho Vicente, Belén Padilla, María Slöcker, María José Santiago","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkaf012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Teicoplanin is a commonly used antibiotic in critically ill children. However, teicoplanin dosing is often inaccurate, especially in children undergoing continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT). This study aims to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to optimize teicoplanin dosing in critically ill children, including those on CKRT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 26 critically ill children (12 with CKRT) receiving the standard dosing regimen were analysed. In total, 172 teicoplanin concentration measurements from plasma, pre- and post-filter ports were modelled simultaneously using NONMEM 7.4. Simulations were conducted to assess the target attainment (Cmin = 10 mg/L and AUC24/MIC > 800 h) of the current standard dosing regimen and of different alternative dosing regimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A two-compartment model was selected. Weight significantly affected renal clearance and volume of distribution of the central compartment, while filter surface area affected haemofilter clearance. Only 16 patients (59%) achieved a Cmin of >10 mg/L with the standard dosing regimen, and only 1 achieved the target AUC/MIC. Based on simulation results, 3 × 15 mg/kg q12h + 10 mg/kg q24h (CKRT) and 3 × 15 mg/kg q12h + 15 mg/kg q24h (no CKRT) could be better alternative regimens.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This population model is a good proof of concept to develop modelling approaches that could help in an individualized dosing approach that needs to be adopted in critically ill paediatric patients. The standard paediatric dosage for teicoplanin could be insufficient for optimal exposure, and higher doses may benefit both CKRT and non-CKRT patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"868-875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effectiveness and tolerability of dolutegravir/lamivudine in treatment-naive people with HIV: an analysis of a multicentre cohort at 96 weeks.","authors":"Inés Suárez-García, Belén Alejos, Cristina Moreno, Juan Martín Torres, Mar Masiá, Lucio J García-Fraile, Melchor Riera, David Dalmau, Rafael Rodríguez-Rosado, Roberto Muga, Santiago Moreno, Inma Jarrín","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae456","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the long-term effectiveness, persistence and tolerability of dolutegravir (DTG)/lamivudine (3TC), compared with the most frequently prescribed first-line treatment regimens, among antiretroviral-naive people with HIV from CoRIS, a multicentre cohort in Spain, in 2018-23.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used multivariable regression models to compare viral suppression (VS) (HIV RNA viral load <50 copies/mL), change in CD4 cell counts, persistence and treatment discontinuations due to adverse events (AEs), at 96 (±24) weeks after treatment initiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 2359 participants, DTG/3TC was prescribed in 472 (20.0%), bictegravir/tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/emtricitabine (FTC) in 1134 (48.1%), DTG + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/FTC in 300 (12.7%), DTG/abacavir/3TC in 273 (11.6%) and darunavir/cobicistat/TAF/FTC in 180 (7.6%). At 96 weeks from treatment initiation, 94.0% of participants initiating with DTG/3TC achieved VS, and the mean increase in CD4 cell counts was 295.5 cells/μL (95% CI: 269.9-321.1). During the first 96 weeks after DTG/3TC initiation, 9.8% and 1.3% discontinued their initial regimen, overall and due to AEs, respectively. In multivariable analyses, we did not find significant differences in VS or increase in CD4 cell counts among participants initiating with DTG/3TC compared with other regimens. Initiating ART with a regimen other than DTG/3TC was associated with a higher risk of treatment discontinuation, overall and due to AEs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among treatment-naive people with HIV from this large multicentre cohort, DTG/3TC had similar effectiveness and better persistence and tolerability than those of the most frequently prescribed first-line regimens at 96 weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"682-691"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro susceptibility of 147 international clinical Mycobacterium abscessus isolates to epetraborole and comparators by broth microdilution.","authors":"Minh-Vu H Nguyen, Vinicius Calado Nogueira de Moura, Tiffany R Keepers, Jakko van Ingen, Charles L Daley","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae461","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mycobacterium abscessus is a highly drug-resistant non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) for which treatment is limited by the lack of active oral antimycobacterials and frequent adverse reactions. Epetraborole is a novel oral, boron-containing antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial leucyl-tRNA synthetase, an essential enzyme in protein synthesis, and has been shown to have anti-M. abscessus activity in preclinical studies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine epetraborole MIC distribution for 147 recent M. abscessus isolates via broth microdilution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>M. abscessus isolates collected in 2021 from the USA (n = 122) from pulmonary sources and during 2019-22 predominantly from Europe (n = 25) from pulmonary and extrapulmonary sources had MICs determined by broth microdilution according to CLSI guidelines for epetraborole and a panel of 12 other antimycobacterials. Descriptive analyses were done on the MIC values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 147 M. abscessus isolates, 101 were subspecies abscessus, 6 were bolletii and 40 were massiliense. Epetraborole MICs ranged from 0.03 to 0.25 mg/L and were consistent across subspecies. Epetraborole MIC50/MIC90 for all isolates were 0.06/0.12 mg/L. When stratified by subspecies, amikacin resistance, clarithromycin resistance and morphotype, the MIC50/MIC90 values remained 0.06/0.12 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Epetraborole demonstrated potent in vitro activity against M. abscessus with MICs from 0.03 to 0.25 mg/L and consistent activity against all subspecies, resistance phenotypes and morphotypes. These data support clinical evaluation of epetraborole as a therapeutic option for M. abscessus disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"713-716"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142907055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short, extended and continuous infusion of β-lactams: predicted impact on target attainment and risk for toxicity in an ICU patient cohort.","authors":"Anna-Karin Smekal, Maria Swartling, Mia Furebring, Christian G Giske, Siv Jönsson, Miklos Lipcsey, Elisabet I Nielsen","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkaf013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to predict the impact of different infusion strategies on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment and the potential risk for toxicity in an ICU cohort treated with β-lactams.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using collected patient data from 137 adult ICU patients, and applying population PK models, individual PK parameters were estimated and used to predict concentrations and target attainment following cefotaxime 2 g q8h, piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g q6h and meropenem 1 g q8h, applying 15 min short infusions (SI), 3 h extended infusions (EI) and 24 h continuous infusion (CI). The MIC level of the most common primary pathogens, and the worst-case scenario (WCS) pathogen, were used in analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For primary pathogens, target was reached in 94% (129/137) using SI. For WCS pathogens treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, 78% (65/83) and 92% (76/83) reached target using SI and EI, respectively. However, target attainment was lower for cefotaxime [SI: 31% (17/54), EI: 44% (24/54)]. Overall, the number of individuals with potentially toxic concentrations was low, both in EI (n = 7) and SI (n = 5). For CI and WCS, target was reached in 50% (27/54), 96% (54/56) and 93% (25/27) for cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a Swedish ICU cohort target attainment rates for primary pathogens were high regardless of infusion strategy. In WCS pathogens, SI was insufficient, suggesting the benefit of routine use of EI or CI. However, for cefotaxime, target attainment remained low also with EI and CI. The use of CI might lead to unnecessarily high concentrations, but well-established toxicity levels are lacking and future studies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"876-884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance profiles of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in a large centre in England: are we already losing cefiderocol?-right to reply-authors' response.","authors":"Ioannis Baltas, Trupti Patel, Ana Lima Soares","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkaf061","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkaf061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events in people with MDR HIV: a matched cohort analysis with data from the PRESTIGIO registry.","authors":"Tommaso Clemente, Sara Diotallevi, Davide Minisci, Antonio Di Biagio, Riccardo Lolatto, Letizia Attala, Giovanni Cenderello, Alessia Siribelli, Camilla Muccini, Sergio Lo Caputo, Marcello Tavio, Rebecka Papaioannu Borjesson, Andrea Giacomelli, Antonella Castagna, Vincenzo Spagnuolo","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae465","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) may contribute to the high morbidity in people with four-class drug-resistant HIV (4DR-PWH).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore the probability of MACEs in 4DR-PWH compared with non-4DR controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study on 4DR-PWH (cases) and non-4DR-PWH (controls), on ART, without previous MACEs. Controls were matched with cases in a 4:1 ratio for age, sex-assigned-at-birth and ART duration. Incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratio (IRR) of MACEs with 95% CIs were modelled by Poisson regression. Cumulative probabilities of the first incident MACE were estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves. A multivariable stepwise Cox proportional hazards model estimated predictors of incident MACEs among covariates with univariable P < 0.100.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 223 4DR-PWH and 797 non-4DR-PWH were evaluated. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 8.2 (5.4-11.1) years [1833 person-years of follow-up (PY)], 23/223 (10.3%) 4DR-PWH developed 29 MACEs, IR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1-2.3)/100 PY. During a median follow-up of 8.4 (5.2-11.0) years (6450 PY), 42/797 (5.3%) non-4DR controls had 45 MACEs, IR = 0.7 (95% CI = 0.5-0.9)/100 PY, IRR (4DR/non-4DR) = 2.3 (95% CI = 1.4-3.6). The cumulative probabilities of the first MACE were more than doubled in 4DR-PWH (P = 0.006). At multivariable analysis, an increased risk of MACEs was associated with 4DR status [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.0-3.4], after adjusting for age, sex-assigned-at-birth, HIV load, CD4+ nadir, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, statin use and baseline HCV serostatus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In PWH, MDR is significantly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. Prompt implementation of prevention strategies is mandatory in this fragile population.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"731-737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in NNRTI use have not altered the ecology of NNRTI resistance over the last 10 years in people with HIV experiencing virological failure on antiretroviral drugs.","authors":"Cathia Soulie, Rachid Agher, Antoine Fauchois, Basma Abdi, Marc Wirden, Elisa Teyssou, Sophie Sayon, Christine Katlama, Marc-Antoine Valantin, Roland Tubiana, Luminita Schneider, Antoine Faycal, Romain Palich, Valérie Pourcher, Anne-Geneviève Marcelin, Vincent Calvez","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae458","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to determine how non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance profiles have changed over the last decade in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) experiencing virological failure on all antiretroviral treatments, including different NNRTIs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We analysed the use of the different NNRTIs in PLWHIV treated with antiretroviral drugs at an academic centre and the HIV NNRTI resistance profiles observed in cases of virological failure over the last 10 years (2014-23). We used the latest ANRS-MIE algorithm (v33; https://hivfrenchresistance.org/) to analyse the resistance mutation profiles of the HIV reverse transcriptase sequences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this period, the frequency of NNRTI use remained high, fluctuating slightly between 43.5% (n = 1782/4094) and 39.9% (n = 1758/4421). The use of efavirenz (10.8%-1.5%), nevirapine (7.0%-1.2%), and etravirine (11.0%-1.1%) decreased, whereas the use of rilpivirine (14.7%-26.3%) and doravirine (available from 2018, rising to 9.7% in 2023) increased. These trends were statistically significant for etravirine (P = 0.033) and rilpivirine (P < 0.001). Resistance rates for efavirenz, nevirapine and rilpivirine remained above 15% (efavirenz: 17.3%-16.6%, nevirapine: 16.9%-15.4% and rilpivirine: 17.6%-16.1%). This reflects significant cross-resistance between these three NNRTIs. By contrast, resistance rates were lower for etravirine (7.8%-6.0%) and doravirine (4.9%-4.6%), probably due to differences in their resistance profiles and higher genetic barriers to resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The NNRTI class of antiretroviral drugs remains widely used. Changes in the usage of drugs from this class have not altered the ecology of NNRTI resistance in antiretroviral drug-treated PLWHIV with virological failure during the studied period.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"697-700"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educate, Advocate, Act Now: a sustainable approach to combating antimicrobial resistance TODAY.","authors":"Godwin Pius Ohemu, Carrie Read, Chimaobi David Onwukwe, Solomon Olabiyi Olorunleke, Noel Kambi Mugo, Richard Charles, Seniyat Larai Afegbua","doi":"10.1093/jac/dkae478","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jac/dkae478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a great challenge to health systems all over the world. It is exacerbated by the abuse, misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, plants and the environment. This viewpoint emphasizes the critical need to address the challenges of AMR through an integrated, long-term approach that focuses on education, advocacy and collective action. This article stresses that the fight against AMR is not a battle for governments and scientists alone but requires engagement at every level. The article concludes that we can reduce the spread of AMR by exploring the potential of education, advocacy and collective action.</p>","PeriodicalId":14969,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"607-609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}