Journal of Animal Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Functional response predicts invasiveness but not trophic impact.","authors":"Marine A Courtois, Chloé Souques, Yann Voituron, Loïc Teulier, Vincent Médoc, François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70232","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2656.70232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological invasions are a major driver of biodiversity erosion mainly because invasive species show greater trophic impact than their non-invasive counterparts. The experimental paradigm for assessing this trophic impact is the functional response (FR) test that describes the relationship between per capita consumption rate and resource density. Two key parameters are then assessable and comparable between populations and species: the space clearance rate (attack rate, a) measuring predatory efficiency at low prey densities, and handling time (h) representing the time required to capture, handle and digest prey. This test is frequently conducted to compare non-invasive and invasive species and shows that invasive species have a higher FR than non-invasive species (characterized by higher space clearance rates and lower handling times) which would explain both their invasion success and their ecological impact. However, it appears that whether FR parameters differ between invasive species sampled in their native versus invasion range has never been tested, implicitly assuming that FR measures can be extrapolated to the entire range of distribution. Using a phylogenetically corrected comparative analysis of 269 FR observations from 45 freshwater fish species (23 non-invasive species and 22 invasive species), we confirm that invasive species exhibited higher FR than non-invasive species. However, this pattern holds true only when considering invasive species sampled in their native range. Invasive species studied in their invasion range displayed functional responses comparable to non-invasive species, with similar space clearance rates and handling times. Additionally, space clearance rates decreased with temperature in non-invasive species but tended to increase in invasive species from invasive introduction ranges, suggesting that climate warming may exacerbate competitive asymmetries. Together, these results indicate that high FR predispose species to invasiveness, but also challenge the assumption that FRs measured in the native range of a species can be directly extrapolated to predict its trophic impacts elsewhere. Our findings call for greater consideration of biogeographic context when using functional responses to assess invasion risk and ecological impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":"808-823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13145315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On traits matching and the modular organization of food web and occurrence networks.","authors":"Dalmiro Borzone Mas, Pablo A Scarabotti, Pablo A Vaschetto, Patricio Alvarenga, Martin Vazquez, Matías Arim","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70234","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2656.70234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modularity and nestedness have been observed recurrently across different ecological networks, including food webs and occurrence networks. These patterns emerge from species-level processes, where interactions and occurrences are determined by niche-based and/or abundance-based mechanisms. Abundance-based processes promote nested networks with gradients in the number of links determined by species abundances. Niche-based processes can promote modular structures due to differential spatial filters or trait matching in discontinuous gradients of predators and prey traits or nestedness due to gradients in the strength of environmental filters or trait limitation for consumption. Here, we explore the mechanisms driving species-level interactions and the resulting network structure in both food webs and occurrence networks of piscivorous fishes from the Paraná River. Our study focused on 16 species of piscivorous fish. We constructed occurrence networks (149 communities, 3010 observations) and food webs (113 prey species, 1271 trophic interactions). Using null models, we assessed modularity and nestedness in both types of networks, as well as the existence of significant deviations in the trait composition, functional diversity and community-weighted mean among modules. Moreover, we assessed the relationship between species abundance and degree to identify the potential role of abundance-based processes. Occurrence networks and food webs exhibited a modular structure, with no evidence of nestedness. In both networks, niche-based mechanisms played an important role. Each module showed a distinct representation of habitat types in occurrence networks and prey types in food webs. A significant relationship was also observed between predator abundance and the number of interactions or occurrences, suggesting that abundance-based mechanisms also contribute to network organization. Here, we are getting ahead in understanding the mechanisms driving ecological organization in piscivorous fishes from the Middle Paraná River. Although food webs and occurrence networks represent distinct dimensions, our results reveal a consistent pattern: both are shaped by a combination of abundance- and niche-based processes. This convergence highlights shared principles of network assembly across contexts. By disentangling the contributions of these mechanisms, our findings advance ecological theory and highlight that protecting functional diversity and resource heterogeneity is essential for preserving the structure of ecological networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":"837-850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13145326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using spatially-nested hierarchical species distribution models to estimate current and future distributions of a cryptic species at a regional scale.","authors":"Kaleb M Banks, Owen M Edwards, Bo Zhang, Michael S Reichert","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70248","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2656.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding a species' conservation status requires evaluating its ecological relationships, contemporary distribution and vulnerability to future environmental change. Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used for these purposes, but regional-scale applications often suffer from extrapolation and niche truncation, reducing model transferability. Spatially nested hierarchical SDMs (N-SDMs), which integrate data across multiple spatial scales, offer a promising solution but remain underutilized in regional conservation research. Crawfish frogs (Rana areolata) are a cryptic grassland species reliant on crayfish burrows that have experienced declines across their range and are data deficient in Oklahoma. This study combines comprehensive regional field surveys across Oklahoma with large-scale occurrence data from GBIF using an N-SDM framework to characterize the species' current regional distribution, identify factors influencing habitat suitability and forecast future range shifts under climate and land-use change. Additionally, we compared the performance of N-SDMs to regional only and rangewide SDMs and assessed how niche truncation and extrapolation influence model performance and transferability under future environmental conditions. We documented R. areolata at 303 survey locations and found no evidence of historical county-level extirpations, with our models suggesting large amounts of suitable habitat in eastern Oklahoma. Our rangewide SDM lacked the resolution and regional predictive performance necessary for regional conservation planning. While our regional-only SDM had higher predictive performance, it suffered from substantial extrapolation and niche truncation, leading to predictions of significant habitat loss under future conditions. In contrast, our N-SDMs had the highest regional predictive performance, mitigated the effects of niche truncation and extrapolation and projected no change or a slight increase in future habitat suitability. Our findings highlight the advantages of N-SDMs for improving model predictions and informing conservation assessments. Failure to account for niche truncation and extrapolation can lead to poor predictions and misguided conservation decisions. We advocate for the broader adoption of this approach in regional-scale studies to improve predictions of species responses to environmental change and more effectively assess species status at a regional level.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":"747-762"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147645301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A struggle to survive: Guild hierarchy predicts drought benefit among large carnivores.","authors":"Nikki Balme, Zoe Woodgate, Luke Hunter, Guy Balme","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70182","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2656.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts. While much is known about the effects of drought on herbivores, its impact on carnivore ecology and demography remains poorly understood. Drought may benefit large carnivores by increasing prey vulnerability but can also increase intra- and interspecific interactions and competition. We assessed how a severe drought influenced the diet, space use and reproduction of leopards and lions in South Africa's Sabi Sands Game Reserve, focussing on their contrasting ecology and dominance. Despite an increase in energetic gain, leopard reproductive success declined significantly during the drought, primarily due to increased vulnerability of cubs to intraguild predation. Lions also increased their net energetic gain during drought and, while they showed a marginal increase in cub survival, this was offset by a mange outbreak. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that drought universally benefits large carnivores. For leopards, a subordinate carnivore, the top-down pressures of competition and predation outweighed bottom-up benefits of prey vulnerability. Lions, the dominant competitor, benefitted from increased prey vulnerability and decreased intraspecific conflict but remained vulnerable to stochastic external factors. This underscores the complex interplay of environmental stress, predator interactions and reproductive success, with important implications for carnivore conservation under increasing drought frequency and severity in semi-arid systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":"734-746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145504433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing the Battle: Role of mucus trails in information warfare between predator snail and prey limpet.","authors":"Yoko Wada, Takashi Noda, Takashi Y Ida, Yasushi Iwatani, Takuya Sato","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70235","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2656.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predator-prey interactions have long been recognized as important selective forces in the evolution and maintenance of multiple traits in both predators and prey. Certain animal species leave information intentionally or unintentionally, in the form of urine, faeces, feeding traces and chemical trails, even after they have moved. This residual information, left behind by animals, has the potential to affect predation efficiency. However, information warfare-the use of information between predator and prey, in which predators exploit prey cues to increase predation efficiency, while prey exploit predator cues to reduce it-remains largely unexplored, especially in the context of residual information. Marine gastropods leave a mucus trail that contains individual information as they crawl. In this study, we investigated the existence of information warfare between the predator snail Reishia clavigera and the prey limpet Siphonaria sirius through mucus trails. We observed the responses of predators and prey to their respective mucus trails under laboratory conditions. The predators followed the prey's mucus trails. In contrast, the prey exhibited movements, such as looping, upon confrontation with the predator's mucus trails. The looping behaviour reduced the probability of the predator reaching the endpoint of the prey's mucus trail. These results suggest a potential strategy whereby predators exploit prey mucus trails for localization, along with a counter-strategy through which prey minimize the risk of detection. Our findings provide novel insights into how information shapes predator-prey interactions, indicating the potential existence of an information-induced arms race.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":"851-864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147474016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting properties of predation and scavenging networks governed by megaherbivores in an African savannah.","authors":"Solange Alexandra Batista-Nunes, Esther Sebastián-González, Femke Broekhuis, Frank van Langevelde, Niels Mogensen, Marcos Moleón","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predation and scavenging are two faces of carnivory that operate under distinct ecological rules, yet food web research often overlooks this distinction by ignoring scavenging or conflating it with predation. Using an 8-year dataset of mammalian carnivore feeding events from the Maasai Mara (Kenya), we explicitly separated predation and scavenging to compare their network structure. The study system includes a diverse carnivore guild and a broad herbivore prey size spectrum, including megaherbivores (>1 ton). We assessed two network properties (nestedness and modularity), identified species contributions to network structure and examined the relationships between these species-level contributions and body mass, between the number of interaction events per link and prey/carcass body mass, and between consumer and resource body mass. Despite largely involving the same species, the two networks differed markedly: both were nested, but only the predation network was modular, with modules aligned with prey size classes. As expected, body-size asymmetries structured the two networks in contrasting ways: predation was mostly limited to prey of similar or smaller size than the predator, with a sharp decline above the megaherbivore threshold, whereas larger carcasses, especially those of megaherbivores, attracted more scavenger species. The most influential species across metrics and network types was a herbivore, particularly the wildebeest, except for the lion in weighted nestedness within the predation network. These species-level contributions to network structure were unrelated to body mass. Relationships between consumption degree and prey/carcass body mass differed between networks, and predator-prey body mass correlated positively, unlike scavenger-carcass body mass. These asymmetries reveal opposing size-based constraints, with predation being more tightly constrained by body size than scavenging. Although similar patterns have been suggested previously, no study has directly compared both networks within the same system. Overall, our results show that predation and scavenging are complementary, not functionally redundant, components of carnivory food webs. We also propose a scalable framework for cross-ecosystem comparisons of species-level differences in network structure. Distinguishing scavenging from predation is essential to fully reveal the true architecture of food webs and the mechanisms governing energy flow through ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nesting biology shapes climate vulnerability of social bees (Bombus spp.).","authors":"Francis R Mullan, Nicholas S Green, Elsa Youngsteadt, Kevin E McCluney, Clint A Penick","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate warming is a major driver of global pollinator declines, including social bees that live in large colonies and provide critical pollination services. Nesting biology plays a key role in determining a colony's resilience to climate change, but its influence on colony performance has received little attention. We investigate how climate warming affects bumble bee foraging efficiency and thermoregulatory behaviours under mid-century and late-century climate projections. We measured ambient air and nest temperatures in simulated above-ground and below-ground nests, assessed temperature dependence of foraging activity and conducted controlled trials to quantify worker thermoregulatory behaviours (wing fanning and brood incubation). Contrary to predictions, our results show that warming will increase optimal foraging hours for bumble bees and reduce brood incubation needs, potentially improving foraging performance. However, extreme summer temperatures could greatly increase fanning demands, particularly for above-ground nests, which would divert workers from foraging and other essential colony tasks. Our findings highlight that above-ground-nesting bumble bees are particularly vulnerable to warming due to escalating thermoregulatory demands, which could lead to colony failure under extreme conditions. Conservation efforts should consider nesting environment as a critical factor in climate resilience strategies for bees and other animal species.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated trends in altitudinal gradients of diversity: How habitat filtering and biotic interactions structure ecological communities.","authors":"Raphaël Fougeray, Arlety Roy, Christelle Penager, Guillaume Correa Pimpao, Ronald Mori Pezo, Léo-Paul Charlet, Nino Page, Ombeline Sculfort, Stéphanie Gallusser, Marianne Elias, Melanie McClure","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how biodiversity is structured along tropical elevational gradients requires disentangling the relative roles of regional evolutionary history and local processes shaping ecological assemblies. Here, Ithomiini butterfly communities were studied along repeated elevational gradients in two Neotropical regions with contrasting evolutionary histories: the Amazonian Andes and the Guiana Shield. The study tested whether similar elevational patterns of taxonomic, mimetic and phylogenetic structure emerge despite distinct regional species pools, and whether abiotic and biotic factors contribute to shaping these patterns. Despite marked regional differences in overall richness, consistent elevational patterns emerged across both regions. Taxonomic and mimetic richness increased with elevation and were accompanied by stronger phylogenetic clustering, indicating that similar habitat filtering processes operate along altitudinal gradients irrespective of regional context. Phylogenetic β-diversity was predominantly driven by lineage turnover, particularly in the Andes, highlighting the role of elevational gradients in promoting replacement of phylogenetically distinct lineages rather than simple species loss. These shared patterns suggest that altitude has a strong and repeatable effect on community structure, with habitat filtering acting locally on regionally distinct species pools. Abiotic factors such as temperature appeared to constrain species distributions at broad spatial scales, whereas biotic interactions acted more locally. In particular, butterfly diversity was positively associated with potential host plant richness and predation pressure, indicating that ecological interactions can further shape local community composition once broad-scale environmental constraints are accounted for. By integrating phylogenetic structure, biotic interactions and environmental gradients across regions with contrasting evolutionary histories, this study shows how regional species pools and local ecological filtering jointly shape tropical biodiversity and highlights that similar elevational assembly processes could arise independently across the Neotropics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive goldfish trigger a regime shift in experimental lake ecosystems of varying trophic state.","authors":"William D Hintz, Hannah Barrett, Rick A Relyea","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing pressure of biological invasions caused by the pet trade continues to restructure the earth's ecosystems. The release of pets and ornamentals has altered species interactions, ecosystem functions, spread disease and rewired food webs. We assessed the effects of a high-risk, yet understudied invasive species-that is, goldfish, Carassius auratus-on experimental freshwater ecosystems by integrating additive and substitutive experimental designs across two trophic states (i.e. oligotrophic vs. eutrophic). We hypothesized that goldfish would trigger a regime shift characteristic of more algae, reduced water quality and negative impacts on native species across multiple trophic levels. Under eutrophic conditions, goldfish induced a rapid shift in mesocosm state characterized by increased suspended solids and reduced water clarity; however, increases in phytoplankton and reductions in filamentous algae were largely driven by total fish density (native or invasive), consistent with strong niche overlap between the two species. Through consumption and habitat loss, goldfish caused reductions in snails, amphipods and zooplankton. Goldfish also reduced native fish condition, likely through exploitative competition. Our results indicate that goldfish are undesirable for both oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes, although some impacts will depend on trophic state. These results suggest that natural resource managers worldwide should consider management action to reduce or prevent goldfish invasions. Despite many viewing goldfish as signs of prosperity, luck and wealth, it is critically important to inform the public that their pets can grow into sizable pests that will harm freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yellow fever virus outbreak caused declines in survival and modified dispersal of wild golden lion tamarins.","authors":"Vinícius Klain, Jan F Gogarten","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.70262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research Highlight: Ponchon, A., Choquet, R., Martins, A., Ruiz-Miranda, C., Albert, C., & Romano, V. (2026). Yellow fever outbreak temporarily changes dispersal patterns in an endangered primate. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70250. Infectious diseases can be drivers of wildlife population dynamics, but how they reshape host movement and social organization remains poorly understood. Ponchon et al. (2026) present one of the rare examples where the impact of a disease outbreak on survival can be measured across a population of wild mammals and subsequently linked to behavioural changes of these animals. They use a unique opportunity by tracking the survival and dispersal decisions of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) during a sylvatic yellow fever outbreak. Using a 13-year capture-recapture dataset, the authors show that the outbreak caused a temporary decline in adult survival and triggered scale-dependent behavioural responses. While local dispersal within forest fragments decreased, the probability of long-distance dispersal across the matrix increased tenfold. At the same time, group sizes declined during the outbreak, while the number of social groups remained stable and increased after the outbreak. These results indicate that recovery did not involve a simple return to pre-outbreak conditions, but rather a reorganization of social structure characterized by smaller and more numerous groups. These findings highlight that, in vector-borne systems, movement may offer only limited protection against infection and demonstrate that disease outbreaks can lead to lasting population-wide changes in group sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14934,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}